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CHLORDANE

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Chlordane is an organochlorine insecticide and a member of the cyclodiene family.

Specific Substances

    A) No Synonyms were found in group or single elements
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) C10-H6-Cl8

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) Chlordane is a viscous amber liquid, with a sharp odor (CHRIS , 2001; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997).
    2) The technical grade of chlordane is a brown liquid (HSDB , 2001).
    3) Chlordane can also exist in white, crystalline form (HSDB , 2001).
    4) Chlordane is an organochlorine insecticide and a member of the cyclodiene family. The technical grade consists of a mixture of approximately 1:1 cis- and trans-chlordane, and 4 to 10 percent heptachlor (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    5) Budavari (2000) describes the commercial product as a mixture containing 60 to 75 percent of the pure compound and 25 to 40 percent of related compounds.
    6) A variety of dusts, powders, and solutions in kerosene containing 2 to 80 percent chlordane are available (CHRIS , 2001).
    B) SOURCES
    1) Chlordane is synthesized from hexachlorocylopentadiene, dicyclopentadiene, and chlorine in a Diels-Alder reaction (Ashford, 1994).
    2) Chlordane does not occur naturally (HSDB , 2001).
    C) USES
    1) Chlordane products were used for fire ant control in power transformers and as insecticides for termites, home, garden and agricultural applications (HSDB , 2001).
    2) The EPA canceled all commercial use of chlordane in the United States as of April 14, 1988 (ATSDR, 1994).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Chlordane may be toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal or eye exposure. It is a persistent CNS stimulant. Technical grade chlordane is irritating to the skin and mucous membranes; however, this may be more true for the early formulations that contained the contaminant hexachlorocyclopentadiene.
    B) General symptoms of chlordane poisoning may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, gastritis, abdominal pain, anuria, headache, coughing, excitability, irritability, confusion, delirium, muscle spasms, dizziness, paresthesia, weakness, ataxia, loss of coordination, tremor, violent clonic/tonic convulsions or epileptiform seizures, and pulmonary edema, followed by CNS depression, coma and death with respiratory arrest.
    C) The liver and kidney may also be affected in acute exposure. Elevated white blood cell counts were noted. Exposures to excessive concentrations have been associated with rare cases of aplastic anemia. Diplopia and blurred vision have been reported after exposure.
    D) Chronic exposure may cause headache, GI symptoms, fatigue, memory deficits, personality changes, decreased attention span, numbness or paresthesias, disorientation, loss of coordination, dry eyes, and seizures. Toxicity may also result in liver, spleen and kidney damage.
    E) Several cases of optic neuritis have been reported from treatment of homes with chlordane for termites.
    F) Chlordane may be a potential occupational carcinogen.
    0.2.3) VITAL SIGNS
    A) Respiratory depression can occur. Fever and recurrent hypotension occurred in acute ENDRIN poisoning.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Hypersalivation, frothy nasal secretions, and headache may occur. Visual defects have been reported in a mixed ingestion of chlordane.
    0.2.5) CARDIOVASCULAR
    A) Cardiac dysrhythmias can occur from cardiac sensitization.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Irritation, reduced gas exchange, and chemical pneumonitis may occur.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) Sensory disturbances, excitation with myoclonic jerking, tonic-clonic convulsions, tremor, ataxia, agitation, nervousness, confusion, and amnesia may occur. Permanent damage may occur from acute exposure.
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may occur following ingestion. Severe gastroenteritis occurred in one fatal ingestion of chlordane.
    0.2.9) HEPATIC
    A) Hepatic oxidative enzymes are induced by chlordane.
    0.2.10) GENITOURINARY
    A) Renal insufficiency occurred in a case of ENDRIN ingestion.
    0.2.11) ACID-BASE
    A) Severe metabolic acidosis may be a consequence of convulsions and an immediate cause of death.
    0.2.13) HEMATOLOGIC
    A) Aplastic and megaloblastic anemia, and various blood dyscrasias have occurred in rare cases.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Extensive contact may result in dermal irritation, especially when hydrocarbon solvents are present.
    0.2.15) MUSCULOSKELETAL
    A) Myoclonic jerking may be so intense as to cause compression fractures of the vertebrae.
    0.2.18) PSYCHIATRIC
    A) Confusion, agitation, delirium, and other changes in mental function may occur.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) Endocrine system developmental abnormalities, biochemical and metabolic effects, complex effects on steroid metabolism, depressed cell-mediated immunity, and reduced fertility have been reported in experimental animals. It is transferred in breast milk.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) There are mixed reports of carcinogenicity in humans.
    0.2.22) OTHER
    A) Chlordane can be absorbed by any route of exposure. The half-life for elimination in the blood is 34 to 88 days, but it may persist in the fat stores for much longer.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Blood chlorinated hydrocarbon levels are not clinically useful following acute exposure. For most compounds they reflect cumulative exposure over a period of months or years rather than recent exposure.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) Emesis is not recommended due to potential CNS depression or seizures.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    C) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.
    1) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    D) SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).
    1) Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
    2) Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.
    E) Do not give oils by mouth.
    F) Do not administer adrenergic amines, which may further increase myocardial irritability and produce refractory ventricular arrhythmias.
    G) CHOLESTYRAMINE - Oral administration may enhance the excretion of kepone and chlordane which are trapped in the enterohepatic circulation.
    H) HEMODIALYSIS - Probably ineffective.
    I) EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION - Probably ineffective.
    J) HEMOPERFUSION - Probably ineffective.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) If clothing is contaminated remove, and wash skin and hair three times; do an initial soap washing followed by an alcohol washing followed by a soap washing. Leather absorbs pesticides. Hence, leather should not be worn in the presence of pesticides and all contaminated leather should be discarded.

Range Of Toxicity

    A) The human lethal dose is 100 milligrams/kilogram.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Chlordane may be toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal or eye exposure. It is a persistent CNS stimulant. Technical grade chlordane is irritating to the skin and mucous membranes; however, this may be more true for the early formulations that contained the contaminant hexachlorocyclopentadiene.
    B) General symptoms of chlordane poisoning may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, gastritis, abdominal pain, anuria, headache, coughing, excitability, irritability, confusion, delirium, muscle spasms, dizziness, paresthesia, weakness, ataxia, loss of coordination, tremor, violent clonic/tonic convulsions or epileptiform seizures, and pulmonary edema, followed by CNS depression, coma and death with respiratory arrest.
    C) The liver and kidney may also be affected in acute exposure. Elevated white blood cell counts were noted. Exposures to excessive concentrations have been associated with rare cases of aplastic anemia. Diplopia and blurred vision have been reported after exposure.
    D) Chronic exposure may cause headache, GI symptoms, fatigue, memory deficits, personality changes, decreased attention span, numbness or paresthesias, disorientation, loss of coordination, dry eyes, and seizures. Toxicity may also result in liver, spleen and kidney damage.
    E) Several cases of optic neuritis have been reported from treatment of homes with chlordane for termites.
    F) Chlordane may be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Vital Signs

    3.3.1) SUMMARY
    A) Respiratory depression can occur. Fever and recurrent hypotension occurred in acute ENDRIN poisoning.
    3.3.2) RESPIRATIONS
    A) RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION - Aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, camphechlor, and DDT are respiratory depressants.
    3.3.3) TEMPERATURE
    A) HYPERTHERMIA occurred in a fatal case of endrin ingestion (Runhaar et al, 1985).
    3.3.4) BLOOD PRESSURE
    A) Recurrent hypotension occurred in a fatal case of endrin ingestion (Runhaar et al, 1985).

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Hypersalivation, frothy nasal secretions, and headache may occur. Visual defects have been reported in a mixed ingestion of chlordane.
    3.4.2) HEAD
    A) Headache may occur.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) IRRITATION - Older chlordane formulations manufactured in the US prior to 1951 irritated the eyes and mucous membranes. This does not occur with more recent US formulations (Clayton & Clayton, 1994), but may be the case with formulations manufactured in other countries.
    1) Irritation from older formulations may have been due to the hexachlorocyclopentadiene contaminant (Proctor et al, 1988).
    B) VISUAL DEFECTS - Diplopia and blurred vision developed in a girl who ingested chlordane in a mixture of pine oil, petroleum distillate, and polyethylene glycol (Grant & Schuman, 1993).
    C) OPTIC NEURITIS - Several cases of optic neuritis have been reported from treatment of homes with chlordane for termites (Grant, 1986). Because chlordane may persist for many years, this phenomenon was classified under chronic exposure.
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) SECRETIONS - Frothy nasal secretions have been reported with some organochlorines.
    3.4.6) THROAT
    A) HYPERSALIVATION - Foaming at the mouth was observed in a 20-year-old male one hour after ingestion of 200 mL of 30% endosulfan (Shemesh et al, 1988). Hypersalivation occurred in a fatal case of endrin ingestion (Runhaar et al, 1985).

Cardiovascular

    3.5.1) SUMMARY
    A) Cardiac dysrhythmias can occur from cardiac sensitization.
    3.5.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) CONDUCTION DISORDER OF THE HEART
    1) High concentrations of organochlorine insecticides can cause cardiac dysrhythmias by increasing myocardial irritability (Morgan, 1993).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Irritation, reduced gas exchange, and chemical pneumonitis may occur.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Irritation of respiratory membranes may result from inhalation of hexachlorobenzene (Dreisbach, 1983).
    B) RESPIRATORY FAILURE
    1) REDUCED GAS EXCHANGE - Severe convulsions can limit pulmonary gas exchange, and this may be an immediate cause of death (Morgan, 1993).
    C) PNEUMONIA
    1) PNEUMONITIS - Aspiration of petroleum distillate solvent is likely to cause a hydrocarbon pneumonitis, which is potentially fatal.

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) Sensory disturbances, excitation with myoclonic jerking, tonic-clonic convulsions, tremor, ataxia, agitation, nervousness, confusion, and amnesia may occur. Permanent damage may occur from acute exposure.
    3.7.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) PARESTHESIA
    1) SENSORY DISTURBANCES - Early signs of organochlorine poisoning involve hyperesthesia and paresthesia of the face and extremities, headache, dizziness, and incoordination (Morgan, 1993). In the case of chlordane, earliest signs may be hyperresponsiveness to external stimuli and hyperactive reflexes (HSDB, 1996). Paresthesia in the hand and arm were early signs in one case of chlordane poisoning (Barnes, 1967).
    B) MYOCLONUS
    1) As the severity of the poisoning increases, myoclonic jerking movements appear (Morgan, 1993).
    C) SEIZURE
    1) Generalized tonic-clonic convulsions occur in severe poisonings. Coma and respiratory depression may ensue (Morgan, 1993). Chlordane is a CNS excitant and convulsant. Coma may or may not occur with convulsions in the case of chlordane (EPA, 1985) Baselt & Cravey, 1995).
    a) Convulsions may appear as an early sign, in the absence of the above symptoms, with the cyclodienes such as chlordane (Morgan, 1993).
    b) Convulsions lasting for four days occurred in a fatal case of endrin ingestion (Runhaar et al, 1985).
    c) Seizures may recur over several days after an acute exposure (Morgan, 1993).
    D) PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION
    1) Chlordane can induce tremors and excitement (Lewis, 1996). Increased sensitivity to stimuli may be present (EPA, 1985). Confusion may be manifest (Derbes et al, 1955).
    E) ATAXIA
    1) Ataxia has occurred with chlordane poisoning (EPA, 1985).
    F) CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEFICIT
    1) CNS depresion may occur with chlordane poisoning (EPA, 1988).
    G) AMNESIA
    1) Amnesia following camphechlor ingestion has been reported (Dreisbach, 1983; Wells & Milhorn, 1983).
    H) CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FINDING
    1) PERMANENT DAMAGE - Severe mental impairment was evident one year after ingestion of endosulfan in one case. It is not clear if the brain damage was due to a direct effect of endosulfan, or to the hypoxemia accompanying convulsions and respiratory insufficiency (Shemesh et al, 1988).
    I) NEUROPATHY
    1) Occasional reports have associated peripheral neuropathy with exposure to organochlorines.
    3.7.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    a) Neuroelectrical disturbances involving high-amplitude episodes with secondary respiratory waves were induced in rats by chlordane. The changes were related to the length of exposure (Hyde & Falkenberg, 1976).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may occur following ingestion. Severe gastroenteritis occurred in one fatal ingestion of chlordane.
    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) VOMITING
    1) When ingested, these agents cause nausea and vomiting, especially when contained in petroleum distillates. Nausea and vomiting were documented in a case of acute chlordane poisoning (mixed with pine oil, petroleum distillate, and polyethylene glycol) (Grant & Schuman, 1993). Severe gastroenteritis occurred in a suicide where chlordane mixed with talc was ingested (HSDB, 1996).
    B) DIARRHEA
    1) Diarrhea may occur.

Hepatic

    3.9.1) SUMMARY
    A) Hepatic oxidative enzymes are induced by chlordane.
    3.9.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) LIVER ENZYMES ABNORMAL
    1) Chlordane is an hepatic enzyme inducer (Garrettson et al, 1984-85). This probably is the basis for an estrogenic effect of DDT in rodents.

Genitourinary

    3.10.1) SUMMARY
    A) Renal insufficiency occurred in a case of ENDRIN ingestion.
    3.10.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ACUTE RENAL FAILURE SYNDROME
    1) RENAL INSUFFICIENCY - Anuria occurred in a fatal case of chlordane ingestion. Degeneration of the renal tubule epithelium was seen at autopsy (HSDB, 1996). Renal insufficiency occurred in a fatal case of endrin ingestion (Runhaar et al, 1985).

Acid-Base

    3.11.1) SUMMARY
    A) Severe metabolic acidosis may be a consequence of convulsions and an immediate cause of death.
    3.11.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ACIDOSIS
    1) Severe metabolic acidosis may be a consequence of severe convulsions, and the acidosis may be an immediate cause of death (Morgan, 1993).

Hematologic

    3.13.1) SUMMARY
    A) Aplastic and megaloblastic anemia, and various blood dyscrasias have occurred in rare cases.
    3.13.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) LEUKOCYTOSIS
    1) Elevated white blood cell count has been reported in acute chlordane intoxication (Olanoff et al, 1983)
    B) APLASTIC ANEMIA
    1) Large exposures to chlordane have been associated with rare individual cases of aplastic anemia (Morgan, 1993).
    C) MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
    1) Chlordane may have induced rare cases of megaloblastic anemia. A report by Infante et al (1978) is representative of a number of case reports implicating organochlorines as possible causal agents for a variety of blood dyscrasias (Sharp et al, 1986).
    D) HEMATOLOGY FINDING
    1) At least 25 recent cases of various blood dyscrasias, and 34 previously described cases, have been reported from exposure to chlordane or heptachlor. These have generally involved exposure in homes treated for termites (Epstein & Ozonoff, 1987).
    E) THROMBOCYTOPENIC DISORDER
    1) Thrombocytopenia occurred in a fatal case of endrin ingestion (Runhaar et al, 1985).

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Extensive contact may result in dermal irritation, especially when hydrocarbon solvents are present.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) SKIN IRRITATION
    1) Some skin irritation results from extensive contact with these agents or with petroleum distillates in which they are contained.

Musculoskeletal

    3.15.1) SUMMARY
    A) Myoclonic jerking may be so intense as to cause compression fractures of the vertebrae.
    3.15.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURE
    1) Convulsions have been so intense in some patients that compression fractures of the vertebrae have occurred (Stranger & Kerridge, 1968).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) Endocrine system developmental abnormalities, biochemical and metabolic effects, complex effects on steroid metabolism, depressed cell-mediated immunity, and reduced fertility have been reported in experimental animals. It is transferred in breast milk.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) LACK OF EFFECT
    1) At the time of this review, no reproductive studies were found for chlordane in humans. Oxychlor, a related organochlorine compound, has been detected in human cord blood (Hirai & Tomokuni, 1991).
    B) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) Endocrine system developmental abnormalities, biochemical and metabolic effects on the newborn, immune and reticuloendothelial system developmental abnormalities, and behavioral effects on the newborn have been observed in rodent studies (RTECS , 2001).
    2) Chlordane was not teratogenic in the rat or mouse (Schardein, 2000). In one study in rats, doses were 150 to 300 ppm in the diet (HSDB , 2001).
    3) Complex effects on steroid metabolism were seen in mice prenatally and perinatally exposed to chlordane (Cranmer et al, 1978). When chlordane was administered during gestation at doses of 0.16 or 8 mg/kg/day, plasma corticosterone levels were increased in the offspring for at least 400 days after birth. Males were more susceptible than females (Cranmer et al, 1984).
    4) Prenatal exposure to chlordane enhanced survival of offspring from influenza A virus infection (Barnett et al, 1985).
    5) Mice exposed to chlordane at 0.16 or 8 mg/kg/day during gestation were depressed in cell-mediated immunity, as measured by contact sensitivity to oxazolone (Spyker-Cranmer et al, 1982).
    a) Reproduction in rats and mice was inhibited when chlordane was present in the diet at levels above 30 mg/kg (Ambrose et al, 1953; Proctor et al, 1988).
    6) Chlordane at 25 ppm in the diet did not affect reproduction in a six-generation mouse study (Deichmann, 1972).
    7) The effect of chlordane on hematopoietic tissue development in mice was investigated. Nine week old pregnant Balb/C mice were given chlordane at 18 mg/kg/day from days 10-18 of gestation. Fetal livers showed at least a 50 percent reduction in myeloid and lymphoid colony formation (Dodson, 2000).
    3.20.4) EFFECTS DURING BREAST-FEEDING
    A) LACTATION FEMALE
    1) Chlordane interfered with lactation when given to rats in the diet at 30 mg/kg (Ambrose et al, 1953).
    2) Metabolites of chlordane have been detected in human breast milk in the range of 0.1 to 1.1 ppb. Subjects were from Tokyo (HSDB , 1990). Oxychlordane was found in human breast milk samples, with a mean value of 5 ppb, during 1973-1974 in Arkansas and Mississippi (HSDB , 1990). Chlordane was found less frequently than other organochlorines in breast milk of Canadian women (Mes et al, 1986).
    3) Concentrations of chlordane or its metabolites in breast milk are likely to be lower now in the general population, because the uses of chlordane are severely restricted. However, in the event of a significant environmental exposure, it should be assumed that there would be some risk to the nursing infant.
    4) The daily intake of total organochlorine pesticides residues calculated for the suckling infant was significantly higher when compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) as recommended by FAO/WHO (FAO/WHO, 1970).

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS5103-74-2 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    B) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS5566-34-7 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    C) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS5103-71-9 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    D) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS57-74-9 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) IARC Classification
    a) Listed as: Chlordane
    b) Carcinogen Rating: 2B
    1) The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.
    E) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS12789-03-6 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) There are mixed reports of carcinogenicity in humans.
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) CARCINOMA
    1) Chlordane is a confirmed experimental animal carcinogen, but evidence for possible carcinogenicity in humans is not definite. The EPA classifies chlordane as Group 2B (probable human oncogen); ACGIH considers it as A3, a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans and a NIOSH carcinogen (ACGIH, 1991) ACGIH, 2001; (EPA, 1990).
    2) IARC classifies chlordane as Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans) based on sufficient evidence in experimental animals and inadequate evidence in humans ((IARC, 1997)) Stellman, 1998).
    3) IARC (Chlordane), (IARC, 1979) -
    a) Human - Inadequate evidence
    b) Animal - Sufficient evidence
    c) Group 3
    4) Epidemiological studies have failed to show an association between exposure to chlordane and cancer in humans. In one occupational study, including virtually all the employees manufacturing chlordane in the US, there was an inverse relationship between cancer mortality and length of employment (Shindell & Ulrich, 1986).
    a) The results of this study have been disputed by Infante and Freeman (1987), who found a correlation between length of exposure and lung cancer, and length of employment and total cancer.
    5) In another study, termite control applicators did not have excess deaths from lung cancer (Wang & MacMahon, 1979; (MacMahon et al, 1988).
    6) A slight but statistically insignificant excess of deaths from lung cancer was seen in a group of persons involved in manufacturing chlordane and heptachlor (Wang & MacMahon, 1979b).
    7) There have been individual cases where persons chronically exposed to chlordane have developed monocytic leukemia (Baselt & Cravey, 1995).
    8) Five out of 14 cases of neuroblastoma in children admitted to one hospital have been linked with exposure to chlordane (Infante et al, 1978).
    9) Slight increases in the incidence of neuroblastoma, aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, soft tissue sarcoma, and cancers of the skin, brain, bladder, and stomach have been found in a number of studies, but these findings have been criticized because of their lack of consistency and exposure to multiple pesticides (Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996; (IARC, 1997)).
    10) In another study, deaths from all cancers were lower than expected in a group of persons exposed occupationally to chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, including chlordane. Deaths from liver and biliary tract cancers were elevated in one subgroup, but further study is needed to determine any possible causative associations (Brown, 1992).
    11) There are some isolated cases which suggest an association between exposure to chlordane and cancer. Some persons chronically exposed to chlordane have developed monocytic leukemia (Baselt, 1988). Five out of 14 cases of neuroblastoma in children admitted to one hospital have been linked with exposure to chlordane (Infante et al, 1978).
    12) Chlordane is one of several pesticides for which an association was found with an increased incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in farmers (Cantor et al, 1992). Any effects cannot be attributed to chlordane alone, however, because of mixed exposures.
    3.21.4) ANIMAL STUDIES
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) In the NCI Carcinogenesis Bioassay (Feed), clear evidence existed for carcinogenicity in the mouse and no clear evidence was found for carcinogenicity in the rat (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    2) Chlordane has been carcinogenic in mice in three independent studies using three different strains. "Significant tumor responses" were also found in Fischer 344 rats in one study (EPA, 1988).
    3) Chlordane also acted as a tumor promoter for diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver tumors in mice, when chlordane was given after cessation of DEN at doses insufficient to induce liver tumors alone. Chlordane had no effect on DEN-induced tumors at sites other than the liver (Williams & Numoto, 1984).
    4) No mutations in H-ras or K-ras oncogenes were detected in liver tumors from chlordane-treated B6C3F1 and B6D2F1 mice. Thirty percent of benign and malignant liver tumors regressed in B6C3F1 mice after discontinuation of exposure (Malarkey et al, 1995).

Genotoxicity

    A) Chlordane induced mutations in hamster lung cells. Unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed in human fibroblast cells; sister chromatid exchange has been observed in human fibroblast and lymphoid cells.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Blood chlorinated hydrocarbon levels are not clinically useful following acute exposure. For most compounds they reflect cumulative exposure over a period of months or years rather than recent exposure.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) TOXICITY
    1) Blood chlorinated hydrocarbon levels are not clinically useful following acute exposure, except for confirming massive doses. For most compounds they reflect cumulative exposure over a period of months or years rather than recent exposure (Coye et al, 1986).
    2) Levels of chlordane in blood of acutely poisoned patients have been reported at 5 ppm, measured 3.5 hours after ingestion of approximately 300 mL of 75% chlordane (Proctor et al, 1988), 2.71 ppm one hour after ingestion (Curley & Garrettson, 1969), 3.4 ppm (Aldrich & Holmes, 1969), and 4 ppm (Olanoff et al, 1983).
    3) Postmortem chlordane levels in fatal poisonings have ranged from 1.7 mg/L to 4.9 mg/L (Kutz et al, 1983).
    4) Chlordane was found in blood at 1.21 ppm in a poodle who had died after its owner treated the house for cockroach infestation (Hall, 1974).
    4.1.3) URINE
    A) URINARY LEVELS
    1) A total of 48.8 mcg chlordane was excreted in the urine during the first 24 hours after a 20-month-old child ingested an unknown quantity (Curley & Garrettson, 1969).
    2) The urinary chlordane concentration was 0.30 ppm in a poodle which was fatally poisoned (Hall, 1974).
    4.1.4) OTHER
    A) OTHER
    1) TISSUE
    a) Levels of chlordane in body fat continued to rise for at least eight days after ingestion in a 20-month-old boy (Curley & Garrettson, 1969).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) Blood chlorinated hydrocarbon levels are not clinically useful following acute exposure. For most compounds they reflect cumulative exposure over a period of months or years rather than recent exposure.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) Emesis is not recommended due to potential CNS depression or seizures.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    C) GASTRIC LAVAGE
    1) INDICATIONS: Consider gastric lavage with a large-bore orogastric tube (ADULT: 36 to 40 French or 30 English gauge tube {external diameter 12 to 13.3 mm}; CHILD: 24 to 28 French {diameter 7.8 to 9.3 mm}) after a potentially life threatening ingestion if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 60 minutes).
    a) Consider lavage more than 60 minutes after ingestion of sustained-release formulations and substances known to form bezoars or concretions.
    2) PRECAUTIONS:
    a) SEIZURE CONTROL: Is mandatory prior to gastric lavage.
    b) AIRWAY PROTECTION: Place patients in the head down left lateral decubitus position, with suction available. Patients with depressed mental status should be intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube prior to lavage.
    3) LAVAGE FLUID:
    a) Use small aliquots of liquid. Lavage with 200 to 300 milliliters warm tap water (preferably 38 degrees Celsius) or saline per wash (in older children or adults) and 10 milliliters/kilogram body weight of normal saline in young children(Vale et al, 2004) and repeat until lavage return is clear.
    b) The volume of lavage return should approximate amount of fluid given to avoid fluid-electrolyte imbalance.
    c) CAUTION: Water should be avoided in young children because of the risk of electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication. Warm fluids avoid the risk of hypothermia in very young children and the elderly.
    4) COMPLICATIONS:
    a) Complications of gastric lavage have included: aspiration pneumonia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, mechanical injury to the throat, esophagus, or stomach, fluid and electrolyte imbalance (Vale, 1997). Combative patients may be at greater risk for complications (Caravati et al, 2001).
    b) Gastric lavage can cause significant morbidity; it should NOT be performed routinely in all poisoned patients (Vale, 1997).
    5) CONTRAINDICATIONS:
    a) Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness if patient is not intubated, following ingestion of corrosive substances, hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential), patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation, or trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. Rescue personnel and bystanders should avoid direct contact with contaminated skin, clothing, or other objects (Burgess et al, 1999). Since contaminated leather items cannot be decontaminated, they should be discarded (Simpson & Schuman, 2002).
    B) SEIZURE
    1) SUMMARY
    a) Attempt initial control with a benzodiazepine (eg, diazepam, lorazepam). If seizures persist or recur, administer phenobarbital or propofol.
    b) Monitor for respiratory depression, hypotension, and dysrhythmias. Endotracheal intubation should be performed in patients with persistent seizures.
    c) Evaluate for hypoxia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoglycemia (or, if immediate bedside glucose testing is not available, treat with intravenous dextrose).
    2) DIAZEPAM
    a) ADULT DOSE: Initially 5 to 10 mg IV, OR 0.15 mg/kg IV up to 10 mg per dose up to a rate of 5 mg/minute; may be repeated every 5 to 20 minutes as needed (Brophy et al, 2012; Prod Info diazepam IM, IV injection, 2008; Manno, 2003).
    b) PEDIATRIC DOSE: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Hegenbarth & American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs, 2008).
    c) Monitor for hypotension, respiratory depression, and the need for endotracheal intubation. Consider a second agent if seizures persist or recur after repeated doses of diazepam .
    3) NO INTRAVENOUS ACCESS
    a) DIAZEPAM may be given rectally or intramuscularly (Manno, 2003). RECTAL DOSE: CHILD: Greater than 12 years: 0.2 mg/kg; 6 to 11 years: 0.3 mg/kg; 2 to 5 years: 0.5 mg/kg (Brophy et al, 2012).
    b) MIDAZOLAM has been used intramuscularly and intranasally, particularly in children when intravenous access has not been established. ADULT DOSE: 0.2 mg/kg IM, up to a maximum dose of 10 mg (Brophy et al, 2012). PEDIATRIC DOSE: INTRAMUSCULAR: 0.2 mg/kg IM, up to a maximum dose of 7 mg (Chamberlain et al, 1997) OR 10 mg IM (weight greater than 40 kg); 5 mg IM (weight 13 to 40 kg); INTRANASAL: 0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Brophy et al, 2012). BUCCAL midazolam, 10 mg, has been used in adolescents and older children (5-years-old or more) to control seizures when intravenous access was not established (Scott et al, 1999).
    4) LORAZEPAM
    a) MAXIMUM RATE: The rate of intravenous administration of lorazepam should not exceed 2 mg/min (Brophy et al, 2012; Prod Info lorazepam IM, IV injection, 2008).
    b) ADULT DOSE: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist (Manno, 2003; Brophy et al, 2012).
    c) PEDIATRIC DOSE: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue (Brophy et al, 2012; Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Hegenbarth & American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs, 2008; Sreenath et al, 2009; Chin et al, 2008).
    5) PHENOBARBITAL
    a) ADULT LOADING DOSE: 20 mg/kg IV at an infusion rate of 50 to 100 mg/minute IV. An additional 5 to 10 mg/kg dose may be given 10 minutes after loading infusion if seizures persist or recur (Brophy et al, 2012).
    b) Patients receiving high doses will require endotracheal intubation and may require vasopressor support (Brophy et al, 2012).
    c) PEDIATRIC LOADING DOSE: 20 mg/kg may be given as single or divided application (2 mg/kg/minute in children weighing less than 40 kg up to 100 mg/min in children weighing greater than 40 kg). A plasma concentration of about 20 mg/L will be achieved by this dose (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    d) REPEAT PEDIATRIC DOSE: Repeat doses of 5 to 20 mg/kg may be given every 15 to 20 minutes if seizures persist, with cardiorespiratory monitoring (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    e) MONITOR: For hypotension, respiratory depression, and the need for endotracheal intubation (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Manno, 2003).
    f) SERUM CONCENTRATION MONITORING: Monitor serum concentrations over the next 12 to 24 hours. Therapeutic serum concentrations of phenobarbital range from 10 to 40 mcg/mL, although the optimal plasma concentration for some individuals may vary outside this range (Hvidberg & Dam, 1976; Choonara & Rane, 1990; AMA Department of Drugs, 1992).
    6) OTHER AGENTS
    a) If seizures persist after phenobarbital, propofol or pentobarbital infusion, or neuromuscular paralysis with general anesthesia (isoflurane) and continuous EEG monitoring should be considered (Manno, 2003). Other anticonvulsants can be considered (eg, valproate sodium, levetiracetam, lacosamide, topiramate) if seizures persist or recur; however, there is very little data regarding their use in toxin induced seizures, controlled trials are not available to define the optimal dosage ranges for these agents in status epilepticus (Brophy et al, 2012):
    1) VALPROATE SODIUM: ADULT DOSE: An initial dose of 20 to 40 mg/kg IV, at a rate of 3 to 6 mg/kg/minute; may give an additional dose of 20 mg/kg 10 minutes after loading infusion. PEDIATRIC DOSE: 1.5 to 3 mg/kg/minute (Brophy et al, 2012).
    2) LEVETIRACETAM: ADULT DOSE: 1000 to 3000 mg IV, at a rate of 2 to 5 mg/kg/min IV. PEDIATRIC DOSE: 20 to 60 mg/kg IV (Brophy et al, 2012; Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    3) LACOSAMIDE: ADULT DOSE: 200 to 400 mg IV; 200 mg IV over 15 minutes (Brophy et al, 2012). PEDIATRIC DOSE: In one study, median starting doses of 1.3 mg/kg/day and maintenance doses of 4.7 mg/kg/day were used in children 8 years and older (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    4) TOPIRAMATE: ADULT DOSE: 200 to 400 mg nasogastric/orally OR 300 to 1600 mg/day orally divided in 2 to 4 times daily (Brophy et al, 2012).
    C) CONTRAINDICATED TREATMENT
    1) DO NOT give oils by mouth. They tend to increase intestinal absorption of these lipophilic toxicants.
    2) DO NOT administer adrenergic amines, which further increase myocardial irritability and produce refractory ventricular arrhythmias (Dreisbach, 1983; Bryson, 1986).
    D) CHOLESTYRAMINE
    1) Cholestyramine (4 grams every eight hours) accelerated excretion of kepone and chlordane in excessively exposed workers, and probably would have a similar effect on other slowly excreted organochlorines which are trapped in the enterohepatic circulation (Cohn et al, 1978) Garrettson et al, 1984, 1985; (Boylan et al, 1978).
    E) PULMONARY ASPIRATION
    1) Evaluate the patient for pulmonary complications, especially if the ingested product contained a petroleum solvent.
    F) EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY
    1) Peters et al (1982) report that symptoms of chronic exposure to hexachlorobenzene improved following treatment with intravenous and oral edetic acid therapy.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. Rescue personnel and bystanders should avoid direct contact with contaminated skin, clothing, or other objects (Burgess et al, 1999). Since contaminated leather items cannot be decontaminated, they should be discarded (Simpson & Schuman, 2002).
    2) Do an alcohol washing followed by a soap washing after the initial soap washing.

Enhanced Elimination

    A) EXTRACORPOREAL ELIMINATION
    1) HEMODIALYSIS has not ben proven effective.
    2) HEMOPERFUSION - Effectiveness has not been determined due to limited experience.
    3) Exchange transfusion, extracorporeal, and peritoneal dialysis have not proven effective in management of these poisonings. There has been little or no experience with charcoal hemoperfusion in organochlorine poisonings.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) The human lethal dose is 100 milligrams/kilogram.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) ADULT
    1) A 1984 WHO study estimated the acute lethal dose of chlordane to be between 25 and 50 mg/kg. However, the estimation method and documentation were not identified (ATSDR, 1994).
    2) Human lethal dose is 100 mg/kg (OHM/TADS , 2001).
    3) It is estimated that the fatal oral dose for adults is between 6 and 60 grams. The onset of symptoms will begin within 45 minutes to several hours after ingestion. Convulsions have been induced by as little as 2.25 grams (HSDB , 2001).
    4) A 30 gram topical skin application to an adult resulted in death in 40 minutes (HSDB , 2001).
    5) One person receiving an accidental skin application of 25 percent solution of chlordane (amounting to something over 30 g of technical chlordane) developed symptoms within about 40 minutes and died, apparently of respiratory failure, before medical attention was obtained (Lewis, 1996).
    6) One suicidal person ingested 6 g of chlordane in talc and experienced mouth burns, serious gastritis, diffuse pneumonia, anuria, mania, convulsions, and, finally, death after 9.5 hours (HSDB , 2001).
    7) The lethal dose of chlordane for humans is not known, but has been estimated to be in the range of 6 to 60 g (0.2 to 2 ounces); however, oral doses as low as 2 to 4 g have been fatal in cases involving preexisting liver damage (Lewis, 1996).
    8) Fatal human dose has been estimated at 6 g (ACGIH, 1996).
    B) ANIMAL
    1) Dermal doses of 50 mg/kg/day in cottonseed oil were fatal to all rats after three or four days, while the same dose given orally for 15 days caused toxic symptoms and some deaths. These results suggest that chlordane was more toxic by the dermal route, and exhibited cumulative toxicity (Ambrose et al, 1953).
    2) The minimum oral toxic dose for a young calf is about 25 mg/kg (HSDB , 2001).
    3) Technical chlordane was fed to rats for 2 years at various dosage levels. Results indicated that mortality increased at the 300 ppm concentration, but not at concentrations of 150 ppm or lower (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) ADULT
    1) Workers exposed to 5 mg/m(3) for 1 to 3 years did not experience any illnesses (ACGIH, 1996).
    2) Convulsions have been caused by as little as 2.25 g in humans (ACGIH, 1996).
    3) A person survived the accidental ingestion of approximately 300 mL of a 75% chlordane solution (215 g chlordane). The patient experienced rapid onset of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological effects (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    4) In a study conducted before newer production methods refined the product and reduced the toxicity of chlordane, 22 workers exposed to air concentrations exceeding 5 mg/m(3) were examined. The workers showed none of the symptoms manifested in exposed animals. Symptoms looked for included loss of weight, anorexia, nervous disorders, and disturbances of vision and respiration (ACGIH, 1996).
    5) Exposure of humans to 7% chlordane vapor for 15 minutes per day every 3 days for 12 weeks, and again one year later, had no apparent ill effects (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    6) No increases in cases of neurologic, gastrointestinal, or dermatologic complaints were seen in the week after the public water supply in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, became contaminated with 6.6 ppm chlordane (Anon, 1981).
    7) Acute symptoms reported immediately following a chlordane termiticide application included headache (22 percent), sore throat and respiratory infections (16 percent), fatigue (14 percent), sleeping difficulties, blurred vision, weakness and fainting, or confusion (Menconi et al, 1988).
    a) The source of these data was a health questionnaire mailed to 85 private households previously treated with chlordane for termite control.
    b) Chronic health conditions reported include sinusitis (21 percent), bronchitis (13 percent), migraine (8 percent), dermatitis (8 percent), asthma (5 percent), neuralgia or neuritis (5 percent), and disease of the ovary and uterus (4 percent).
    B) ANIMAL
    1) Mice were exposed to saturated chlordane vapor (in the absence of hexachlorocyclopentadiene) for 25 days without apparent ill effects (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    2) The lowest dietary level of chlordane which induced liver microsomal oxidases in rats was 50 ppm for 2 weeks (Den Tonkelaar & Van Esch, 1974).
    3) Khasawinah & Grutsch (1989) report a long-term no-observed-effect level (NOEL) of 1 ppm chlordane in diet from a 24-month tumorigenicity and chronic toxicity study in mice.
    4) Interferences with reproduction resulted when rats and mice received dosages above 30 mg/kg of chlordane; however, these effects were reversible (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    5) Eight cattle sprayed with a 2% solution of chlordane 12 times at 2-week intervals exhibited no signs of systemic intoxication or local irritation (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    6) Pigeons that were exposed continuously for 60 days to vapors from surfaces treated with chlordane at 1000 mg/sq ft showed no apparent ill effects (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS5103-74-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    B) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS5566-34-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    C) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS5103-71-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    D) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS57-74-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Chlordane
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: A3
    2) Codes: Skin
    3) Definitions:
    a) A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
    b) Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Liver dam
    d) Molecular Weight: 409.8
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    E) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS12789-03-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    F) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS5103-74-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    G) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS5566-34-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    H) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS5103-71-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    I) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS57-74-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Chlordane
    2) REL:
    a) TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
    e) Skin Designation: [skin]
    1) Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.
    f) Note(s): See Appendix A
    3) IDLH:
    a) IDLH: 100 mg/m3
    b) Note(s): Ca
    1) Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

    J) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS12789-03-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    K) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS5103-74-2 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    L) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS5566-34-7 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    M) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS5103-71-9 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    N) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS57-74-9 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Chlordane
    a) A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: Chlordane
    a) 2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Chlordane
    a) Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: Chlordane
    a) Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    O) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS12789-03-6 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B2 ; Listed as: Chlordane (Technical)
    a) B2 : Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals.
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    P) OSHA PEL Values for CAS5103-74-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    Q) OSHA PEL Values for CAS5566-34-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    R) OSHA PEL Values for CAS5103-71-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    S) OSHA PEL Values for CAS57-74-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Listed as: Chlordane
    2) Table Z-1 for Chlordane:
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm:
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 0.5
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: Yes
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed

    T) OSHA PEL Values for CAS12789-03-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) References: Hartley & Kidd, 1990 HSDB, 2001 Lewis, 2000 OHM/TADS, 2001 RTECS, 2001
    1) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 145 mg/kg (Lewis, 2000)
    b) 430 ppm (OHM/TADS, 2001)
    2) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
    a) 343 mg/kg (Lewis, 2000)
    3) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 200 mg/kg (Lewis, 2000)
    b) 395 mg/kg (OHM/TADS, 2001)
    c) 283 mg/kg
    d) 335 mg/kg (OHM/TADS, 2001)
    e) 365-590 mg/kg (Hartley & Kidd, 1990)
    f) 430 mg/kg (HSDB, 2001; OHM/TADS, 2001)
    g) 590 mg/kg (HSDB, 2001)
    4) LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
    a) 217 mg/g (Hartley & Kidd, 1990)
    b) 840 mg/kg (OHM/TADS, 2001)
    c) 690 mg/kg (Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS, 2001)
    d) >1600 mg/kg
    e) 590-840 mg/kg (HSDB, 2001)

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Chlordane is odorless and colorless (AAR, 2000).
    B) Chlordane is a viscous, amber-colored liquid (Budavari, 2000).
    1) Chlordane's color has also been described as pale yellow, brown (technical grade), and white (as a solid) (EPA, 1988; Sittig, 1991).
    C) Physical state at 15 degrees C and 1 atm: Liquid (CHRIS , 2001)
    D) Technical grades include a variety of dusts, powders, and solutions in kerosene containing 2 to 80% chlordane (CHRIS , 2001).
    E) Chlordane is an odorless, viscous, pale yellow liquid (ACGIH, 1996).

Molecular Weight

    A) 409.78

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