CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE

The majority of chlorine trifluoride is used in nuclear fuel processing, where it is used to convert uranium to gaseous uranium hexafluoride (HSDB , 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1994) Hathaway et al., 1996; (ACGIH, 1991).
It also finds use as a low-temperature etchant for single crystalline silicon, and as a fluorinating or as an oxidizing agent (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 2000) Hathaway et al., 1996; (Sittig, 1991) Raffle, 1994).
It can be used as an igniter and propellant for rockets, to inhibit pyrolysis of fluorocarbon polymers, to oxidize propellants, to reprocess reactor fuels and as an agent in cutting oil well tubes (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1994) Hathaway et al., 1996; (ACGIH, 1991) Raffle, 1994).
Chlorine trifluoride has been used during World War II as gas in weapons designed to start a fire (=incendiary) (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2000) Hathaway et al., 1996).

FORMS

It can exist as a colorless gas, a greenish-yellow liquid or a white solid (HSDB , 2000) Hathaway et al., 1996).

Below 53 degrees F, it exists as a greenish-yellow liquid (HSDB , 2000).

Chlorine trifluoride is available at C.P. grade (99.0% purity) (HSDB , 2000).

SOURCES

Commercial production of chlorine trifluoride is via continuous gas-phase reaction of chlorine and fluorine (or chlorofluoride). The reaction is done in a nickel reactor at a temperature of 290 degrees C. Further purification is possible via distillation using a steel apparatus (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2000).

Purification may eliminate the main impurities consisting of fluorine (F2), hydrofluoric acid (HF), chlorine monofluoride (ClF) and chlorine (Cl2) (HSDB , 2000).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Chlorine trifluoride gas is an extremely severe irritant of the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin in animals. At concentrations detectable by odor, lacrimation, swelling of the eyes and eyelids, cloudiness of the cornea, gasping, respiratory distress, and seizures may occur within a few minutes of exposure.

The injury caused by chlorine trifluoride is in part attributed to its hydrolysis products, including chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, and chlorine dioxide.

Effects in humans have not been reported but may be very severe. Inhalation may cause pulmonary edema, and contact with eyes or skin may cause severe burns.

SYSTEMIC TOXICITY - Chlorine trifluoride has the potential to cause systemic fluoride toxicity from ingestion or dermal or injection exposure, similar to that seen with hydrofluoric acid (HF). This may result in severe hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, cardiac dysrhythmias, and death. HF may produce severe ocular and dermal injury as well as acute life threatening systemic toxicity with minimal external tissue damage.

In animal studies, the acute toxicity of chlorine trifluoride was considered to be comparable to that of hydrogen fluoride on a fluorine-equivalent basis. Of the major decomposition products of toxicologic interest, chlorine dioxide had been found previously to be the most toxic; its acute toxicity was considered to be comparable to that of chlorine trifluoride on a chlorine-equivalent basis.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Keep victim under observation.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Skin, eyes, and respiratory system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL -

The following treatment information is based on that for Acids and Hydrofluoric Acid. (Refer to Hydrofluoric Acid and Acids Meditext(R) Medical Managements for more information.)

GENERAL DECONTAMINATION -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water.
In ingestions, do not induce vomiting, do not give bicarbonate to neutralize. Activated charcoal is of no value. Consider passage of a soft, small bore NG tube for NG suction if less than 90 minutes since ingestion.

DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
Attempt immediate administration of a fluoride binding substance. Options include milk (one-half to one glassful), chewable calcium carbonate tablets, or milk of magnesia. Avoid large amounts of liquid, since this may induce vomiting.

Irrigate all contaminated external areas with copious amounts of water.

EYE EXPOSURE -

Irrigate exposed eyes promptly with tepid water or saline for at least 30 minutes. Carefully evaluate for eye damage and seek prompt medical evaluation and possible ophthalmological consultation.
IRRIGATION - In a medical facility, irrigate with sterile saline for at least an hour or until the superior and inferior cul-de-sacs have been examined for particulate matter and returned to neutrality (pH paper touched to lower cul-de-sac).
EYE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - It may take 48 to 72 hours after the burn to correctly assess the degree of ocular damage. The basis of such an evaluation is the degree of corneal opacification and perilimbal whitening.
EYE DAMAGE TREATMENT - If ocular damage is minor, topical mydriatics and antibiotics may be sufficient. If more extensive, one or more of the following may be tried, only with ophthalmologic consultation: acetazolamide, timolol, steroids, EDTA, cysteine, NAC, penicillamine, tetracycline, soft contact lenses, insertion of a methylmethacrylate ring, or saran wrap suturing.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
Removal all exposed clothing, taking necessary precautions to prevent exposure of rescuers. Immediately wash all exposed body parts with copious amounts of water.
CALCIUM GLUCONATE GEL - Use of 2.5 to 33% calcium gluconate gel or slurry, either placed into a surgical glove into which the affected extremity is then placed, or rubbed into the burn, has been recommended. This therapy is more easily administered and less painful than calcium infiltration. It may be necessary to split or remove nails to treat nailbed burns. The earlier calcium gluconate gel is administered, the more rapidly symptoms resolve.
CALCIUM GLUCONATE INFILTRATION - Continued tissue destruction and pain may be minimized by SC administration of calcium gluconate. Consider infiltration of calcium gluconate if (1) exposure results in immediate tissue damage, or (2) erythema and pain persist following adequate irrigation.

Infiltrate each cm(2) of affected dermis and SC tissue with about 0.5 mL of 10% calcium gluconate 10% Solution using a 30 gauge needle. Repeat as needed to control pain. CAUTION - Avoid administering large volumes of SC calcium gluconate as this will result in decreased tissue perfusion and potential necrosis.
DO NOT INFILTRATE WITH CALCIUM CHLORIDE - Calcium chloride is irritating to the tissues and may cause tissue injury.

ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCES -

Monitor for potential severe electrolyte disturbances, such as hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, or hypomagnesemia. ECG changes such as ventricular dysrhythmias (especially Torsades de pointes) and QTc prolongation suggest hypomagnesemia and/or hypocalcemia and require aggressive treatment.
HYPOCALCEMIA - in the absence of clinical tetany may occur following ingestion or significant dermal exposure. Correct hypocalcemia with IV calcium gluconate (Adult and Child: 0.1 to 0.2 mL/kg up to 10 mL/dose of a 10% solution; may repeat dose if necessary).
HYPOMAGNESEMIA - may develop following ingestion or significant dermal exposure. Correct with IV magnesium sulfate 2 g in adults repeated as needed, and 25 to 50 mg/kg in children, diluted to less than 10 mg/mL.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

The lowest published lethal concentration for inhalation exposure in humans is 50 ppm (RTECS, 1999).

ANIMAL DATA

"Chronic exposure of dogs and rats to about 1 ppm, 6 hr/day for up to 6 months caused severe pulmonary irritation and some deaths." (Hathaway et al., 1996).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
This compound is extremely irritating to tissues (skin, eyes, throat and lungs). Significant exposure cannot be tolerated for long time (ReproTox, 2000; (CHRIS , 2000).
Skin contact with the gas or the liquefied gas may result in burns, severe injury or frost bites (ERG, 2000). Eye and skin burns may be deep and penetrating, and the effect may be delayed and progessive (HSDB , 2000).
Acute toxicity of chlorine trifluoride is comparable to that of hydrofluoric acid (HF), when calculated on a fluorine-equivalent basis, and to that of chlorine dioxide (ClO2), when calculated on a chlorine-equivalent basis (ACGIH, 1991).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7790-91-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Chlorine trifluoride
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Chlorine trifluoride
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7790-91-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

HSDB, 2000 Clayton & Clayton, 1994 Hathaway et al., 1996; ACGIH, 1991 CHRIS, 2000 RTECS, 2000
- LC- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)PRIMATE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LD50- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)DOG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 3.78 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F, 760 mmHg) (NIOSH , 2000)
0.1 ppm = 0.38 mg/m(3) (Hathaway et al., 1996)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7790-91-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Chlorine trifluoride

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling: 0.1 ppm

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye and URT irr; lung dam
Molecular Weight: 92.46

