CHLORINE DIOXIDE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

STCC NUMBER

4918110 (Chlorine Dioxide Hydrate, frozen)

MOLECULAR FORMULA

Cl-O2

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

143-OXIDIZERS (UNSTABLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(RTECS , 1994; Lewis, 1992)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Chlorine dioxide is used in bleaching cellulose, paper-pulp, flour, leather, fats and oils, textiles, and beeswax; purification of water; taste and odor control of water; cleaning and detanning leather; and the manufacture of chlorite salts. It is also used as an oxidizing agent, bactericide, and antiseptic (Budavari, 1989).
Treatment methods most often used in taste and odor control of potable water include treatment with activated carbon adsorption, ozone, chlorine dioxide and peroxone (Wnorowski, 1992).

A major disadvantage of chlorine dioxide as an alternative to chlorine for drinking water disinfection is the formation of potentially harmful chlorate and chlorite ions (Gonce & Voudrias, 1994).

"Alcide" is a germicidal preparation which has been shown to kill a wide range of common pathogenic bacteria as well as fungi, in vitro. It contains sodium chlorite and lactic acid as the active ingredients. The two parts are combined in equal volume immediately prior to application, resulting in the formation of chlorine dioxide (HSDB , 1994).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Chlorine dioxide gas is a severe respiratory and eye irritant.

It may be highly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. It may cause pulmonary edema.

Experimental reproductive effects from chlorine dioxide have been reported. Experimental mutation data have also been reported.

The following CLINICAL EFFECTS information is for CHLORINE GAS:

ACUTE EXPOSURE -

HOUSEHOLD CLEANER MIXTURES - Single acute exposures to chlorine gas in quantities produced by mixing household cleaning agents (bleach with acids) commonly produces coughing, lacrimation, burning sensation in the chest, conjunctivitis, and tachycardia. A few patients may experience vomiting, diaphoresis, and headache.
MILD ACUTE EXPOSURE - Rarely results in residual pulmonary abnormalities.
MODERATE/SEVERE EXPOSURE - Moderate or severe exposures (associated with acute marked airflow obstruction and air-trapping) often results in residual pulmonary dysfunction, most notably hyperreactive airways and low residual volumes.
ONSET - Respiratory symptoms may be immediate or delayed (up to a few hours) following exposure.
MECHANISM - Chlorine gas is converted to HCl and "active oxygen" in the lung parenchyma.
Concentrated chlorine gas (industrial strength) is corrosive to the eyes, skin, respiratory tract, and mucous membranes. Severe exposure may cause laryngospasm, airway obstruction, respiratory arrest, pulmonary edema and cardiovascular collapse.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.
Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.
Toxic fumes or dust may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars, etc.).
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
Contaminated clothing may be a fire risk when dry.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
EYE EXPOSURE - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this liquid chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
INGESTION EXPOSURE

Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

The following treatment information is for Chlorine Gas -

MINOR SYMPTOMS - Patients who experience only minor sensations of burning on the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, eyes and respiratory tract (with perhaps a slight cough) require no treatment beyond removal from chlorine atmosphere. In most instances, these patients will be free of symptoms within an hour or less.
SEVERE SYMPTOMS - Patients experiencing more severe symptoms (tightness in the chest, dyspnea, distressing cough, anxiety, etc) must be treated accordingly with oxygen and other supportive measures. Post-hospitalization follow-up is recommended since long-term respiratory problems can ensue.
INHALATION EXPOSURE

Rescuers should wear self-contained breathing apparatus and have protective clothing, if needed.

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
Administer oxygen if the patient is uncomfortable. One-hundred percent humidification for short periods of time may be useful. Humidification with 5% sodium bicarbonate has been anecdotally reported to result in dramatic improvement, but is not routinely recommended due to a lack of studies showing safety and efficacy.
Obtain baseline chest x-ray if symptomatic.
Monitor respiratory function for 24 hours to assure that pulmonary edema does not develop. Pulmonary edema may be delayed in onset.
Examine mucous membranes, eyes and skin to be certain that corrosive effects have not occurred.
PULMONARY EDEMA (NONCARDIOGENIC) - Maintain ventilation and oxygenation with close arterial blood gas monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed to maintain PO2 greater than 50 mmHg with FIO2 less than 60%.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
BRONCHOSPASM - Laryngeal spasms or bronchospasm should be treated with inhaled sympathomimetics.
STEROIDS - Steroid therapy may be useful, however conclusive efficacy data is lacking.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

CASE REPORTS

OCCUPATIONAL

A concentration of 19 ppm of the gas inside a bleach tank caused the death of one worker (time of exposure not specified) (ACGIH, 1991).

ANIMAL DATA

All rats exposed to 10 ppm for 5 hours a day died in less than 14 days (ACGIH, 1991).
Delayed deaths occurred in animals after exposure to 150 to 200 ppm for less than 1 hour (Hathaway et al, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CASE REPORTS

OCCUPATIONAL

Concentrations up to 2 ppm (average concentrations between trace amounts and 0.25 ppm) have been associated with slight effects on respiratory ailments, eg, bronchitis, obstructive lung disease, and pulmonary function parameters in workers. (The same workers were exposed at times to chlorine in somewhat higher concentrations) (Lewis, 1992).
Concentrations of 5 ppm chlorine dioxide have been reported to be definitely irritating to humans (ACGIH, 1991).
Bronchitis and pronounced emphysema were reported in a chemist repeatedly exposed to chlorine dioxide over several years. Symptoms were increasing dyspnea and asthmatic bronchitis even without exposure (exposure levels were not reported) (Lewis, 1992).

ANIMAL DATA

Concentrations approximating 0.1 ppm chlorine dioxide produced no abnormal reaction in rats exposed by inhalation 5 hours/day for 10 weeks (ACGIH, 1991).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS10049-04-4 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Chlorine dioxide
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Chlorine dioxide

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Chlorine dioxide
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS10049-04-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 3x10(-2) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC: 2x10(-4) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 1994 Lewis, 1992
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS10049-04-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Chlorine dioxide

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.1 ppm
TLV-STEL: 0.3 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): LRT irr; bronchitis
Molecular Weight: 67.46

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS10049-04-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS10049-04-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Chlorine dioxide
REL:

TWA: 0.1 ppm (0.3 mg/m(3))
STEL: 0.3 ppm (0.9 mg/m(3))
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 5 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS10049-04-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Chlorine dioxide
Table Z-1 for Chlorine dioxide:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 0.1

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.3

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS10049-04-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:1000

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS10049-04-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS10049-04-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS10049-04-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS10049-04-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS10049-04-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Chlorine dioxide
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS10049-04-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS10049-04-4 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Chlorine oxide (ClO2)

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS10049-04-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Because of explosion hazard, do not keep chlorine dioxide in storage except in diluted solution. Concentrations of more than 10% should not be handled. Store only in dry, cool, dark place with good temperature control (HSDB , 1994).

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Chlorine dioxide is unstable in light. It is stable in the dark if pure, but chlorides catalyze its decomposition even in the dark (Budavari, 1989).
Solutions in pure water can be maintained for months in closed containers (HSDB , 1994).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 10049-04-4.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: 1000 ppm
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: 150 ppm
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
- May explode from friction, heat or contamination.
- These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire.
- May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels).
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
Chlorine dioxide is a dangerous fire hazard. It is a powerful oxidizer (Lewis, 1992; HSDB , 1994). It is considered a flammable gas and combustible liquid (NIOSH, 1994).
Chlorine dioxide ignites or explodes on contact with non-metals (eg, phosphorus, sulfur, or sugar) (Lewis, 1992).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS10049-04-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)

Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)

Flood fire area with water from a distance.
Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Do not get water inside containers: a violent reaction may occur.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Dike fire-control water for later disposal.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS10049-04-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, chlorine dioxide emits toxic fumes of chlorine (Lewis, 1992).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Chlorine dioxide is a powerful explosive sensitive to spark, impact, sunlight, or heating rapidly to 100 degrees C (Lewis, 1992).

It is explosive above 45 degrees C even in the absence of light (Bretherick, 1990).

In concentrations in excess of 10% at atmospheric pressure, chlorine dioxide is easily detonated by sunlight, heat, or contact with mercury or carbon monoxide (Budavari, 1989).

It also explodes on contact with potassium hydroxide and phosphorus pentachloride + chlorine (Lewis, 1992).

Phosphorus ignites spontaneously in chlorine dioxide and may explode (NFPA, 1991).

Organic material in contact with chlorine dioxide can be exploded by shock or sparks (NFPA, 1991).

Chlorine dioxide explodes on mixing with hydrocarbons (eg, butadiene, ethane, ethylene, methane, propane), fluoramines (eg, difluoroamine, trifluoramine), or carbon monoxide (Lewis, 1992).

The uncontrolled reaction between chlorine dioxide and fluorine is explosive (NFPA, 1991).

Mixtures with hydrogen explode with sparking or on contact with platinum (Lewis, 1992).

Chlorine dioxide ignites or explodes on contact with non-metals (eg, phosphorus, sulfur, or sugar) (Lewis, 1992).

Chlorine dioxide and liquid mercury explode violently (NFPA, 1991).

The following is for CHLORINE DIOXIDE HYDRATE, FROZEN:

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, chlorine dioxide emits toxic fumes of chlorine (Lewis, 1992).

It reacts with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes of hydrochloric acid (Lewis, 1992).

The following is for CHLORINE DIOXIDE HYDRATE, FROZEN:

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Chlorine dioxide is a dangerous fire hazard. It is a powerful oxidizer (Lewis, 1992; HSDB , 1994). It is considered a flammable gas and combustible liquid (NIOSH, 1994).

It reacts with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes of hydrochloric acid (Lewis, 1992).

It reacts violently with F2 and NHF2 (Lewis, 1992).

Chlorine dioxide is unstable in light. It is stable in the dark if pure, but chlorides catalyze its decomposition even in the dark (Budavari, 1989).

Chlorine dioxide reacts with alkali solutions to form a mixture of chlorides and chlorates (ACGIH, 1991).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS10049-04-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Chlorine Dioxide
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): Not appropriate
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 0.5
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 3
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS10049-04-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Chlorine dioxide
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.1
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.15
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 1.1
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 2.4
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS10049-04-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Chlorine dioxide
Final Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.15 ppm
mg/m3: 0.41 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.15 ppm
mg/m3: 0.41 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.15 ppm
mg/m3: 0.41 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.15 ppm
mg/m3: 0.41 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.15 ppm
mg/m3: 0.41 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Chlorine dioxide
Final Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 1.4 ppm
mg/m3: 3.9 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 1.4 ppm
mg/m3: 3.9 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 1.1 ppm
mg/m3: 3 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.69 ppm
mg/m3: 1.9 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.45 ppm
mg/m3: 1.2 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Chlorine dioxide
Final Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 3 ppm
mg/m3: 8.3 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 3 ppm
mg/m3: 8.3 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 2.4 ppm
mg/m3: 6.6 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 1.5 ppm
mg/m3: 4.1 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.98 ppm
mg/m3: 2.7 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS10049-04-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 5 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
- Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
- Flush area with flooding quantities of water.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
- DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1994).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

AIR: The decomposition of chlorine dioxide by UV radiation leads to the production of chlorate, chloride and oxygen as end-products via complex reactions which are initiated by the products generated by the primary reactions of photolysis (Karpel et al, 1992).

WATER: Chlorine dioxide is not expected to persist in open basins or reservoirs, although it can remain for days in clean distribution systems (HSDB , 1994).

WATER: It is generally accepted that the predominant reaction product of chlorine dioxide in water treatment is chlorite and that chlorate and other ions are produced in minor amounts (HSDB , 1994).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- No information found at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY VALUES (HSDB , 1994)

LC50, Fathead minnow, juvenile, flow through, 0.02 mg/L/96 hr
LC50, Fathead minnow, adult, 0.17 mg/L/96 hr, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Bluegill, young of the year, 0.15 mg/L/96 hr, conditions of bioassay not specified

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

67.46

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

GAS: Strongly oxidizing, yellow to reddish-yellow gas at room temperature, with an unpleasant odor similar to that of chlorine and reminiscent of that of nitric acid (Budavari, 1989).

SOLID

Yellowish-red crystalline mass (Budavari, 1989)
Orange-red crystals (Lewis, 1992)

LIQUID: Reddish-brown (Budavari, 1989)

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

760 torr (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

DENSITY

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
Liquid: 1.642 g/mL (at 0 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

Gas: 3.09 g/L (at 11 degrees C) (Lewis, 1992)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

-59 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

BOILING POINT

11 degrees C (Budavari, 1989; ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 1994)

9.9 degrees C (at 731 mmHg) (explodes) (Lewis, 1992)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

3.01 g/L (at 25 degrees C and 34.5 mmHg)
0.8 g/100 g (at 20 degrees C) (decomposes) (ACGIH, 1991).
Chlorine dioxide is soluble in water with slight hydrolysis to chlorous and chloric acid.

OTHER

It is soluble in alkaline and sulfuric acid solutions (Budavari, 1989).

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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CHLORINE DIOXIDE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents