CARBONYL SULFIDE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
IDENTIFIERS
2204-Carbonyl sulphide 2204-Carbonyl sulfide
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Carbonyl sulfide is used in the synthesis of organic thio compounds and organic sulfur compounds and as a chemical intermediate for alkyl carbonates (AAR, 1987; HSDB , 1991a). It is also found in volcanic gases and tobacco smoke, and occurs in emissions from coal gasification and diesel engines ((HSDB, 1996); Hanson & Dahl, 1985). Carbonyl sulfide may be the major form of atmospheric sulfur (Brown & Bell, 1986).
Carbonyl sulfide is a gas or liquid. Carbonyl sulfide is a flammable gas under ambient conditions. It has a typical sulfide odor, except when pure. It is soluble in carbon disulfide, toluene, water, alcohol, and potassium hydroxide, and can form explosive mixtures in air. It can react vigorously with oxidizing materials (Sax & Lewis, 1987a; Sax & Lewis, 1989a; (HSDB, 1996)). Hydrogen sulfide is the principal source of the toxicity and lethal effects of carbonyl sulfide. Carbonyl sulfide is thought to have less prominent olfactory warning properties than hydrogen sulfide ((HSDB, 1996)). In any case, odor alone should never be used to determine if an environment is safe.
Carbonyl sulfide is derived by hydrolysis of ammonium or potassium thiocyanate (Sax & Lewis, 1987a). It can also be produced by the reaction of dilute sulfuric acid on ammonium thiocyanate, or by reaction of phosgene with cadmium sulfide((HSDB, 1996)). Occupational exposure is encountered during petroleum refining, destructive distillation of coal, and in viscose rayon manufacturing ((HSDB, 1996)). Exposure to carbonyl sulfide usually cannot be separated from hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide.
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Carbonyl sulfide is highly toxic. Carbonyl sulfide vapor is a strong irritant; contact with the eyes can cause conjunctivitis, photophobia, lacrimation, and corneal opacity. Concentrations of 250 ppm can cause irritation of mucous membranes, bronchitis, and pulmonary edema. Symptoms at 500 ppm include nausea, headache, weakness, disorientation, and coma (Anon, 1992). Inhalation of 0.1 volume% carbonyl sulfide can be fatal within 2 hours (HSDB , 1996). The mortality rate for acute exposures is approximately 6% (Anon, 1992).
- Direct skin contact with carbonyl sulfide solution can produce pain and erythema. The liquid can cause frostbite (Anon, 1992).
- Exposure to carbonyl sulfide can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and profuse salivation. Carbonyl sulfide is a central nervous system depressant and can produce symptoms of headache, dizziness, confusion, giddiness, loss of memory, and unconsciousness. Effects on the heart include tachycardia, palpitations, and arrhythmias. Tachypnea (rapid breathing), sweating, weakness, and muscle cramps have also been reported (HSDB , 1996; Gosselin et al, 1984). Other symptoms include tremors, blurred vision, hypo- or hypertension, cyanosis, and convulsions (Anon, 1992). Death is due to respiratory paralysis by evolved hydrogen sulfide (HSDB , 1996).
- Recovery is slow, and can involve residual cough, cardiac dilatation, neuropathy, pulmonary edema, and psychological disturbances (HSDB , 1996; Guidotti, 1994).
- Acute inhalation of carbonyl sulfide at the LC50 produced seizures and anesthesia in mice, rats, and rabbits (RTECS , 1996).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- At the time of this review, no studies were found on chronic carbonyl sulfide exposure in humans.
- Rabbits exposed to 50 ppm carbonyl sulfide for 1 to 7 weeks had no apparent ultrastructural changes in the myocardium (Hugod, 1981).
- Chronic exposure to hydrogen sulfide is not well understood, but has been linked with chronic eye irritation, headaches, bronchitis, cardiac arrhythmias, neurotoxicity, psychological disorders, and a grey-green line on the gums (ILO, 1983; Guidotti, 1994).
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Keep victim under observation. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - EYE EXPOSURE - DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS463-58-1 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Carbonyl sulfide EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Carbonyl sulfide IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS463-58-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
Oral: Inhalation: Drinking Water:
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS463-58-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS463-58-1 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS463-58-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS463-58-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS463-58-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS463-58-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS463-58-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS463-58-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS463-58-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS463-58-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
Listed as: Carbonyl sulfide Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87 Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS463-58-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS463-58-1 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2204 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2204 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS463-58-1 (NFPA, 2002):
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 463-58-1.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004) Flammable; may be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. May form explosive mixtures with air. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Some of these materials may react violently with water. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
Carbonyl sulfide's explosive limits in air are 12 to 28.5 percent (Sax & Lewis, 1987; Sax & Lewis, 1989). Use positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus and fully-encapsulated protective clothing (AAR, 1987). If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame, consider evacuation of one-third mile radius (AAR, 1987).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS463-58-1 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.
- TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS463-58-1 (NFPA, 2002):
Carbonyl sulfide may liberate highly toxic hydrogen sulfide upon decomposition (Sax & Lewis, 1989). When heated to decomposition, carbonyl sulfide emits toxic fumes of carbon monoxide (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Carbonyl sulfide's explosive limits in air are 12 to 28.5 percent (Sax & Lewis, 1987; Sax & Lewis, 1989).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Carbonyl sulfide may liberate highly toxic hydrogen sulfide upon decomposition (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
- When heated to decomposition, carbonyl sulfide emits toxic fumes of carbon monoxide (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Carbonyl sulfide can react vigorously with oxidizing materials (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
- Carbonyl sulfide may liberate highly toxic hydrogen sulfide upon decomposition (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
- When heated to decomposition, carbonyl sulfide emits toxic fumes of carbon monoxide (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)
Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used. Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages. Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 100 to 200 meters (330 to 660 feet) in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- If a fire involving carbonyl sulfide becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame, consider evacuation of one-third mile radius (AAR, 1987).
- If material is leaking (not on fire), consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location and weather conditions (AAR, 1987).
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS463-58-1 (AIHA, 2006):
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS463-58-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
- AEGL Values for CAS463-58-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 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62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
Listed as: Carbonyl sulfide Proposed Value: AEGL-1 10 min exposure: 30 min exposure: 1 hr exposure: 4 hr exposure: 8 hr exposure:
Definitions: AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.
Listed as: Carbonyl sulfide Proposed Value: AEGL-2 10 min exposure: ppm: 69 ppm mg/m3: 170 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 69 ppm mg/m3: 170 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 55 ppm mg/m3: 130 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 34 ppm mg/m3: 83 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 23 ppm mg/m3: 56 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
Listed as: Carbonyl sulfide Proposed Value: AEGL-3 10 min exposure: ppm: 190 ppm mg/m3: 470 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 190 ppm mg/m3: 470 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 150 ppm mg/m3: 370 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 95 ppm mg/m3: 230 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 48 ppm mg/m3: 120 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS463-58-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam to reduce vapors. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- Carbonyl sulfide is found in its native state in volcanic gases and sulfurous waters (HSDB , 1991).
- Experiments have shown that the oceans release into the atmosphere a significant fraction of the yearly global emissions of carbonyl sulfide. The yearly global emissions of carbonyl sulfide from oceans to the atmosphere were calculated to be approximately 8 x 10(+11) g/yr (Rasmussen et al, 1982).
- Background measurements of sulfur dioxide and carbonyl sulfide were collected during aircraft flights extending from 57 degrees south to 70 degrees north latitude. Carbon disulfide measurements were collected at Philadelphia, PA and Wallops Island, VA. Atmospheric oxidation of carbon disulfide was estimated to contribute no more than 20% of carbonyl sulfide (pp 55-63).
- The mixing ratios of carbonyl sulfide in the lower stratosphere over northern California and Alaska were 36 to 51 parts per thousand by volume at altitudes of 15.2 to 20.3 kilometers (HSDB , 1991).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
OTHER Despite the apparent importance of carbonyl sulfide to the global environment, considerable uncertainties remain as to its pathways in the atmosphere, particularly in regard to its sinks. In one study, preliminary evidence confirms the hypothesis that uptake of carbonyl sulfide by vegetation may be the major global sink for the gas, accounting for 2-5 Tg y super(-1) (Tg = 10 super(12) g). In contrast, uptake by soil can account for a maximum of only 0.04 Tg y super(-1) (Brown & Bell, 1986). The carbonyl sulfide flux from rice paddys, as measured by closed chamber methods, was -0.2 to 1.8 mg/m(2)/yr (as S) (Kanda et al, 1992).
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- No information on the environmental toxicity of carbon sulfide was found in available references at the time of this review.
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Carbonyl sulfide is a gas or liquid (Sax & Lewis, 1989). The gas is colorless with a typical sulfide odor except when pure (Sax & Lewis, 1987).
- Carbonyl sulfide burns with a bluish flame (HSDB , 1991).
DENSITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
BOILING POINT
- -50.2 degrees C (at 1 atm) (Sax & Lewis, 1987)
- -50 degrees C; -58 degrees F (NFPA, 1990; HSDB , 1991)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
SOLUBILITY
-REFERENCES
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY- 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
- 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
- 62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.
- 65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.
- 67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.
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