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7790-91-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7790-91-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Chlorine trifluoride
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling: 0.1 ppm (0.4 mg/m(3))
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 20 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7790-91-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Chlorine trifluoride
Table Z-1 for Chlorine trifluoride:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 0.1

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.4

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value: (C) - An employee's exposure to this substance shall at no time exceed the exposure limit given.
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7790-91-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:1000

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7790-91-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7790-91-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7790-91-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7790-91-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7790-91-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7790-91-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7790-91-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Chlorine fluoride (ClF3)

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1749 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Chlorine trifluoride

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.3

2.3: Poisonous gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1749
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.3, 5.1, 8

2.3: Poison Gas.
5.1: Oxidizer.
8: Corrosive.

Special Provisions: 2, B7, B9, B14

2: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone B (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B7: Safety relief devices are not authorized on multi-unit tank car tanks. Openings for safety relief devices on multi-unit tank car tanks shall be plugged or blank flanged.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 304
Bulk packaging: 314

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40, 89, 90

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".
89: Segregation same as for oxidizers.
90: Stow "separated from" radioactive materials.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1749 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Chlorine trifluoride
UN Number: 1749

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7790-91-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Chlorine trifluoride does not react with the metals used in storage containers (monel, copper, stainless steel) and storage container gaskets (Teflon) (HSDB , 2000).
Keep containers tightly closed, and store them in a well-ventilated area, protected form heat (Sittig, 1991).
Restrain cylinders (HSDB , 2000; NFPA, 1997).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store at ambient room temperature (CHRIS , 2000).
Because this compound is unstable in moist air (HSDB , 2000), storage facilities should be cool, dry, and well-ventilated. If possible, store in outside or detached storage facility (HSDB , 2000; NFPA, 1997).
Train workers in proper handling and storage procedures (Sittig, 1991)
Prevent possible contact of chlorine trifluoride with water, sand, glass, silicon-containing compounds, asbestos and combustible materials (Sittig, 1991). For more extensive listing of reactivity hazards, see "Incompatibility" section below.

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Chlorine trichloride is an extremely reactive agent (Raffle, 1994). Its reactivity is similar to that of fluorine. It may explode and represents a dangerous fire hazard (ACGIH, 1991).
Carefully avoid any contact with living tissue (Raffle, 1994).
It may initiate spontaneous combustion upon contact with organic or silicacious matter (HSDB , 2000; ACGIH, 1991; ILO, 1998) and most other combustible materials (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Store separately from water, organic matter, glass, asbestos, sand, chlorofluorocarbons, acids, alkalies, halogens, salts, metal oxides (NFPA, 1997).
Vapors (even diluted vapors) may ignite glass wool and organic matter (Budavari, 1996).
One drop of chlorine trifluoride is sufficient to set fire to paper, cloth or wood (HSDB , 2000).
It reacts violently with water or ice (HSDB , 2000; ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS , 2000).
It is incompatible with (HSDB , 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ILO, 1998; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991; CHRIS , 2000): Acids; Alkalies; Aluminum; Aluminum oxide; Ammonia; Ammonium fluoride; Antimony; Arsenic; Arsenic trioxide; Asbestos; Benzene; Bismuth trioxide; Boron; Boron-aluminum mixture; Calcium; Calcium oxide; Carbon monoxide; Carbon tetrafluoride; Charcoal; Chlorofluorocarbons; Chromic anhydride; Chromic oxide; Chromium oxide; Combustible materials; Copper; Concrete; Diethyl ether; Fluorinated polymers; Fuels; Fuming nitric acid; Glass metals (corrosive), glass and glass wool; Graphite; Halogens; Hydrogen; Hydrogen sulfide; Hydrogen-containing materials; Iodine; Iridium; Iron; Lanthanum oxide; Lead; Lead oxide; Magnesium; Magnesium oxide; Manganese dioxide; Mercuric iodine; Metals (including metal oxides and metal salts); Non-metals (including non-metal oxides); Molybdenum; Molybdenum trioxide; Nitrocompounds; Organic matter; Osmium; Oxidizers; Phosphorus; Phosphorus pentoxide; Plastics; Polychlorotrifluoroethylene; Potassium; Potassium carbonate; Potassium iodide; Reducing agents; Refractory material; Resins (except highly fluorinated polymers such as Teflon and Kel-F); Rhodium; Rubber; Sand; Selenium; Silicon-containing compounds; Silver; Silver nitrate; Slats; Sodium; Sodium hydroxide; Stannic oxide; Sulfur; Sulfur dioxide; Tantalum pentoxide; Tellurium; Tetraboron carbide; Tin; Tungsten; Tungsten carbide; Tungsten trioxide; Vanadium pentoxide; Water, steam and ice; Zinc.
Violent reactions, and possibly explosions, of chlorine trifluoride have been described with (Urben, 1995): Acids, Ammonium (hydrogen) fluoride, bis (trifluoromethyl) sulfide and disulfide, deuterium or hydrogen, fuels, halocarbons, hydrocarbons, hydrogen-containing materials, ice, metals and metal oxides and metals salts, non-metals and oxides of non-metals, methane, organic materials, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, ruthenium, water, and other reactants.
Spontaneous ignition occurred when a chlorine-trifluoride / nitrogen mixture was added to a dichlorosilane / nitrogen mixture. Lower flammability limit of the mixture was estimated to be 0.3% volume for both chlorine-trifluoride and dichlorosilane (NIOSHTIC , 1999).
Ignition may occur upon mixing of carbon tetrachloride and (Urben, 1995): boron-containing materials, fluorinated solvents (under flow conditions), iodine, refractory materials.
Incandescence occurs in the reaction between chlorine trifluoride and chromium trioxide (Urben, 1995).
No reaction occurs when chlorine trifluoride is mixed with carbon tetrachloride at low temperatures. However, the mixture is dangerous because it may detonate (Urben, 1995).
Mixtures of chlorine trifluoride and nitroaryl compounds are extremely shock-sensitive (Urben, 1995).
To prevent explosion during treatment with chlorine trifluoride during the production of trifluoromethylsulfur trifluoride, trifluoromethanesulfenyl chloride must be dissolved in a fully halogenated solvent (Urben, 1995).
Dangerous reaction during distillation may occur in the production of selenium tetrafluoride if traces of chlorine trifluoride are present in the crude tetrachloride solution (Urben, 1995).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Chlorine trifluoride is extremely irritating to the eyes, respiratory system and mucous membranes. Wear eye protection and protective clothing! Provide eye wash stations and high-water-flow showers in areas where exposure is possible. Do NOT wear contact lenses! Provide physical barriers to prevent contact, as well as barrier creams (HSDB , 2000; NIOSH , 2000).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear appropriate eye protection (Sittig, 1991; HSDB , 2000; NIOSH , 2000).

Vapors of this compound are extremely irritating to skin, eyes, nose and throat (CHRIS , 2000; Grant, 1993). The liquid will burn skin and eyes on contact (CHRIS , 2000).

Avoid wearing contact lenses when working with this chemical (HSDB , 2000).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

Use positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus in addition to the appropriate protective clothing (NFPA, 1997).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7790-91-2.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 160
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >53
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 160
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >53
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 15
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 11
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 45
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 96
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 45
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 96
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 45
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 96
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 45
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 96
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 45
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 96
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Use local exhaust ventilation system and control the level of contamination as close as possible to the point of generation (HSDB , 2000).

If possible, redesign production operations and substitute chlorine trifluoride with a less irritating substance (HSDB , 2000).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)
- Substance does not burn but will support combustion.
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- These are strong oxidizers and will react vigorously or explosively with many materials including fuels.
- May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Some will react violently with air, moist air and/or water.
- Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and/or corrosive gas through pressure relief devices.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
Chlorine trifluoride does NOT burn, but due to its extreme reactivity, it will support combustion, which in turn may ignite other combustibles. It may undergo spontaneous combustion upon contact with organic or silicacious matter (HSDB , 2000). Chlorine trifluoride may explode and represents a dangerous fire hazard (ACGIH, 1991; Zenz, 1994).
This chemical will react with fire fighter's ordinary protective clothing (HSDB , 2000).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7790-91-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Although this compound in non-flammable, it may initiate a fire when brought in contact with water, sand, concrete and other materials (see reactivity hazard section). If gas or liquid leaks from a container during a fire, it can increase the intensity of the fire, and the container may explode (CHRIS , 2000). For more extensive listing of incompatibilities, which may result in fire or explosion, see "Reactivity hazard" section below.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)

Water only; no dry chemical, CO2 or Halon®.
Contain fire and let burn. If fire must be fought, water spray or fog is recommended.
Do not get water inside containers.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7790-91-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Do NOT use water because it may cause explosion. Because chlorine trifluoride itself is non-flammable, select extinguishing agent appropriate for the surrounding fire, but prevent contact between chlorine trifluoride and organic matter or other combustible material (Sittig, 1991; CHRIS , 2000).

Do NOT use water or foam on fire in the surrounding area. Extinguish fire with dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep a safe distance from the fire during extinguishing efforts, and wear protective clothing with self-contained breathing apparatus. Containers exposed to the heat of a fire can be cooled with water (CHRIS , 2000).

Do NOT use water, unless wearing protective gear against hydrofluoric acid (CHRIS , 2000). Use of dry chemical or carbon dioxide is preferred to combat the fire (CHRIS , 2000; NFPA, 1997).

Water spray may be used to disperse vapors, but carefully AVOID spraying water directly on top of a pool of spilled liquid; otherwise violent reaction may occur (NFPA, 1997).

This chemical will react with fire fighter's ordinary protective clothing (HSDB , 2000).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When exposed to fire, decomposition of this compound will generate extremely irritating, corrosive and toxic gases (ERG, 2000).
- Decomposition due to heating will generate highly toxic fumes of chlorine (Cl2), chlorine monofluoride (ClF), fluorine hypochlorite (ClOF), chloryl fluoride (ClO2F), chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and hydrofluoric acid (HF) (HSDB , 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996; ACGIH, 1991). The most toxic byproducts are probably chlorine, hydrofluoric acid and chlorine dioxide (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996; ACGIH, 1991).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Chlorine trifluoride may explode and represents a dangerous fire hazard (ACGIH, 1991).

Containers exposed to heat may explode. Use water ONLY to cool the containers (CHRIS , 2000).

This compound can cause spontaneous combustion when it comes in contact with organic or silicon-containing materials (NFPA, 1997).

Water spray may be used to disperse vapors, but carefully AVOID spraying water directly on top of a pool of spilled liquid; otherwise violent reaction may occur (NFPA, 1997).

For extensive listing of incompatibilities, see "Reactivity hazard" section below.

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Decomposition of chlorine trifluoride will generate extremely POISONOUS and irritating vapors. Following spill or fire, avoid contact with liquid or vapors and keep people out of the area (CHRIS , 2000).

Decomposition due to heating will generate highly toxic fumes of chlorine (Cl2), chlorine monofluoride (ClF), fluorine hypochlorite (ClOF), chloryl fluoride (ClO2F), chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and hydrofluoric acid (HF) (HSDB , 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996; ACGIH, 1991). The most toxic byproducts are probably chlorine, hydrofluoric acid and chlorine dioxide (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996; ACGIH, 1991).

Vapors (even diluted vapors) may ignite glass wool and organic matter (Budavari, 1996).

Water spray may be used to disperse vapors, but carefully AVOID spraying water directly on top of a pool of spilled liquid; otherwise violent reaction may occur (NFPA, 1997).

Skin contact with the gas or the liquefied gas may result in burns, severe injury or frost bite (ERG, 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Chlorine trichloride is an extremely reactive agent (Raffle, 1994). Its reactivity is similar to that of fluorine. It may explode and represents a dangerous fire hazard (ACGIH, 1991).

Carefully avoid any contact with living tissue (Raffle, 1994).

It may initiate spontaneous combustion upon contact with organic or silicacious matter (HSDB , 2000; ACGIH, 1991; ILO, 1998) and most other combustible materials (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

Store separately from water, organic matter, glass, asbestos, sand, chlorofluorocarbons, acids, alkalies, halogens, salts, metal oxides (NFPA, 1997).

Vapors (even diluted vapors) may ignite glass wool and organic matter (Budavari, 1996).

One drop of chlorine trifluoride is sufficient to set fire to paper, cloth or wood (HSDB , 2000).

This chemical will react with fire fighter's ordinary protective clothing (HSDB , 2000).

It reacts violently with water or ice (HSDB , 2000; ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS , 2000).

It is incompatible with (HSDB , 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ILO, 1998; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991; CHRIS , 2000; NFPA, 1997): Acids; Alkalies; Aluminum; Aluminum oxide; Ammonia; Ammonium fluoride; Antimony; Arsenic; Arsenic trioxide; Asbestos; Benzene; Bismuth trioxide; Boron; Boron-aluminum mixture; Calcium; Calcium oxide; Carbon monoxide; Carbon tetrafluoride; Charcoal; Chlorofluorocarbons; Chromic anhydride; Chromic oxide; Chromium oxide; Combustible materials; Copper; Concrete; Diethyl ether; Fluorinated polymers; Fuels; Fuming nitric acid; Glass metals (corrosive), glass and glass wool; Graphite; Halogens; Hydrogen; Hydrogen sulfide; Hydrogen-containing materials; Iodine; Iridium; Iron; Lanthanum oxide; Lead; Lead oxide; Magnesium; Magnesium oxide; Manganese dioxide; Mercuric iodine; Metals (including metal oxides and metal salts); Non-metals (including non-metal oxides); Molybdenum; Molybdenum trioxide; Nitrocompounds; Organic matter; Osmium; Oxidizers; Phosphorus; Phosphorus pentoxide; Plastics; Polychlorotrifluoroethylene; Potassium; Potassium carbonate; Potassium iodide; Reducing agents; Refractory material; Resins (except highly fluorinated polymers such as Teflon and Kel-F); Rhodium; Rubber; Sand; Selenium; Silicon-containing compounds; Silver; Silver nitrate; Slats; Sodium; Sodium hydroxide; Stannic oxide; Sulfur; Sulfur dioxide; Tantalum pentoxide; Tellurium; Tetraboron carbide; Tin; Tungsten; Tungsten carbide; Tungsten trioxide; Vanadium pentoxide; Water, steam and ice; Zinc.

Violent reactions, and possibly explosions, of chlorine trifluoride have been described with (Urben, 1995): Acids, Ammonium (hydrogen) fluoride, bis (trifluoromethyl) sulfide and disulfide, deuterium or hydrogen, fuels, halocarbons, hydrocarbons, hydrogen-containing materials, ice, metals and metal oxides and metals salts, non-metals and oxides of non-metals, methane, organic materials, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, ruthenium, water, and other reactants.

Spontaneous ignition occurred when a chlorine-trifluoride / nitrogen mixture was added to a dichlorosilane / nitrogen mixture. Lower flammability limit of the mixture was estimated to be 0.3% volume for both chlorine-trifluoride and dichlorosilane (NIOSHTIC , 1999).

Ignition may occur upon mixing of carbon tetrachloride and (Urben, 1995): boron-containing materials, fluorinated solvents (under flow conditions), iodine, refractory materials.

Incandescence occurs in the reaction between chlorine trifluoride and chromium trioxide (Urben, 1995).

No reaction occurs when chlorine trifluoride is mixed with carbon tetrachloride at low temperatures. However, the mixture is dangerous because it may detonate (Urben, 1995).

Mixtures of chlorine trifluoride and nitroaryl compounds are extremely shock-sensitive (Urben, 1995).

To prevent explosion during treatment with chlorine trifluoride during the production of trifluoromethylsulfur trifluoride, trifluoromethanesulfenyl chloride must be dissolved in a fully halogenated solvent (Urben, 1995).

Dangerous reaction during distillation may occur in the production of selenium tetrafluoride if traces of chlorine trifluoride are present in the crude tetrachloride solution (Urben, 1995).

Using excessive flow rates or pressures through glass tubing may set the tubing on fire (HSDB , 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1749 - Chlorine trifluoride

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 60 meters (200 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.4 kilometers (0.3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 2 kilometers (1.3 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 300 meters (1000 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 2.8 kilometers (1.8 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 8.1 kilometers (5.1 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

Provide ventilation to the area where the spill or leak has occurred! If gas is leaking, attempt to stop the flow. If flow cannot be stopped, move cylinder to open air to perform repair or allow cylinder to empty. If liquid is leaking, evacuate people without protective equipment from the spill area. Ventilate the area as much as possible, while allowing the liquid to evaporate (HSDB , 2000; Sittig, 1991).

Post warnings, specifying the leaking compound as POISON, AIR CONTAMINANT, WATER CONTAMINANT, CORROSIVE and OXIDIZING MATERIAL. Restrict access to the spill or leak area and evacuate the area (CHRIS , 2000).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7790-91-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Chlorine Trifluoride
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 0.1
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 1
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 10
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7790-91-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Chlorine trifluoride
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.04
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.12
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 2
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 21
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7790-91-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Chlorine trifluoride
Final Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.12 ppm
mg/m3: 0.46 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.12 ppm
mg/m3: 0.46 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.12 ppm
mg/m3: 0.46 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.12 ppm
mg/m3: 0.46 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.12 ppm
mg/m3: 0.46 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Chlorine trifluoride
Final Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 8.1 ppm
mg/m3: 31 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 3.5 ppm
mg/m3: 13 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 2 ppm
mg/m3: 7.6 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.7 ppm
mg/m3: 2.7 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.41 ppm
mg/m3: 1.6 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Chlorine trifluoride
Final Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 84 ppm
mg/m3: 320 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 36 ppm
mg/m3: 140 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 21 ppm
mg/m3: 80 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 7.3 ppm
mg/m3: 28 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 7.3 ppm
mg/m3: 28 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7790-91-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 20 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
- Ventilate the area.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Consult with environmental regulatory agencies on acceptable disposal methods prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge) (HSDB , 2000).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Surplus gas may be disposed of by burning with town- or natural gas, and subsequent absorption in alkali (Urben, 1995).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Surplus gas may be disposed of by burning with town- or natural gas, and subsequent absorption in alkali (Urben, 1995).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

No information found at the time of this review.

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

No information found at the time of this review.

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

This compound has no potential for food chain concentration (CHRIS , 2000).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

The impact of low concentration water pollution on aquatic organisms is unknown. Because of the high reactivity of the compound, its presence in water intakes may be dangerous. Operators responsible for the water intake, as well as local health and wildlife officials should be notified following leakage of this compound into water systems (CHRIS , 2000).

No data are available on the toxicity to aquatic organisms or to waterfowl (CHRIS , 2000).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

92.45

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

It can exist as a colorless gas, a greenish-yellow liquid or a white solid (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2000) Hathaway et al., 1996; (ILO, 1998; Sittig, 1991).

Below 53 degrees F, it exists as a greenish-yellow liquid (HSDB , 2000; NIOSH , 2000). At 15 degrees C and 1 atm, this compound exists as a gas (CHRIS , 2000).

The odor of the gas has been describes as somewhat sweet, similar to chlorine, and suffocating, or as pungent (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; CHRIS , 2000; NIOSH , 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

10 mmHg (at -71.8 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

400 mmHg (at -4.9 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000; ILO, 1998)

760 mmHg (at 11.5 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000; ILO, 1998)

greater than 760 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

1.4 atm (NIOSH , 2000)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 1.825 g/mL (at 11.75 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)
SOLID: 2.530 g/cm(3) (at 153 degrees K) (HSDB , 2000)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

GAS: 3.14 g/L (air=1.29) (HSDB , 2000)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-76.1 degrees C, -105 degrees F, 197.1 degrees K (CHRIS , 2000; NIOSH, 2000)
-76.3 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

MELTING POINT

-76.34 degrees C (HSDB , 2000; ILO, 1998a)
-83 degrees C, -105 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

BOILING POINT

11.75 degrees C (HSDB , 2000; ILO, 1998)

11.3 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

11.6 degrees C, 53 degrees F, 284.8 degrees K (CHRIS , 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2000)

FLASH POINT

Non-flammable, but may initiate fire when brought in contact with combustible materials, sand, concrete and others (CHRIS , 2000).

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Decomposes in cold and hot water (HSDB , 2000).
Reacts violently with water (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2000; ACGIH, 1991; ILO, 1998; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2000).

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CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents