4,4-METHYLENEDIANILINE

An estimated 98 percent of 4,4'-methylenedianiline used the USA is used in the closed-system production of isocyanates and polyisocyanates (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2001; US DHHS, 1994).
4,4'-Methylenedianiline is used as a curing agent for epoxy resins and urethane elastomers (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2001).

It is used in the preparation of polyurethanes, poly(amide-imide) resins, Spandex fibers and azo dyes, and in the production of wire coatings (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; US DHHS, 1994; Verschueren, 2001).

4,4'-Methylenedianiline is used as an antioxidant in rubber, a corrosion inhibitor, a fuel additive, a laboratory reagent, and in the determination of tungsten and sulfates (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2001) US DHHS, 1994; (Budavari, 2000; Verschueren, 2001).

FORMS

At room temperature, 4,4'-methylenedianiline is a pale yellow to tan or light brown crystalline solid or flakes that may have a faint amine or "fish-like" odor (AAR, 2000; ACGIH, 1991). It is a liquid at 212 degrees F (NIOSH , 2002). The crystals darken upon exposure to air (Bingham et al, 2001). It may also be found in liquid form when mixed with certain other chemicals (Lewis, 1993). It forms pearly flakes/leaflets from benzene (Lewis, 2000).
It is also encountered as an orange or yellow dust and as a component of epoxy resins or molded plastics (Bastian, 1984; Cohen, 1985).
It is estimated that the 4,4'-methylenedianiline produced in the United States is between 40 and 70 percent pure, whereas the imported compound has a purity of approximately 98 percent (NTP , 2000). The technical grade contains 4 percent of the 2,4-methyleneaniline isomer (NTP , 2001).
An estimated 99 percent of the 4,4'-methylenedianiline produced is consumed in its crude form; the crude form may contain not more than 50 percent of 4,4'-methylenedianiline and poly-methylenedianiline (Sittig, 1991).

SOURCES

It is derived from aniline and formaldehyde or by hydrogenolysis of p,p'-diaminobenzophenone with LiAlH4 (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000). It has been manufacturered commercially in the United States since the 1920s ((IARC, 1986)).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Adverse effects can result from ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. Percutaneous absorption occurs.

Acute, reversible hepatitis ("Epping jaundice") has occurred after ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. Clinical effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal (right upper quadrant) pain, anorexia, weakness, fever and chills, followed by jaundice, cholestasis, cholangitis, portal inflammation, increased hepatic enzyme serum levels and abnormal liver histopathology (inflammation, liver cell necrosis, eosinophil infiltration).

MDA is irritating to skin, eyes and mucous membranes.

Dermal contact may produce erythema and swelling. Contact dermatitis and skin sensitization to MDA has been reported. Allergic dermatitis, with rash, itching, hives and swelling, has occurred; however, such exposures are confounded by concomitant exposure to other chemicals. MDA produces an intense yellow staining of skin and nails and sometimes hair.
Eye contact may result in itching, burning, lacrimation, conjunctivitis and corneal burns. Retinotoxic effects have been produced in animals after oral or inhalational administration; this has not been seen in humans except for one case of accidental ingestion (with other chemicals) that resulted in severe visual dysfunction related to gross malfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium.

The spleen and kidneys are also adversely affected by exposure. One case of transient cardiac ischemia after exposure to MDA dusts has been documented.

Toxic fumes of aniline and nitrogen oxides can be produced when MDA is heated to decomposition. Methemoglobinemia and pulmonary edema are key potential effects of these chemicals. Refer to the ANILINE MEDITEXT(R) Medical Management for more information.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Skin absorption may be a more significant route of occupational exposure to MDA than inhalation, but it can be absorbed in toxic amounts through the lungs (Hathaway et al, 1991; ACGIH, 1992). Methylenedianiline was a severe eye irritant in rabbits (RTECS).

MDA has caused liver and heart damage and visual dysfunction with acute exposure in humans (Brooks et al, 1979; Hathaway et al, 1991). It has caused blindness in and guinea pigs (Leong et al, 1986) from atrophy of the rods and cones in the retina (HSDB, 2004).

MDA has been shown to be metabolized in humans via acetylation, with the monoacetylated derivative being the major urinary metabolite seen in exposed workers (Robert et al, 1995).

MDA can be effectively decontaminated from human skin by washing with 100% ethanol or water, or dilute aqueous solutions of soap. The timing of rapid decontamination (within 30 minutes after exposure) is more critical than the washing agent used (Hewitt et al, 1995).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Occupational exposure to methylenedianiline can cause skin rash and yellow staining of the skin, nails, and hair (Cohen, 1985; Hathaway et al, 1991). It is probably an occupational sensitizer, but most reports have involved mixed exposures with other known sensitizers (ACGIH, 1986). It has evoked positive patch tests in humans (Emmett, 1976). There has been at least one case of photosensitization (Levine, 1983).

The major target organ for methylenedianiline is the LIVER. In an episode where people ate contaminated flour in Epping, England, there were many cases of JAUNDICE (so-called "Epping jaundice") (Kopelman et al, 1966). Jaundice was also seen with occupational exposure (McGill & Motto, 1974), and was accompanied by fever, chills, and chest pain. Recovery was complete by 7 weeks. A group of 10 workers developed acute jaundice while using MDA as a hardener for epoxy resins (Liss & Guirguis, 1994). Myocardial damage has also been seen in one worker (Hathaway et al, 1991).

MDA has also caused liver and blood damage in rats(HSDB, 2004).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

INHALATION EXPOSURE

Move the patient from the contaminated environment to fresh air.

DERMAL AND EYE EXPOSURE

Remove contaminated clothing and equipment. Wash the contaminated skin with soap or mild detergent and water. If eye exposure has occurred, rinse the eyes with large amounts of water.

INGESTION EXPOSURE

CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, liver, cardiovascular system and spleen [in animals: bladder cancer] (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; Chemsoft(R) , 2000).

GENERAL

Treatment is mainly symptomatic and supportive. Methylene blue, administration of oxygen and other supportive measures are indicated in the unlikely event of methemoglobinemia.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Retinal dysfunction may occur as a systemic effect of ingestion exposure; ophthalmologic consultation is recommended.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

HUMAN

ACUTE

Exposure to 4,4'-methylenedianiline through all routes may result in toxicity, with symptoms including fever, hyperthermia, urine discoloration, skin rash, allergic dermatitis, and damage to the bile duct epithelium, resulting in jaundice, hepatitis, cholestasis, cholangitis, bile duct proliferation, myocardiopathy and impaired vision (Bingham et al, 2001).

INGESTION

A condition known as "Epping jaundice" is associated with ingestion of 4,4'-methylenedianiline (concentrations not specified). Affected people suffer from severe right-upper-quadrant pain, weakness, high fever, chills, jaundice, abdomen pain, nausea/vomiting and anorexia (Budavari, 2000; NTP , 2001).
Eighty-four individuals developed hepatitis after eating bread baked with flour that was contaminated with 4,4'-methylenedianiline (containing 0.26 percent 4,4'-methylenedianiline). The time between ingestion and the development of symptoms ranged from several hours to more than 10 days (ACGIH, 1991; Kopelman et al, 1966).
One female and five males (between the ages of 17 and 25) ingested an unknown dose of 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA) in an alcoholic beverage for the purpose of intoxication, believing it to be methylendioxyamphetamine (MDMA; alpha-dimethyl-1,3-benzodioxole-5-ethanamine; CAS 42542-10-9, a popular psychometric drug also known by the abbreviation "MDA"). All patients developed the same symptoms: severe colicky abdominal pain, acute jaundice, cholestasis and fever. Urine samples taken from one of the patients showed 4,4'-methylenedianiline levels of 130 mg/L (Tillman et al, 1997).
Central nervous system and hepatic effects were associated with an ingestion of 8420 micrograms 4,4'-methylenedianiline per kilogram body weight (Lewis, 2000). Details of the effects were not provided in this review.

INHALATION/VAPOR

4,4'-Methylenedianiline is minimally irritating to the respiratory system at 0.5 to 1 ppm; it is painfully irritating to the eyes at 4 ppm (ACGIH, 1991).

CHRONIC

A review of medical data on chemical plant employees did not reveal increased morbidity or mortality in workers exposed to concentrations of 0.03 to 3.8 ppm 4,4'-methylenedianiline; TWA exposure levels were reported to be 0.03 to 0.4 ppm (ACGIH, 1991).
Workers exposed to 4,4'-methylenedianiline through contact with the hands for several hours daily developed toxic hepatitis. Air concentrations of up to 0.1 ppm 4,4'-methylenedianiline were recorded in the work area during the early onset of the illness. All patients recovered within seven weeks, and a follow-up more than 5 years after exposure showed no lasting sequelae (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996; McGill & Motto, 1974).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS101-77-9 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: 4,4'-Methylene dianiline

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: 4,4'-Methylenedianiline

2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: 4,4'-Methylenedianiline

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 2 ; Listed as: 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane

Category 2 : Substances that are considered to be carcinogenic for man because sufficient data from long-term animal studies or limited evidence from animal studies substantiated by evidence from epidemiological studies indicate that they can make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Limited data from animal studies can be supported by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man and by results of in vitro tests and short-term animal studies.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): R ; Listed as: 4,4-Methylenedianiline and Its dihydrochloride Salt

R : RAHC = Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS101-77-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1991 Bingham et al, 2001 Lewis, 2000 NTP, 2001 ) (RTECS, 2000; Verschueren, 2001
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- TD- (ORAL)CAT:
- TD- (ORAL)DOG:
- TD- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- TD- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS101-77-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

4,4'-Methylene dianiline

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.1 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Liver dam
Molecular Weight: 198.26

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS101-77-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS101-77-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: 4,4'-Methylenedianiline
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS101-77-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Methylenedianiline; see 29 CFR 1910.1050
Table Z-1 for Methylenedianiline; see 29 CFR 1910.1050:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3:

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s):

(g): [Editor's note: The format of the original source data has been corrected for this chemical.]

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS101-77-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS101-77-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: 4,4[prime]-Methylenedianiline
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS101-77-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS101-77-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS101-77-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS101-77-9 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: 4,4'-Methylenedianiline
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS101-77-9 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS101-77-9 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Benzenamine, 4,4'-methylenebis-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2651 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2651
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP3, T1, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP3: Flexible IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or must be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 100 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 200 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2651 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane
UN Number: 2651

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS101-77-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Methylenedianiline
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

4,4'-Methylenedianiline is a suspected carcinogen and tumorigen. It is poisonous by ingestion, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes, and is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract (NTP , 2001).
Appropriate chemical protective clothing, including respiratory protection, should be worn at all times when working with or near 4,4'-methylenedianiline (NIOSH , 2002).

HANDLING

Adequate personal protection, including respiratory protection, should be worn at all times when handling or working with 4,4'-methylenedianiline. Skin and eye contact with 4,4'-methylenedianiline should be prevented (NIOSH , 2002; NTP , 2001).

If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn while handling 4,4'-methylenedianiline, Tyvek-type sleeves should be taped to the gloves (NTP , 2001).

In areas where 4,4'-methylenedianiline is weighed and diluted, a NIOSH-approved half-face respirator with a combination filter cartridge (i.e., organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA) should be worn (NTP , 2001).

Dust-proof goggles and faceshield should be worn when working with powders or dusts of 4,4'-methylenedianiline (Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

4,4'-Methylenedianiline should be stored in a tightly sealed container in an inert atmosphere (NTP , 2001; Sittig, 1991).
NIOSH (1973) recommends that a label be placed on all storage and shipping containers stating the following: "WARNING!! SUSPECT CANCER AGENT. DANGEROUS TO HEALTH IF INHALED OR SWALLOWED. Keep containers closed when not in use. Wash thoroughly before eating, drinking, smoking, or using toilet. AVOID SKIN CONTACT."

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

4,4'-Methylenedianiline should be stored at refrigerated temperatures. It should be kept apart from oxidizing materials (e.g., bromine, chlorine, fluorine) and protected from light (NTP , 2001; Sittig, 1991).
Entrances to rooms in which 4,4'-methylenedianiline is stored should be posted with a sign stating, "CANCER SUSPECT AGENT. AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY" (NIOSH , 1973).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

4,4'-Methylenedianiline is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and acids (NTP , 2001).
When heated to decomposition, 4,4'-methylenedianiline emits highly toxic fumes of aniline and nitric oxides (Lewis, 2000).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Adequate personal protective equipment should be worn to prevent contact of 4,4'-methylenedianiline with the skin and eyes. Avoid breathing vapors. Skin that becomes contaminated should be washed immediately with large amounts of soap and water. Eyes that become contaminated should be washed immediately with large amounts of water. Clothing that becomes contaminated should be removed and replaced (AAR, 2000; NIOSH , 2002; HSDB , 2002).

Smoking, drinking, eating, storing food or beverages, and applying cosmetics should be prohibited in areas where 4,4'-methylenedianiline is present (HSDB , 2002).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

This compound is an eye irritant. Wear dust-proof goggles and faceshield, or similar eye protection to prevent contact with the eyes, when working with 4,4'-methylenedianiline (HSDB , 2002; Sittig, 1991).

Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where the risk of exposure to this chemical exists (NIOSH , 2002).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

The following respiratory protection has been recommended when working with or around 4,4'-methylenedianiline at exposures above 0.1 ppm: a NIOSH-approved, supplied-air, full-facepiece respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus, operated in positive pressure mode (HSDB , 2002; NIOSH , 2002; Sittig, 1991); a NIOSH-approved half-face respirator with a combination filter cartridge (i.e., organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA) (NTP , 2001).

Because 4,4'-methylenedianiline is a suspected occupational carcinogen, it is recommended that the highest available respiratory protection be used (NIOSH , 2002).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 101-77-9.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 15% solution in MEK
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 15% solution in MEK
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 15% solution in MEK
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 15% solution in MEK
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: 15% solution in MEK
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: 15% solution in MEK
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: 15% solution in MEK
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: 15% solution in MEK
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 15% solution in MEK
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 15% solution in MEK
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 15% solution in MEK
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 15% solution in MEK
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: 15% solution in MEK
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: 15% solution in MEK
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

North Safety Products

Natural Rubber Canners

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >360
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 1-2% in IPA
Citation: (North, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Marigold Industrial

315F

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

326Y

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

368R

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CO7B

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CR30

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

G12T

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

ME104

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

U263B/G

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:173 / CAN:459

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:414 / CAN:454

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: 10% in Isopropyl alcohol, tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: 10% in Isopropyl alcohol, tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Concentrated, 50% in MEK, tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Concentrated, 50% in MEK, tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

North Safety Products

Silver Shield

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Marigold Industrial 3585 Engineering Drive Suite 200 Box 926090 Norcross, GA 30092 USA Phone: (800) 733-0987 Fax: (800) 786-4564 Toll-Free: (800) 733-0987 Website: http://www.marigoldindustrial.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
4,4'-Methylenedianiline is a combustible compound with a flash point of approximately 220 degrees C (NFPA, 1997; NTP , 2000; NTP , 2001). It does not ignite readily, although it will burn (Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS101-77-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Methylenedianiline
Flammability Rating: 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS101-77-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Methylenedianiline
Extinguishing Method(s): 2

2: "Water or foam may cause frothing" refers to a situation where materials with a flash point above 212 degrees F (100 degrees C) are burning. Potentially violent frothing can be dangerous to fire fighters near the burning liquid. However, when highly viscous liquids are burning, fire fighters can intentionally cause frothing on the liquid surface to prevent further introduction of oxygen.

Fires involving 4,4'-methylenedianiline may be controlled using dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray or foam extinguishers (NTP , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

Use extinguishing agents appropriate for type of surrounding fire (AAR, 2000).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, 4,4'-methylenedianiline emits toxic fumes of aniline, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and dioxide, and hydrogen cyanide (NTP , 2000; NTP , 2001).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

No data were available on the explosion hazard of 4,4'-methylenedianiline at the time of review.

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Inhalation of 4,4'-methylenedianiline dust has been linked to liver damage (toxic hepatitis) (HSDB , 2002; NTP , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

Exposure to the dust may irritate the eyes (Sittig, 1991). It is "painfully irritating" at 4 ppm (HSDB , 2002).

Retinotoxicity has been observed in animals exposed to an aerosol of 4,4'-methylenedianiline; a TWA exposure of 0.44 +/- 0.09 mg/l, 4 hours/day, 5 days/week over the course of 2 weeks caused degeneration of the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor cells and the pigmented epithelial cell layer of the retinas in guinea pigs (Grant & Schuman, 1993; (HSDB , 2002).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

4,4'-Methylenedianiline is incompatible with strong oxidizers and acids (HSDB , 2002; NIOSH , 1994; NTP , 2001). It will catalyze isocyanate-alcohol and epoxy reactions (NTP , 2001).

It will polymerize above 125 degrees C (NTP , 2001).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

Immediately leave an area contaminated with 4,4'-methylenedianiline; avoid breathing vapor. Move any victims to areas of fresh air and transport them to a hospital for treatment (AAR, 2000; NTP , 2001).

In escape situations, any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister with a high-particulate filter is recommended. Any escape-type self-contained breathing apparatus may be used as well (NIOSH , 2002).

Any clothing that is contaminated should be immediately removed and isolated, then replaced (AAR, 2000; NIOSH , 2002).

If the material contacts the skin or eyes, immediately flush the affected areas with running water for at least 15 minutes (AAR, 2000).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS101-77-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS101-77-9 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Methylenedianiline, 4,4'-
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.01
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.1
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 0.6
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 5
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS101-77-9 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS101-77-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Restrict personnel from area of spill until clean up is complete (Sittig, 1991). Wear appropriate personal protective equipment and respiratory protection (AAR, 2000; HSDB , 2002). Remove all sources of ignition from area of spill (NTP , 2001).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Restrict personnel from area of spill until clean-up is complete (Sittig, 1991). Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (AAR, 2000).
If a spill occurs, first remove all sources of ignition and dampen the spilled material with 60 to 70 percent ethanol. Transfer the material to a secure container. Pick up any remaining material using absorbent paper dampened with 60 to 70 percent ethanol. Seal the absorbent paper and any contaminated clothing in a vapor-tight plastic bag for later disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with 60 to 70 percent ethanol, followed by a solution of soap and water (NTP , 2001).
Remove and isolate any contaminated clothing and shoes at the site (AAR, 2000).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Restrict personnel from area of spill until clean-up is complete (Sittig, 1991). Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (AAR, 2000).
Keep upwind of spilled material (AAR, 2000).
Prevent material from entering sewers and water sources. Dig a holding area to contain the material and limit spill travel. Dike the surface using soil, sand bags or foamed concrete or polyurethane (AAR, 2000).
If the material is spilled on land, cover it with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolution in rain or fire-fighting water (AAR, 2000).
Remove and isolate any contaminated clothing and shoes at the site (AAR, 2000).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

There is no universally accepted method of disposal for carcinogenic compounds. Any available recommendations must be treated as a guide only (HSDB , 2002).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

4,4'-Methylenedianiline may be a candidate for controlled incineration in a properly licensed and regulated facility (HSDB , 2002; Sittig, 1991).
Carcasses of laboratory animals, cage litter and miscellaneous solid wastes associated with the care of laboratory animals may be disposed of through incineration at temperatures sufficient to ensure the total destruction of the carcinogen and any metabolites (HSDB , 2002).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

4,4'-Methylenedianiline enters the environment through air or water effluents associated with its production and commercial use. 4,4'-Methylenedianiline is not known to occur naturally ((ATSDR, 1998); HSDB, 2004).

At least 20,000 pounds of 4,4'-methylenedianiline are released into the environment each year. Of this amount, approximately 52 percent is released to the atmosphere, 45 percent is released to deep soil through underground injection and just over 2 percent is released to land and water. Approximately 2,000 pounds per year are transferred to public sewer systems for treatment. Additional 4,4'-methylenedianiline may be released to the environment through spills or unidentified hazardous waste sites ((ATSDR, 1998)).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

When released into the atmosphere, vapor-phase 4,4'-methylenedianiline degrades rapidly through reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals; its estimated half-life in air is 1.6 hours (Howard et al, 1991; HSDB, 2004).
- The rate constant for the reaction of vapor-phase 4,4'-methylenedianiline with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be 24.08 X 10(-1) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C. This corresponds to a half-life of approximately 1.6 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5 X 10(5)/cm(3) hydroxyl radicals (HSDB, 2004).
Particulate-phase 4,4'-methylenedianiline may undergo some oxidation in the presence of air and light (HSDB, 2004).
- Its photochemical half-life, based on reactions with hydroxyl radicals, is calculated to be 6.4 hours (Verschueren, 2001).
4,4'-Methylenedianiline is removed from the atmosphere through wet and dry disposition ((ATSDR, 1998); HSDB, 2004).
Exposure of 4,4'-methylenedianiline crystals to air and light causes the crystals to darken in color and polymeric amines to form (HSDB, 2004).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- When released to water, significant partitioning to sediment and suspended material from the water column may result as 4,4'-methylenedianiline adsorbs to particulate matter and humic material in the water (HSDB, 2004).
- 4,4'-Methylenedianiline in the water column may undergo significant photo-oxidation through reaction with hydroxyl and peroxy radicals. The half-life for these photo-oxidations may be from 19 to 30 sunlight hours. It has also been estimated to be from 62.4 to 3,480 hours (Howard et al, 1991; HSDB, 2004).
- Aromatic amines, of which 4,4'-methylenedianiline is one, photo-oxidize rapidly in sunlit water through reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and peroxy radicals (HSDB, 2004).
- Aquatic hydrolysis, volatilization and bioconcentration do not seem to be important fate processes for 4,4'-methylenedianiline. This idea is supported by the estimated Henry's Law constant for 4,4'-methylenedianiline of 5.6 X 10(-11) atm-m(3)/mole at 25 degrees C (HSDB, 2004).
GROUND WATER
- In groundwater, the half-life for 4,4'-methylenedianiline is estimated 48 to 336 hours; in surface water, 24 to 168 hours (Howard et al, 1991).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- In soil, 4,4'-methylenedianiline may covalently bond to humic materials, resulting in a chemical alteration to its latent form that adsorbs tightly to soil. In these situations, leaching from soils is not expected to occur (HSDB, 2004).
- The soil adsorption coefficient for 4,4'-methylenedianiline, calculated using various regression-derived equations and based on a water solubility of 1,000 ppm at 25 degrees C and a measured log Kow of 1.59, is estimated to range from 24 to 419. This level indicates that 4,4'-methylenedianiline has medium to high soil mobility (HSDB, 2004).
- The half-life of 4,4'-methylenedianiline in soil is estimated to be between 24 and 168 hours (Howard et al, 1991).
- If released in a spill situation, 4,4'-methylenedianiline may undergo oxidation and polymerization in surface soils (HSDB, 2004).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Vapors of 4,4'-methylenedianiline quickly degrade by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. The particulate phase photooxidizes in air. 4,4'-Methylenedianiline is also removed from the atmosphere through wet and dry deposition. Surface soil releases may oxidize or polymerize. Covalent bonds form with humic materials in soil and water, leading to chemical alteration and strong adsorption. Adsorption to particulates and humic matter in water is demonstrated in significant partitioning to sediments and suspended material. Photooxidation can occur in water. Leaching to groundwater is not expected, but is possible during the covalent bonding process. When covalent bonding does not occur, moderate to high soil mobility is predicted based on estimated soil adsorption coefficients (HSDB, 2004; (ATSDR, 1998); Howard et al, 1991).

BIODEGRADATION

Bacteria and microorganisms present in water and soil will break down 4,4'-methylenedianiline, but the process may take 10 to 40 days ((ATSDR, 1998)).

BIOACCUMULATION

HUMANS

4,4'-Methylenedianiline is not expected to accumulate in humans ((ATSDR, 1998)).

FISH

Data are limited as to whether 4,4'-methylenedianiline accumulates in fish ((ATSDR, 1998)).

OTHER

OTHER
- 4,4'-Methylenedianiline is not expected to accumulate in the food chain ((ATSDR, 1998)).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

4,4'-Methylenedianiline is not expected to bioconcentrate ((ATSDR, 1998)).
The bioconcentration factor (BCF) for 4,4'-methylenedianiline can be estimated to be 9.5 to 12.6 (HSDB, 2004).
BCF values for the fish Cyprinus carpio are 3 to 14 and <3 to 15 for fish exposed for 48 days to 4,4'-methylenedianiline at concentrations of 200 and 20 mcg/L, respectively (Verschueren, 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

BACTERIA

TOXIC - (WATER) PSEUDOMONAS: 15 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - (WATER) PHOTOBACTERIUM PHOSPHOREUM: 6.6 mg/L for 1H (Verschueren, 2001)
TC - (WATER) SCENEDESMUS: 30 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
EC10 - (WATER) SCENEDESMUS SUBSPICATUS: 2.4 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC10 - (WATER) SCENEDESMUS SUBSPICATUS: 0.3 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - (WATER) SCENEDESMUS SUBSPICATUS: 9.8 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - (WATER) SCENEDESMUS SUBSPICATUS: 11 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - (WATER) SCENEDESMUS SUBSPICATUS: 21 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001)

CRUSTACEANS

NOEC - (WATER) MOINA MACROCOPA STRAUS: 0.15 mg/L for 14D (Verschueren, 2001)
TC - (WATER) DAPHNIA: 0.25 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - (WATER) MOINA MACROCOPA STRAUS: 2.3 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC100 - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: >100 mg/L for 4H(Verschueren, 2001)

FISH

LC50 - (WATER) BRACHYDANIO RERIO: 42 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) BRACHYDANIO RERIO: 65 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) LEUCISUS IDUS: 50 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) ORYZIAS LATIPES: 32 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) SALMO GAIRDNERI: 39 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC100 - (WATER) BRACHYDANIO RERIO: 66 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC100 - (WATER) BRACHYDANIO RERIO: 70 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC100 - (WATER) BRIDGELIP SUCKER: 10 mg/L for 6-8H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC100 - (WATER) SALMO GAIRDNERI: 58 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC100 - (WATER) SOCKEYE SALMON: 10 mg/L for 6-8H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC100 - (WATER) STEELHEAD TROUT: 10 mg/L for 6-8H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC0 - (WATER) BRACHYDANIO RERIO: 27 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC0 - (WATER) BRACHYDANIO RERIO: 40 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC0 - (WATER) SALMO GAIRDNERI: 18 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - (WATER) LEUCISUS IDUS: 10 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)

PROTOZOA

TC - (WATER) COLPODA: 124 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)

WORMS

NOEC - (DRY SOIL) EISENIA FOETIDA: 32 mg/kg for 14D (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (DRY SOIL) EISENIA FOETIDA: 444 mg/kg for 14D (Verschueren, 2001)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

198.29

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

At room temperature, 4,4'-methylenedianiline is a pale yellow to tan or light brown crystalline solid or flakes which may have a faint, amine or "fish-like" odor (AAR, 2000; ACGIH, 1991; NTP , 2001). It is a liquid at 212 degrees F (NIOSH , 2002). The crystals darken on exposure to air, with some differences in its color due to differences in purity (Bingham et al, 2001). It may also be found in liquid form when mixed with certain other chemicals (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 1993). It forms pearly flakes/leaflets from benzene (Lewis, 2000).

It is also encountered as an orange or yellow dust (Bastian, 1984; Cohen, 1985).

Weak base (HSDB , 2002)

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.1 mmHg (at 152 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; NTP , 2001)

1 mmHg (at 197 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002; NTP , 2001)

1 x 10(-7) (at 25 degrees C) (calculated) (NTP , 2001)

2 x 10(-7) (at 77 degrees F) (NIOSH , 2002)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.06 (liquid at 212 degrees F) (NIOSH , 2002)
1.1 (NFPA, 1997)
1.056 (at 100/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.15 g/mL (at 25 degrees C) (NTP , 2001)
1.056 g/mL (at 100 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
1.05-1.08 g/mL (at 100 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

198 degrees F (NIOSH , 2002)

MELTING POINT

91.5-92 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; NTP , 2001; Sittig, 1991)
198-199 degrees F (92-93 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997)
92.5 degrees C (ILO , 1998)
93 degrees C (Lewis, 2000; Verschueren, 2001)
89-91 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

BOILING POINT

398-399 degrees C (748-750 degrees F) (ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2001; NTP , 2001; Verschueren, 2001)

257 degrees C (at 18 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000; NTP , 2001)

249-253 degrees C (at 15 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000; NTP , 2001)

232 degrees C (at 9 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000; NTP , 2001)

398-399 degrees C (748-750 degrees F) (at 78 mmHg) (NFPA, 1997)

398-399 degrees C (at 768 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

262-268 degrees C (at 25 torr) (ACGIH, 1991)

748 degrees F (NIOSH , 2002)

220-230 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

398 degrees C (at 768 mmHg) (Bingham et al, 2001)

231 degrees C (at 11 mmHg) (Verschueren, 2001)

FLASH POINT

221 degrees C (430 degrees F) (NTP , 2001)

440 degrees F (Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001)

428 degrees F (220 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991)

374 degrees F (NIOSH , 2002)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

This compound is poorly soluble in water: 0.1% soluble by weight (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2001; NIOSH , 2002).

0.1 g/100 g (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

<1 mg/mL (at 19 degrees C) (NTP , 2001)
"Slight" (Bingham et al, 2001; ILO , 1998; NFPA, 1997)

OTHER

It is highly soluble in alcohol, benzene, ether (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 2001; NTP , 2001).
DMSO: >=100 mg/mL (at 19 degrees C) (NTP , 2001)
Ethanol, 95%: >=100 mg/mL (at 19 degrees C) (NTP , 2001)
Acetone:

>=100 mg/mL (at 19 degrees C) (NTP , 2001)
273 g/100 g (HSDB , 2002)

Slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride (Bingham et al, 2001)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 1.59 (HSDB , 2002)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

5.6 x 10(-11) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (estimated) (HSDB , 2002)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

6249 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2002)

18317 (Stadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2002)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

10.70 eV (NIOSH , 2002)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

11592 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2002)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

AAR: Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation, Bureau of Explosives, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC, 2000.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 5th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1986.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1991.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1992, pp 998-1001.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

ATSDR: Public Health Statement for 4,4'-Methylenedianiline. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Atlanta, GA, USA. 1998. Available from URL: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/phs122.html. As accessed Accessed 2002 26 Mar.

Alaspaa AO, Kuisma MJ, Hoppu K, et al: Out-of-hospital administration of activated charcoal by emergency medical services. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45:207-12.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.

Ansell-Edmont: SpecWare Chemical Application and Recommendation Guide. Ansell-Edmont. Coshocton, OH. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.ansellpro.com/specware. As accessed 10/31/2001.

Ashford R: Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, Wavelength Publications Ltd, London, England, 1994.

Bailey E, Brooks AG, & Bird I: Monitoring exposure to 4,4'-methylenedianiline by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of adducts to hemoglobin. Anal Biochem 1990; 190:175-181.

Bastian PG: Occupational hepatitis caused by methylenedianiline. Med J Aust 1984; 141:533-535.

Bata Shoe Company: Industrial Footwear Catalog, Bata Shoe Company, Belcamp, MD, 1995.

Benya TJ & Cornish HH: Aromatic nitro and amino compounds, in: Clayton GD & Clayton FE (Eds), Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol 2A, Toxicology, 4th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1993.

Best Manufacturing: ChemRest Chemical Resistance Guide. Best Manufacturing. Menlo, GA. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.chemrest.com. As accessed 10/8/2002.

Best Manufacturing: Degradation and Permeation Data. Best Manufacturing. Menlo, GA. 2004. Available from URL: http://www.chemrest.com/DomesticPrep2/. As accessed 04/09/2004.

Bingham E, Cohrssen B, & Powell CH: Patty's Toxicology, Vol 4. 5th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 2001.

Blanc P: Methemoglobinemia, in: Olson KR (Ed), Poisoning & Drug Overdose, 2nd ed, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1994, pp 217-219.

Boss Manufacturing Company: Work Gloves, Boss Manufacturing Company, Kewanee, IL, 1998.

Bourdelat D: Bull Assoc Anat (Nancy) 1983; 67:375-382.

Brooks LJ, Neale JM, & Pieroni DR: Acute myocardiopathy following tripathway exposure to methylenedianiline. JAMA 1979; 242:1527-1528.

Brunmark P, Dalene M, & Skarping G: Gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry of hydrolysed human urine and blood plasma for the biomonitoring of occupational exposure to 4,4'-methylenebisaniline. Analyst 1995b; 120:41-45.

Brunmark P, Persson P, & Skarping G: Determination of 4,4'-methylenedianiline in hydrolysed human urine by micro liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr 1992; 579:350-354.

Budavari S: The Merck Index, 12th ed. on CD-ROM. Version 12:3a. Chapman & Hall/CRCnetBASE. Whitehouse Station, NJ. 2000.

Burgess JL, Kirk M, Borron SW, et al: Emergency department hazardous materials protocol for contaminated patients. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2):205-212.

ChemFab Corporation: Chemical Permeation Guide Challenge Protective Clothing Fabrics, ChemFab Corporation, Merrimack, NH, 1993.

Chemsoft(R) : Electronic EPA, NIOSH, & OSHA Methods(TM). Windowchem(TM) Software. Fairfield, CA. 2000.

Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, et al: Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2005; 43(2):61-87.

Cocker J, Nutley BP, & Wilson HK: A biological monitoring assessment of exposure to methylene dianiline in manufacturers and users. Occup Environ Med 1994; 51:519-522.

Cocker J: Assessment of occupational exposure to 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (methylene dianiline) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of urine. Br J Ind Med 1986; 43:620-625.

Cohen SR: Yellow staining caused by 4,4'-methylenedianiline exposure. Arch Dermatol 1985; 121:1022-1027.

Comasec Safety, Inc.: Chemical Resistance to Permeation Chart. Comasec Safety, Inc.. Enfield, CT. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.comasec.com/webcomasec/english/catalogue/mtabgb.html. As accessed 4/28/2003.

Comasec Safety, Inc.: Product Literature, Comasec Safety, Inc., Enfield, CT, 2003a.

DFG: List of MAK and BAT Values 2002, Report No. 38, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 2002.

Dagnone D, Matsui D, & Rieder MJ: Assessment of the palatability of vehicles for activated charcoal in pediatric volunteers. Pediatr Emerg Care 2002; 18:19-21.

Dalene M, Skarping G, & Brunmark P: Assessment of occupational exposure to 4,4'-methylenedianiline by the analysis of urine and blood samples. Internat Arch Occup Environ Health 1995; 67:67-72.

Darby TD: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1978; 46:449-453.

DuPont: DuPont Suit Smart: Interactive Tool for the Selection of Protective Apparel. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2002. Available from URL: http://personalprotection.dupont.com/protectiveapparel/suitsmart/smartsuit2/na_english.asp. As accessed 10/31/2002.

DuPont: Permeation Guide for DuPont Tychem Protective Fabrics. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2003. Available from URL: http://personalprotection.dupont.com/en/pdf/tyvektychem/pgcomplete20030128.pdf. As accessed 4/26/2004.

DuPont: Permeation Test Results. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2002a. Available from URL: http://www.tyvekprotectiveapprl.com/databases/default.htm. As accessed 7/31/2002.

Dunipace AJ, Beaven R, Noblitt T, et al: Mutagenic potential of toluidine blue evaluated in the Ames test. Mutat Res 1992; 279(4):255-259.

EPA: Search results for Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Chemicals. US Environmental Protection Agency, Substance Registry System, U.S. EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.epa.gov/srs/.

ERG: Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident, U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Washington, DC, 2004.

Elliot CG, Colby TV, & Kelly TM: Charcoal lung. Bronchiolitis obliterans after aspiration of activated charcoal. Chest 1989; 96:672-674.

Emmett EA: Allergic contact dermatitis in polyurethane plastic moulders. J Occup Med 1976; 18:802-804.

FDA: Poison treatment drug product for over-the-counter human use; tentative final monograph. FDA: Fed Register 1985; 50:2244-2262.

Foureman P, Mason JM, & Valencia R: Chemical mutagenesis testing in drosophila. X. Results of 70 coded chemicals tested for the national toxicology program. Environ Mol Mutagen 1994; 23:208-227.

Fukushima S: Carcinogenesis 1981; 2:1033-1037.

Fukushima S: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1977; 40:561-570.

Golej J, Boigner H, Burda G, et al: Severe respiratory failure following charcoal application in a toddler. Resuscitation 2001; 49:315-318.

Graff GR, Stark J, & Berkenbosch JW: Chronic lung disease after activated charcoal aspiration. Pediatrics 2002; 109:959-961.

Grant WM: Toxicology of the Eye, 4th ed, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1993.

Grundmann E & Steinhoff D: Zeitschr Krebsforch 1970; 74:28-39.

Guardian Manufacturing Group: Guardian Gloves Test Results. Guardian Manufacturing Group. Willard, OH. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.guardian-mfg.com/guardianmfg.html. As accessed 12/11/2001.

Guenther Skokan E, Junkins EP, & Corneli HM: Taste test: children rate flavoring agents used with activated charcoal. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001; 155:683-686.

HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 2004; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

Harada Y: The effect of 4,4'-methylenedianiline on adrenal corticosterone secretion in the rat. Tohoku J Exp Med 1967; 91:315-322.

Harris CR & Filandrinos D: Accidental administration of activated charcoal into the lung: aspiration by proxy. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:1470-1473.

Hathaway GJ, Proctor NH, & Hughes JP: Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, 3rd ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1991, pp 395-397.

Hathaway GJ, Proctor NH, & Hughes JP: Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, 4th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1996.

Herman MI, Chyka PA, & Butlse AY: Methylene blue by intraosseous infusion for methemoglobinemia. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 33:111-113.

Hewitt PG, Hotchkiss SAM, & Caldwell J: Decontamination procedures after in vitro topical exposure of human and rat skin to 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) and 4,4'-methylenedianiline. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1995; 26:91-98.

Hiasa Y: J Natl Cancer Inst 1984; 72:471-476.

Hix WR & Wilson WR: Toluidine blue staining of the esophagus: a useful adjunct in the panendoscopic evaluation of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987; 113(8):864-865.

Hjelt K, Lund JT, Scherling B, et al: Methaemoglobinaemia among neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit. Acta Paediatr 1995; 84(4):365-370.

Ho R, Hardigree AA, & Larimer FW: Comparative mutagenicity study of potentially carcinogenic industrial compounds. Environ Mutagen 1979; 1:167-168.

Howard PH, Boethling RS, & Jarvis WF: Handbook of Environmental Degradation Rates, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1991.

Howland MA: Antidotes in Depth. In: Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum N, Hoffman RS, et al, eds. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 8th ed., 8th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 2006, pp 826-828.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: 1,3-Butadiene, Ethylene Oxide and Vinyl Halides (Vinyl Fluoride, Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Bromide), 97, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2008.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, 88, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2006.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Household Use of Solid Fuels and High-temperature Frying, 95, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010a.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines, 89, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2007.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures, 92, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010.

IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Supplement 7, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1987.

IARC: List of all agents, mixtures and exposures evaluated to date - IARC Monographs: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, Volumes 1-88, 1972-PRESENT. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, FranceAvailable from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/monoeval/crthall.html. As accessed Oct 07, 2004.

IARC: Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenicity of Chemicals to Humans. 4,4'-Methylenedianiline and its Dihydrochloride, CAS No.: 101-77-9. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. 1986. Available from URL: http://193.51.164.11/htdocs/Monographs/ Vol39/4,4'-Methylenedianiline.html. As accessed Accessed March 13, 2002.

ICAO: Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, 2003-2004. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2002.

ILC Dover, Inc.: Ready 1 The Chemturion Limited Use Chemical Protective Suit, ILC Dover, Inc., Frederica, DE, 1998.

ILO : Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th ed. Vol 1-4. (CD ROM Version). International Labour Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. 1998.

ILO: Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 3rd ed, vol 1, International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1983, pp 141-144.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: list of classifications, volumes 1-116. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Lyon, France. 2016. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/latest_classif.php. As accessed 2016-08-24.

International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. 2015. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/. As accessed 2015-08-06.

Kanz MF, Dugas TR, Liu H, et al: Glutathione depletion exacerbates methylene toxicity to bilary epithelial cells and hepatocytes in rats. Toxicol Sci 2003; 74(2):447-456.

Kappler, Inc.: Suit Smart. Kappler, Inc.. Guntersville, AL. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.kappler.com/suitsmart/smartsuit2/na_english.asp?select=1. As accessed 7/10/2001.

Kiese M , Lorcher W , Weger N , et al: Comparative studies on the effects of toluidine blue and methylene blue on the reduction of ferrihaemoglobin in man and dog. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1972; 4(2):115-118.

Kimberly-Clark, Inc.: Chemical Test Results. Kimberly-Clark, Inc.. Atlanta, GA. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.kc-safety.com/tech_cres.html. As accessed 10/4/2002.

Kopelman H, Robertson MH, & Sanders PG: The Epping jaundice. Br Med J 1966; 26:514-516.

LaCrosse-Rainfair: Safety Products, LaCrosse-Rainfair, Racine, WI, 1997.

LaVoie E, Tulley L, & Fow E: Mutagenicity of aminophenyl and nitrophenyl ethers, sulfides, and disulfides. Mutat Res 1979; 67:123-131.

Leong BKJ, Lund JE, & Groehn JA: Retinopathy from inhaling 4,4'-methylenedianiline aerosols. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1987; 9:645-658.

Levine MJ: Contact Dermatitis 1983; 9:488-490.

Lewis RJ: Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1993, pp 362.

Lewis RJ: Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 14th ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, NY, 2001.

Lewis RJ: Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 10th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 2000.

Lewis RJ: Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 9th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1996.

Lindenmann J, Matzi V, Kaufmann P, et al: Hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment of life-threatening isobutyl nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia--a case report. Inhal Toxicol 2006; 18(13):1047-1049.

Liss GM & Guirguis SS: Follow-up of a group of workers intoxicated with 4,4'-methylenedianiline. Am J Ind Med 1994; 26:117-124.

MAPA Professional: Chemical Resistance Guide. MAPA North America. Columbia, TN. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.mapaglove.com/pro/ChemicalSearch.asp. As accessed 4/21/2003.

MAPA Professional: Chemical Resistance Guide. MAPA North America. Columbia, TN. 2004. Available from URL: http://www.mapaglove.com/ProductSearch.cfm?id=1. As accessed 6/10/2004.

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc: Product Literature, Protective Apparel, Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc., McBee, SC, 1995.

Marigold Industrial: US Chemical Resistance Chart, on-line version. Marigold Industrial. Norcross, GA. 2003. Available from URL: www.marigoldindustrial.com/charts/uschart/uschart.html. As accessed 4/14/2003.

Marquez A & Todd M: Acute hemolytic anemia and agranulocytosis following intravenous administration of toluidine blue. Am Pract 1959; 10:1548-1550.

McGill DB & Motto JD: An industrial outbreak of toxic hepatitis due to methylenedianiline. N Engl J Med 1974; 6:278-282.

McLaughlin J Jr: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1963; 5:760-771.

Memphis Glove Company: Permeation Guide. Memphis Glove Company. Memphis, TN. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.memphisglove.com/permeation.html. As accessed 7/2/2001.

Mirsalis JC, Tyson CK, & Steinmetz KL: Measurement of unscheduled DNA synthesis and s-phase synthesis in rodent hepatocytes following in vivo treatment: testing of 24 compounds. Environ Mol Mutagen 1989; 14:155-164.

Montgomery Safety Products: Montgomery Safety Products Chemical Resistant Glove Guide, Montgomery Safety Products, Canton, OH, 1995.

NFPA: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 12th ed, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1997.

NFPA: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13th ed., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2002.

NIOSH : Criteria Documents Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Special Hazard Review With Control Recommendations for 4,4'-Methylinebis(2-chloroaniline). Center for Disease Control, (NIOSH). Atlanta, GA. 1973. Available from URL: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/78-188.html. As accessed Accessed 2002 April 11. City ST and Pub added 6-18-03 ER.

NIOSH : Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

NIOSH : Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH. 1994.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 1, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2001.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 2, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2002.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 3, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2003.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 4, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2004.

NTP : NTP Technical Report Number TR-001061. 4,4'-Methylenedianiline. National Toxicology Program, US Department of Human Health Services, National Institutes of Health. Research Triangle Park, NC. 2001. Available from URL: http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/ htdocs/CHEM_H&S/NTP_Chem1/Radian101-77-9.html. As accessed Accessed 2002 March 26.

NTP : Ninth Report on Carcinogens. 4,4'-Methylenedianiline and its Dihydrochloride. National Toxicology Program, US Department of Human Health Services, National Institutes of Health. Research Triangle Park, NC. 2000. Available from URL: http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/roc/ninth/ rahc/4_4methylenedianiline.pdf. As accessed Accessed 2002 March 26. 6/18/03 - URL connects to 10th edition.

Naradzay J & Barish RA: Approach to ophthalmologic emergencies. Med Clin North Am 2006; 90(2):305-328.

Nat-Wear: Protective Clothing, Hazards Chart. Nat-Wear. Miora, NY. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.natwear.com/hazchart1.htm. As accessed 7/12/2001.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Butylene Oxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648083cdbb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Dibromoethane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802796db&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 2-Ethylhexyl Chloroformate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037904e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Acrylonitrile (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648028e6a3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Adamsite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Agent BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ad507&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Allyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039d9ee&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Arsenic Trioxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480220305&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Automotive Gasoline Unleaded (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cc17&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Biphenyl (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1b7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bis-Chloromethyl Ether (BCME) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648022db11&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Boron Tribromide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae1d3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromine Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039732a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromoacetone (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187bf&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Calcium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae328&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Sulfide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037ff26&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Chlorobenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803a52bb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Cyanogen (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187fe&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Dimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbf3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Diphenylchloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091884e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Phosphorodichloridate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480920347&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809203e7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hexafluoropropylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1f5&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Malathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809639df&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Mercury Vapor (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a087&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Isothiocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a03&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a57&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802a4985&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methylchlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5f4&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c646&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN1 CAS Reg. No. 538-07-8) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN2 CAS Reg. No. 51-75-2) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN3 CAS Reg. No. 555-77-1) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Tetroxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091855b&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Trifluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008o. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e32&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perchloryl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e268&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perfluoroisobutylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008p. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dd58&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020cc0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phorate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008q. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dcc8&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene (Draft-Revised). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a08a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene Oxime (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26d&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Propargyl Alcohol (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec91&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Silane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d523&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Strontium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sulfuryl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec7a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tear Gas (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008s. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e551&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tellurium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e2a1&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tert-Octyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008r. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5c7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tetramethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-17.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7d608&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethylacetyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008t. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5cc&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Zinc Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for n-Butyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064808f9591&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute: Expert panel report 3: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute. Bethesda, MD. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, 2007.

National Research Council : Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 5, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2007.

National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 6, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2008.

National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 7, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2009.

National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 8, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2010.

Neese Industries, Inc.: Fabric Properties Rating Chart. Neese Industries, Inc.. Gonzales, LA. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.neeseind.com/new/TechGroup.asp?Group=Fabric+Properties&Family=Technical. As accessed 4/15/2003.

Nemec K: Antidotes in acute poisoning. Eur J Hosp Pharm Sci Pract 2011; 17(4):53-55.

Nichols L: The epping jaundice outbreak: mortality after 38 years of follow-up. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2004; 77:592-594.

None Listed: Position paper: cathartics. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42(3):243-253.

North: Chemical Resistance Comparison Chart - Protective Footwear . North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.linkpath.com/index2gisufrm.php?t=N-USA1. As accessed April 30, 2004.

North: eZ Guide Interactive Software. North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002a. Available from URL: http://www.northsafety.com/feature1.htm. As accessed 8/31/2002.

Parodi S, Zunino A, & Ottaggio L: Lack of correlation between the capability of inducing sister-chromatid exchanges in vivo and carcinogenic potency, for 16 aromatic amines and azo derivatives. Mutat Res 1983; 108:225-238.

Peate WF: Work-related eye injuries and illnesses. Am Fam Physician 2007; 75(7):1017-1022.

Peterson JC, Estiva EC, & Lyttle DS: High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of 4,4'-methylenedianiline in human urine. J Chromatogr 1991; 564:205-212.

Playtex: Fits Tough Jobs Like a Glove, Playtex, Westport, CT, 1995.

Pollack MM, Dunbar BS, & Holbrook PR: Aspiration of activated charcoal and gastric contents. Ann Emerg Med 1981; 10:528-529.

Product Information: PROVAYBLUE(TM) intravenous injection, methylene blue intravenous injection. American Regent (per FDA), Shirley, NY, 2016.

Product Information: methylene blue 1% IV injection, methylene blue 1% IV injection. American Regent, Inc (per manufacturer), Shirley, NY, 2011.

Product Information: methylene blue 1% intravenous injection, methylene blue 1% intravenous injection. Akorn, Inc. (per manufacturer), Lake Forest, IL, 2011.

RTECS : Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 5/31/2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

Rannug A: in: Jarvisalo J et al (Eds), Industrial Hazards of Plastics and Synthetic Elastomers, Alan R Liss, New York, NY, 1984, pp 407-419.

Rau NR, Nagaraj MV, Prakash PS, et al: Fatal pulmonary aspiration of oral activated charcoal. Br Med J 1988; 297:918-919.

River City: Protective Wear Product Literature, River City, Memphis, TN, 1995.

Robert A, Ducos P, & Francin JM: Determination of urinary 4,4'-methylenedianiline and its acetylated metabolites by solid phase extraction and HPLC analysis with UV and electrochemical detection. Internat Arch Occup Environ Health 1995; 68:44-51.

Roy CW, McSorley PD, & Syme IG: Methylenedianilene: A new toxic cause of visual failure with hepatitis. Human Toxicol 1985; 4:61-66.

Safety 4: North Safety Products: Chemical Protection Guide. North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.safety4.com/guide/set_guide.htm. As accessed 8/14/2002.

Schoental R: Nature 1968; 219:1162-1163.

Schutze D, Sagelsdorff P, & Sepai O: Synthesis and quantification of DNA adducts of 4,4'-methylenedianiline. Chem Res Toxicol 1996; 9:1103-1112.

Sepai O, Schutze D, & Heinrich U: Hemoglobin adducts and urine metabolites of 4,4'-methylenedianiline after 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate exposure of rats. Chem Biol Interact 1995; 97:185-198.

Servus: Norcross Safety Products, Servus Rubber, Servus, Rock Island, IL, 1995.

Shepherd G & Keyes DC: Methylene blue. In: Dart,RC, ed. Medical Toxicology, 3rd ed. 3rd ed, Philadelphia, PA, 2004, pp -.

Shimizu H: Jpn J Ind Health 1982; 24:498-503.

Sittig M: Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 3rd ed, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1991.

Skarping G, Dalene M, & Littorin M: 4,4'-Methylenedianiline in hydrolysed serum and urine from a worker exposed to thermal degradation products of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate elastomers. Internat Arch Occup Environ Health 1995; 67:73-77.

Spiller HA & Rogers GC: Evaluation of administration of activated charcoal in the home. Pediatrics 2002; 108:E100.

Standard Safety Equipment: Product Literature, Standard Safety Equipment, McHenry, IL, 1995.

Stanford SC , Stanford BJ , & Gillman PK : Risk of severe serotonin toxicity following co-administration of methylene blue and serotonin reuptake inhibitors: an update on a case report of post-operative delirium. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24(10):1433-1438.

Teunis BS, Leftwich EI, & Pierce LE: Acute methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia due to toluidine blue. Arch Surg 1970; 101:527-531.

Thakore S & Murphy N: The potential role of prehospital administration of activated charcoal. Emerg Med J 2002; 19:63-65.

Tiljander A & Skarping G: Determination of 4,4'-methylenedianiline in hydrolysed human urine using liquid chromatography with UV detection and peak identification by absorbance ratio. J Chromatogr 1990; 511:185-194.

Tillman HL, van Pelt FN, & Martz W: Accidental intoxication with methylene dianiline p,p'-diaminodiphenylmethane: acute liver damage after presumed ecstasy consumption. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997; 35(1):35-40.

Tingley: Chemical Degradation for Footwear and Clothing. Tingley. South Plainfield, NJ. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.tingleyrubber.com/tingley/Guide_ChemDeg.pdf. As accessed 10/16/2002.

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.: Chemical and Biological Tests (database). Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.. Portsmouth, NH. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.trelleborg.com/protective/. As accessed 10/18/2002.

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.: Trellchem Chemical Protective Suits, Interactive manual & Chemical Database. Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.. Portsmouth, NH. 2001.

Tullner WW: Endocrine effects of methylenedianiline in the rat, rabbit and dog. Endocrinology 1960; 66:470-474.

U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management: Protective Action Criteria (PAC) with AEGLs, ERPGs, & TEELs: Rev. 26 for chemicals of concern. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.hss.doe.gov/HealthSafety/WSHP/Chem_Safety/teel.html. As accessed 2011-06-27.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project : 11th Report on Carcinogens. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/INDEXA5E1.HTM?objectid=32BA9724-F1F6-975E-7FCE50709CB4C932. As accessed 2011-06-27.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification species, container residues, and spill residues thereof. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities 2010b; 40CFR(261.33, e-f):77-.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2011. Available from URL: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm?fuseaction=iris.showSubstanceList&list_type=date. As accessed 2011-06-21.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of Radionuclides. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010a. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: The list of extremely hazardous substances and their threshold planning quantities (CAS Number Order). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010c. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-part355.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration: FDA Drug Safety Communication: Serious CNS reactions possible when methylene blue is given to patients taking certain psychiatric medications. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Silver Spring, MD. 2011. Available from URL: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm263190.htm. As accessed 2011-07-26.

U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Part 1910 - Occupational safety and health standards (continued) Occupational Safety, and Health Administration's (OSHA) list of highly hazardous chemicals, toxics and reactives. Subpart Z - toxic and hazardous substances. CFR 2010 2010; Vol6(SEC1910):7-.

U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA): Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals. 29 CFR 2010 2010; 29(1910.119):348-.

US DHHS/OSHA: 4,4' Methylenedianiline (MDA) for General Industry, US Department of Labor, Occupational Health and Safety Administration, Washington, DC, 1992, pp 3135.

US DHHS: Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens 1994. US Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program, Prepared by Technical Resources, Inc, Rockville, Maryland, 1994.

United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Vinyl Acetate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6af&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

Van Joost T, Heule F, & De Boer J: Sensitization to methylenedianiline and para-structures. Contact Dermatitis 1987; 16:246-248.

Vaudaine M: J Toxicol Med 1982; 2:207-213.

Verschueren K: Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 4th ed. CD-ROM version. Wiley-Interscience. Hoboken, NJ. 2001.

Vock EH, Hoymann HG, & Heinrich U: P-32-postlabeling of a DNA adduct derived from 4,4'-methylenedianiline, in the olfactory epithelium of rats exposed by inhalation to 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. Carcinogenesis 1996; 17:1069-1073.

Wells Lamont Industrial: Chemical Resistant Glove Application Chart. Wells Lamont Industrial. Morton Grove, IL. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.wellslamontindustry.com. As accessed 10/31/2002.

Winek CL, Collom WD, & Martineau P: Toluidine blue intoxication. Clin Toxicol 1969; 2:1-3.

Workrite: Chemical Splash Protection Garments, Technical Data and Application Guide, W.L. Gore Material Chemical Resistance Guide, Workrite, Oxnard, CA, 1997.

Yamashita K, Nakasone K, & Kawao K: Inhibitory effect of methylenedianiline on testicular 17-oxosteroid secretion produced by pregnant mare serum. Tohoku J Exp Med 1969; 97:175-180.

Yamashita K: Inhibition by methylenedianiline of testicular 17-oxosteroid secretion stimulated by human chorionic gonadotrophin. J Endocrinol 1967; 37:429-432.

do Nascimento TS, Pereira RO, de Mello HL, et al: Methemoglobinemia: from diagnosis to treatment. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2008; 58(6):651-664.

FeedBack

4,4-METHYLENEDIANILINE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents