CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
BENZINOFORM CARBONA CARBON CHLORIDE(CC14) CARBON CHLORIDE(CCL4) CARBON TET CARBON TETRACHLORIDE CHLORID UHLICITY (Czech) CZTEROCHLOREK WEGLA (Polish) DOWFUME 75 FASCIOLIN FLUKOIDE FLUKOIDS FREON 10 HALON 104 HALON 1040 METHANE TETRACHLORIDE METHANE, TETRACHLORO- NECATORINA NECATORINE PERCHLOROMETHANE R 10 R 10 (Refrigerant) TETRACHLOORKOOLSTOF (Dutch) TETRACHLOORMETAAN TETRACHLORKOHLENSTOFF (German) TETRACHLORKOHLENSTOFF, TETRA (German) TETRACHLORMETHAN (German) TETRACHLOROCARBON TETRACHLOROMETHANE TETRACHLORURE DE CARBONE (French) TETRACLOROMETANO (Italian) TETRACLORURO DI CARBONIO (Italian) TETRAFINOL TETRAFORM TETRASOL UNIVERM VERMOESTRICID TETRACHLOORMETAAN (DUTCH) TETRACHLOROMETANO (ITALIAN)
IDENTIFIERS
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (Lewis, 2000; HSDB , 2002; RTECS , 2002)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Carbon tetrachloride is a chlorinated hydrocarbon that is toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption. Due to its toxicity, it was banned from household use in 1970 and from its use as a fumigant in 1985. It is now primarily used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of chlorofluorocarbon refigerants. Previously, it was used as a degreasing solvent, dry cleaning agent, fire extinguisher, grain fumigant, and anthelmintic (Budavari, 2000; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 1998).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- USES: Once used as a dry cleaning solvent, degreaser, fire extinguishing agent, spot remover, and an antihelminthic. Now used mainly as an intermediate in chemical manufacturing.
- TOXICOLOGY: The exact mechanism of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity is unclear, but is accepted to be dependent on its metabolism. Forms a toxic free-radical intermediate (tricholomethyl radical) of cytochrome P-450 metabolism, which binds to protein, lipid, and nucleic acid, and forms DNA-adducts. It is a CNS depressant through mechanisms that are not entirely clear, and it increases sensitivity of the myocardium to catecholamines, and can therefore have arrhythmogenic effects.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposures and poisoning are rare, but deaths have been reported and are not uncommon following significant exposures.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness and confusion, mucous membrane irritation, and defatting dermatitis. SEVERE TOXICITY: Cardiac dysrhythmias, respiratory arrest, severe renal and hepatic damage, and coma.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
TOXICOLOGY: The exact mechanism of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity is unclear, but is accepted to be dependent on its metabolism. Forms a toxic free-radical intermediate (tricholomethyl radical) of cytochrome P-450 metabolism, which binds to protein, lipid, and nucleic acid, and forms DNA-adducts. It is a CNS depressant through mechanisms that are not entirely clear, and it increases sensitivity of the myocardium to catecholamines, and can therefore have arrhythmogenic effects. EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposures and poisoning are rare, but deaths have been reported and are not uncommon following significant exposures. MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness and confusion, mucous membrane irritation, and defatting dermatitis. SEVERE TOXICITY: Cardiac dysrhythmias, respiratory arrest, severe renal and hepatic damage, and coma.
CONDUCTION DISORDER OF THE HEART: Ventricular dysrhythmias, including ventricular premature beats, seen on ECG, have been reported as well as depression of cardiac muscle (Dreisbach & Robertson, 1987). CARDIOMEGALY: Postmortem examinations have shown fatty degeneration and cardiomegaly following acute poisonings (Dreisbach & Robertson, 1987).
BULLOUS ERUPTION: Carbon tetrachloride is a skin irritant (Lewis, 1996). Erythema, hyperemia, wheals, and vesiculations may be seen (HSDB , 2000). DEFATTING: Skin contact can lead to dermatitis through defatting action (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
GASTROENTERITIS: Abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting may follow ingestion or significant inhalation exposure (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ATSDR, 1994). Diarrhea followed by constipation may occur. Initial presenting signs or symptoms of CCl4 inhalation or oral exposure may be abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea (USDHHS, 1992; Lewis, 1998).
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE: Polyuria, followed by oliguria, anuria and azotemia progressing to uremia may develop (Budavari, 1996). Proteinuria, hemoglobinuria and glucosuria are also common (ATSDR, 1994). Renal failure can occur even from dermal exposure (Perez et al, 1987).
DEAFNESS: There is a possible association with hearing loss (Frey & Geipel, 1975). VISION ABNORMAL: Blurry vision may be a symptom (Harbison, 1998). There is a possible association with damage to the optic nerve resulting in visual defects (Moeller, 1973) or blindness (Smith, 1950).
LIVER DAMAGE: Hepatic injury occurs resulting in jaundice, liver enlargement, and ascites. Liver and renal damage may be delayed several days following exposure (ATSDR, 1994; Proctor et al, 1988; Proctor & Hughes, 1978). Hepatic damage can occur even from dermal exposure (Perez et al, 1987).
CLOUDED CONSCIOUSNESS: Confusion, delirium, dizziness, vertigo, restlessness and giddiness have been reported (ATSDR, 1994; Dreisbach & Robertson, 1987; Hathaway et al, 1996). NARCOSIS: Carbon tetrachloride is narcotic; exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride results in depression of the central nervous system (ATSDR, 1994; Lewis, 1998; ACGIH, 1996a). CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE: After exposure to carbon tetrachloride, hemorrhage into the cerebral cortex, pons and cerebellum have been reported (O'Donoghue, 1985). NEUROPATHY: Peripheral sensorimotor neuropathies characterized by weakness, loss of position sense, hyporeflexia, and paresthesias have developed (O'Donoghue, 1985). CEREBELLAR DISORDER: Amnesia, incoherent speech and ataxia, intention tremor, positive Rhomberg sign, and signs of cerebellar dysfunction developed in a survivor of acute CCl4 poisoning by inhalation (Johnson et al, 1983). PARKINSONISM: CHRONIC EXPOSURE: The development of Parkinsonism has been reported (Harbison, 1998).
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Pulmonary edema has been reported after high concentration inhalation exposure. Hemorrhagic congestion and edema have been reported at autopsy in several cases. These effects generally do not develop until approximately 8 days after exposure, and appear to be secondary to renal injury and not a direct effect on the lungs (ATSDR, 1994).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Chronic exposure to airborne levels in the range of 5 to 115 ppm (ACGIH, 1991) has been associated with liver and kidney damage, nausea, diarrhea, lack of appetite, flatulence, vomiting, stomachache, jaundice, cirrhosis, enlarged and tender liver, abnormal liver function tests, headache, and mental dullness (McDermott & Hardy, 1963; Stewart & Witts, 1944). Liver dysfunction was evident with chronic exposure to airborne concentrations as low as 20 ppm (ACGIH, 1991).
- The effects of chronic exposure to low levels may reflect cumulative toxicity.
- Chronic exposure to carbon tetrachloride has also been linked with APLASTIC ANEMIA (Straus, 1954), MYASTHENIC REACTION (Glatzel, 1972), HEARING LOSS (Frey & Geipel, 1975), DAMAGE TO THE OPTIC NERVE RESULTING IN VISUAL DEFECTS (Moeller, 1973), BLINDNESS (Smith, 1950), and PEPTIC ULCER (Smith, 1947).
- Effects seen in experimental animal studies include damage to the nerves, kidneys, spleen, bone marrow, and adrenal glands, anemia, leukocytosis (pp 14-1960), thyroid damage (Reuber & Glover, 1970), and cirrhosis of the liver.
- Carbon tetrachloride may alter the structure of cellular membrane antigens and evoke an autoimmune response (Carlier et al, 1980). Liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride maybe mistaken for viral hepatitis. Increases in antigens against the basement membrane of the alveoli and kidney tubules have been seen after exposure to carbon tetrachloride (Carlier et al, 1980). Mice treated with carbon tetrachloride doses of 250 or 500 mg/kg for 7 days had increased numbers of B-cells in the spleen; the serum stimulated production of antibodies in cultured spleen cells (Delaney & Kaminski, 1994).
- The mechanism(s) by which carbon tetrachloride causes damage to the liver may be related to the mechanism(s) of its carcinogenic action.
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
- Prehospital decontamination is generally not recommended due to the potential for CNS depression and seizures and subsequent aspiration.
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection. DERMAL EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly. INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. TARGET ORGANS: CNS, eyes, lungs, liver, kidneys, and skin [in animals: liver cancer] (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).
INHALATION EXPOSURE INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm. If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
DERMAL EXPOSURE EYE EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
ORAL EXPOSURE Because of the potential for CNS depression and seizures, DO NOT induce emesis. PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002). In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis. The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old. ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue). Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years). Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.
N-acetylcysteine and pyridoxine may provide protection against hepatic injury if administered early following acute exposure. Further studies are needed before these drugs can be routinely recommended.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
- Carbon tetrachloride has caused deaths after ingestion of as little as 3 to 5 milliliters. Deaths have occurred as soon as 8 hours following ingestion (von Oettingen, 1964).
- The lowest published lethal concentration for a human by inhalation is 1000 parts per million or 5 parts per hundred for 5 minutes (RTECS , 2002).
- The lowest published lethal dose in humans is 93 milligrams/kilogram by an unknown route (RTECS , 2002).
- The lowest published lethal dose in humans is 429 milligrams/kilogram by the oral route (RTECS , 2002).
- Exposure to 1000 to 2000 parts per million for 1/2 to 1 hour caused human fatalities due to acute renal damage (Baselt, 2000; (Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 2002).
- Ingestion of greater than 100 mL is considered potentially lethal (Burkhart et al, 1991).
- Ingestion of 8 mg of carbon tetrachloride has caused death (OHM/TADS , 2002).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
- Humans exposed to 10 parts per million of carbon tetrachloride for 3 hours experienced no adverse effects (Hathaway et al, 1996).
- One study concluded that a 3-4 hour exposure of between 10-80 ppm of carbon tetrachloride resulted in no adverse effects (IPCS, 1999).
- Repeated occupational exposure to 10 parts per million of carbon tetrachloride caused no adverse effects (HSDB , 2002).
- The lowest published toxic concentrations for inhalation in humans are 20 parts per million, 45 parts per million for 3 days, and 317 parts per million for 30 minutes (RTECS , 2002).
- The lowest published toxic oral doses in humans are 1,700 milligrams/kilogram (woman) and 1,800 milligrams/kilogram (man) (RTECS , 2002).
- Odor is not an adequate warning to prevent overexposure
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS56-23-5 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A2 ; Listed as: Carbon tetrachloride A2 :Suspected Human Carcinogen: Human data are accepted as adequate in quality but are conflicting or insufficient to classify the agent as a confirmed human carcinogen; OR, the agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at dose(s), by route(s) of exposure, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) considered relevant to worker exposure. The A2 is used primarily when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals with relevance to humans.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Likely to be carcinogenic to humans ; Listed as: Carbon tetrachloride IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: Carbon tetrachloride 2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Carbon tetrachloride MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 4 ; Listed as: Carbon tetrachloride Category 4 : Substances with carcinogenic potential for which genotoxicity plays no or at most a minor part. No significant contribution to human cancer risk is expected provided the MAK value is observed. The classification is supported especially by evidence that increases in cellular proliferation or changes in cellular differentiation are important in the mode of action. To characterize the cancer risk, the manifold mechanisms contributing to carcinogenesis and their characteristic dose-time-response relationships are taken into consideration.
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS56-23-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
Oral: Inhalation: Drinking Water:
ACGIH, 1996 Budavari, 2000 Lewis, 2000 ITI, 1995 OHM/TADS, 2002 RTECS, 2002 LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE: 9526 ppm for 8H 9528 ppm (Budavari, 2000) 7780 mg/kg (OHM/TADS, 2002)
LC50- (INHALATION)RAT: LCLo- (INHALATION)CAT: LCLo- (INHALATION)DOG: LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: LD- (ORAL)RABBIT: LD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)CHICKEN: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)DOG: LD50- (ORAL)DOG: LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG: LD50- (SKIN)GUINEA_PIG: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE: 572 mg/kg 4620 mg/kg (OHM/TADS, 2002) 4675 mg/kg 4.1 g/kg (Budavari, 2000)
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE: 8263 mg/kg 9123 mg/kg (OHM/TADS, 2002) 12.1-14.4 g/kg (ACGIH, 1996; Budavari, 2000)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE: 31 g/kg -- behavioral changes 30.4 g/kg (ACGIH, 1996; Budavari, 2000)
LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT: LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT: LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT: LD50- (ORAL)RAT: 2350 mg/kg 2920 mg/kg (OHM/TADS, 2002) 2.92 g/kg (Budavari, 2000) 2.8 g/kg (ACGIH, 1996)
LD50- (SKIN)RAT: LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT: LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG: LDLo- (ORAL)DOG: LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN: LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT: LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT: LDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT: TCLo- (INHALATION)DOG: TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: 100 ppm for 7H/33W- Intermittent -- hepatitis; death 25 ppm for 8H/46W- Intermittent -- fatty liver degeneration; changes to kidney, ureter, and bladder; changes to endocrine system 61 mg/m(3) for 90D- Continuous -- fatty liver degeneration; weight loss/decreased weight gain; death 515 mg/m(3) for 8H/6W- Intermittent -- fatty liver degeneration; weight loss/decreased weight gain; death
TCLo- (INHALATION)HAMSTER: TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: 20 ppm -- nausea or vomiting 45 ppm for 3D -- gastrointestinal and behavioral changes 317 ppm for 30M -- nausea or vomiting
TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE: TCLo- (INHALATION)PRIMATE: 200 ppm for 8H/46W- Intermittent -- stuctural changes in nerve or sheath 61 mg/m(3) for 90D-Continuous -- changes to liver; changes to hair 515 mg/m(3) for 8H/6W- Intermittent -- fibrosis; weight loss/decreased weight gain; death
TCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT: 100 ppm for 7H/30W- Intermittent -- weight loss/decreased weight gain 100 mg/m(3) for 3H/35W- Intermittent -- liver function impaired; changes in urine composition; decreased immune response 61 mg/m(3) for 90D-Continuous -- changes to liver 515 mg/m(3) for 8H/6W- Intermittent -- fatty liver degeneration
TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: Female, 250 ppm for 8H at 10-15D of pregnancy -- affected viability and lactation index of newborn Female, 300 ppm for 7H at 6-15D of pregnancy -- fetotoxicity (except death); developmental abnormalities 400 ppm for 1H/46D-Intermittent -- changes in liver weight 200 ppm for 7H/27W-Intermittent -- hepatitis; fatty liver degeneration; death 50 ppm for 3H/8W-Intermittent -- fatty liver degeneration 400 ppm for 8H/46W-Intermittent -- stuctural changes in nerve or sheath; death 41 mg/m(3) for 4H/8D-Intermittent -- thyroid hypofunction 61 mg/m(3) for 90D-Continuous -- fatty liver degeneration; other changes to the liver
TD- (ORAL)MOUSE: 12 g/kg for 88D-Intermittent -- tumorigenic 8580 mg/kg for 9W-Intermittent -- tumorigenic 57,600 mg/kg for 12W- Intermittent -- tumorigenic
TD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT: 100 g/kg for 25W-Intermittent -- tumorigenic 31 g/kg for 12W-Intermittent -- tumorigenic 182 g/kg for 70W-Intermittent -- carcinogneic by RTECS criteria; tumorigenic
TDLo- (ORAL)DOG: TDLo- (ORAL)HAMSTER: 230 mg/kg for 30W (OHM/TADS, 2002) 3680 mg/kg for 30W- Intermittent -- other effects (ITI, 1995) 9250 mg/kg for 30W- Intermittent -- tumorigenic
TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN: TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE: TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE: 1080 mg/kg for 90D-Intermittent -- changes in liver and spleen weights; biochemical changes 8750 mg/kg for 14D- Intermittent -- changes in liver and spleen weights; death 4400 mg/kg for 19W- Intermittent -- tumorigenic 6000 mg/kg for 10W (OHM/TADS, 2002) 5 g/kg for 90D-Intermittent -- other effects (ITI, 1995)
TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT: Male, 5 g/kg at 1D prior to mating -- other effects Male, 71,500 mg/kg at 15D prior to mating -- effects on reproductive organs 4200 mcL/kg for 2W-Intermittent -- changes to liver, blood, and biochemistry
TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT: TDLo- (ORAL)RAT: Female, 3 g/kg for 14D of pregnancy -- extra embryonic structures Female, 750 mg/kg at 6-15D of pregnancy -- post-implantation mortality Female, 150 mg/kg at 8D of pregnancy -- post-implantation mortality; other maternal effects Female, 2 g/kg at 7-8D of pregnancy -- post-implantation mortality 400 mg/kg for 10D-Intermittent -- changes in liver weight; weight loss/decreased weight gain; transaminases 1200 mg/kg for 12W-Intermittent -- changes in liver weight; hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase; transaminases 4197 mcg/kg for 28D-Intermittent -- changes to liver 4800 mcL/kg for 8W-Intermittent -- changes in behavior and tubules; hepatitis
TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT: 15,600 mg/kg for 12W-Intermittent -- tumorigenic 159 gm/kg for 25W-Intermittent -- other effects (ITI, 1995) 31,200 mcL/kg for 12W-Intermittent -- hepatitis
CALCULATIONS
CONVERSION FACTORS 1 mg/L = 159 ppm (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Bingham et al, 2001b) 1 mg/m(3) = 0.16 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996) 1 ppm = 6.41 mg/m(3) (at 20 degrees C and 760 mmHg)(IPCS, 1998) 1 mg/m(3) = 0.156 ppm (at 20 degrees C; 760 mmHg) (IPCS, 1998)
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS56-23-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS56-23-5 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS56-23-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS56-23-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
Listed as: Carbon tetrachloride Table Z-1 for Carbon tetrachloride: 8-hour TWA: ppm: mg/m3: Ceiling Value: Skin Designation: No Notation(s): Not Listed
Table Z-2 for Carbon tetrachloride (Z37.17-1967):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS56-23-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS56-23-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Carbon tetrachloride Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: The following spent halogenated solvents used in degreasing; all spent solvent mixtures/blends used in degreasing containing, before use, a total of ten percent or more (by volume) of one or more of the halogenated solvents listed below or those solvents listed in F002, F004, and F005; and still bottoms from the recovery of these spent solvents and spent solvent mixtures. Listed as: Carbon tetrachloride (D019) Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: Unlisted Hazardous Wastes Characteristic of Toxicity Listed as: Carbon tetrachloride Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: Listed as: Methane, tetrachloro- Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information:
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS56-23-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS56-23-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
Listed as: Carbon tetrachloride P or U series number: U211 Footnote: Listed as: Methane, tetrachloro- P or U series number: U211 Footnote: Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS56-23-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS56-23-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
Listed as: Carbon tetrachloride Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87 Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS56-23-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
Listed as Carbon tetrachloride Severe Marine Pollutant: No Listed as Tetrachloromethane Severe Marine Pollutant: No
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS56-23-5 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1846 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1846 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS56-23-5 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
SUMMARY
Carbon tetrachloride should be stored in tightly-closed containers in an area that is cool, dry, and well-ventilated. It should be kept separate from chemically-active metals such as magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Carbon tetrachloride may be corrosive to certain metals and will attack some plastics, coatings, and rubber. Clearly identify and regulate areas where this compound is handled, used, or stored, and do not allow smoking or eating in these areas (HSDB , 2002; NFPA, 2002a; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
HANDLING
- Wear appropriate protective clothing and respiratory protection when handling this compound (NIOSH , 2002; Sittig, 1991).
- Any area in which carbon tetrachloride is handled, used, or stored should be clearly identified and regulated (HSDB , 2002; Sittig, 1991).
- Do not smoke or eat in any area where carbon tetrachloride is stored, handled, or processed (HSDB , 2002).
- Before eating or smoking, personnel who handle liquid carbon tetrachloride should wash their hands thoroughly with soap, a mild detergent, and water (HSDB , 2002).
- Any enclosed area that might contain a high concentration of carbon tetrachloride vapor should not be entered without adequate respiratory protection, a lifeline and harness, and an observer on the outside (HSDB , 2002).
- When in contact with water, carbon tetrachloride is corrosive to iron and certain other metals; therefore, equipment should not be made of iron or any metal susceptible to hydrochloric acid (OHM/TADS , 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- Areas containing carbon tetrachloride require adequate ventilation at all time (OHM/TADS , 2002).
STORAGE
Keep carbon tetrachloride in properly-labeled, tightly-closed containers (HSDB , 2002; Sittig, 1991). When in contact with water, carbon tetrachloride is corrosive to iron and certain other metals; therefore, containers should not be made of iron or any metal susceptible to hydrochloric acid (OHM/TADS , 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997). Liquid carbon tetrachloride will attack some plastics, coatings, and rubber (HSDB , 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997). Appropriate shipping containers include glass bottles, cans, and drums (NFPA, 2002a). Storage tanks should be vented (OHM/TADS , 2002). Containers should be protected against physical damage as well as direct sunlight (ITI, 1995). Containers of carbon tetrachloride should be airtight (IPCS, 1998).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Carbon tetrachloride should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from chemically active metals such as magnesium, sodium, and potassium (NFPA, 2002a; Sittig, 1991). Carbon tetrachloride vapors are heavier than air; therefore, adequate ventilation should be provided at floor level (HSDB , 2002). Store carcinogens as close as is practical to the area in which they will be used so as to minimize the amount that will be transported at one time. Label and inventory all carcinogens and keep them in only one section of the storage area. Dispensing facilities should be contiguous to the storage area (HSDB , 2002). It is preferrable to store carbon tetrachloride in open, outdoor areas. If stored in a building, there should be no pits, depressions, or basement storage. Ventilation should be provided at floor level (OHM/TADS , 2002). Carbon tetrachloride should be stored separately from chemically active metals, in well-ventilated areas, protected from light, at temperatures below 30 degrees C (IPCS, 1998).
Carbon tetrachloride reacts explosively with alkali metals; therefore, keep this compound separate from alkali metals (NFPA, 1997). This compound is incompatible with magnesium, potassium, sodium, flourine, aluminum and other chemically active metals (NIOSH , 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991). Liquid carbon tetrachloride will attack some plastics, coatings, and rubber (HSDB , 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997). When in contact with water, carbon tetrachloride is corrosive to iron and certain other metals (OHM/TADS , 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- Wear appropriate protective clothing and eye protection, including gloves, boots, and goggles, to prevent skin and eye contact when working with carbon tetrachloride. Also wear a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus to avoid breathing vapors (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2002).
Liquid carbon tetrachloride will attack some plastics, coatings, and rubber (HSDB , 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- Any work area where there is a possibility of exposure to carbon tetrachloride should include facilities for quickly drenching the body for emergency use. Immediately wash contaminated skin and remove and replace any clothing which becomes contaminated. Avoid direct contact with the contaminated clothing and leave it at the workplace in closed containers for cleaning (HSDB , 2002; NIOSH , 2002; Sittig, 1991).
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Appropriate eye protection should be worn to prevent eye contact when working with carbon tetrachloride. Contact lenses should not be worn (NIOSH , 2002; Sittig, 1991).
- Eyewash fountains should be placed where there is any possibility of workers being exposed to this compound, whether or not eye protection is worn (NIOSH , 2002).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 56-23-5.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004) Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways.
Carbon tetrachloride should only be used when there is adequate ventilation. Phosgene may form when this compound is used to put out electrical fires (Budavari, 2000). Carbon tetrachloride is non-flammable and non-combustible (Lewis, 2001; NFPA, 2002a). Use an agent suitable for the type of surrounding fire when fighting a fire involving carbon tetrachloride (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 2002a).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS56-23-5 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or regular foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS56-23-5 (NFPA, 2002):
- A positive pressure, self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn to prevent inhalation of toxic gases when fighting a fire invloving carbon tetrachloride (NFPA, 2002a).
- Carbon tetrachloride itself does not burn; therefore, an agent suitable for the type of surrounding fire should be used to fight fires involving this compound (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 2002a; Sittig, 1991).
- Keep fire-exposed containers cool using water spray (NFPA, 2002a).
When heated to decomposition, carbon tetrachloride emits toxic fumes of phosgene, hydrochloric acid, and other chlorides (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a; Sittig, 1991).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Particulates of the following metals form impact-sensitive explosive mixtures with carbon tetrachloride (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999):
Aluminum (when ball milled or heated to 152 degrees C in a closed container) Barium (bulk metal also reacts violently) Beryllium Potassium (150-200 times more shock-sensitive than mercury fulminate) Potassium-sodium alloy (more sensitive than potassium) Sodium Zinc (burns readily)
- Carbon tetrachloride also forms explosive mixtures with (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999):
Aluminum powder Benzoyl peroxide + ethylene Calcium hypochlorite (heat sensitive) Calcium disilicide (friction/pressure sensitive) Chlorine trifluoride Decaborane(14) (impact sensitive) Dinitrogen tetraoxide Disilane Ethylene Lithium Magnesium powder Triethyldialuminum trichloride (heat sensitive) Unsaturated wax components Uranium (heat or impact sensitive)
- A violent or explosive reaction occurs when carbon tetrachloride comes in contact with fluorine gas (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).
- A potentially explosive reaction forms when carbon tetrachloride comes in contact with boranes (Lewis, 2000).
- Mixtures of carbon tetrachloride and ethylene are explosive between 25-105 degrees C and 30-80 bar (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).
- Methanol and carbon tetrachloride mixtures (9:1) react exothermically with aluminum, magnesium, and zinc (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).
- A potentially dangerous reaction forms between carbon tetrachloride and dimethyl formamide; 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane; or dimethylacetamide in the presence of iron (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).
- Explosions have occured when carbon tetrachloride has been used as a fire extinguisher on calcium hypochlorite, diborane, uranium, and wax fires (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).
- A vigorous eruption occurred one hour after a mixture of carbon tetrachloride and 1,11-diamino-3,6,9-triazaundecane was prepared (Urben, 1999).
- Carbon tetrachloride is incompatible with the following compounds (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999):
Aluminum trichloride Dibenzoyl peroxide Potassium-tert-butoxide
- A vigorous exothermic reaction occurs between carbon tetrachloride and (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999):
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Toxic fumes of phosgene, hydrochloric acid, and other chlorides are emitted when carbon tetrachloride is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a; Sittig, 1991).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Toxic fumes of phosgene, hydrochloric acid, and other chlorides are emitted when carbon tetrachloride is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a; Sittig, 1991).
- Carbon tetrachloride is converted to hydrogen chloride and a small amount of phosgene by welding arcs, flames, and hot metal surfaces (ACGIH, 1996).
- Particulates of the following metals form impact-sensitive explosive mixtures with carbon tetrachloride (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999):
Aluminum (when ball milled or heated to 152 degrees C in a closed container) Barium (bulk metal also reacts violently) Beryllium Potassium (150-200 times more shock-sensitive than mercury fulminate) Potassium-sodium alloy (more sensitive than potassium) Sodium Zinc (burns readily)
- Carbon tetrachloride also forms explosive mixtures with (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999):
Aluminum powder Benzoyl peroxide + ethylene Calcium hypochlorite (heat sensitive) Calcium disilicide (friction/pressure sensitive) Chlorine trifluoride Decaborane(14) (impact sensitive) Dinitrogen tetraoxide Disilane Lithium Magnesium powder Triethyldialuminum trichloride (heat sensitive) Uranium (heat or impact sensitive)
- A violent or explosive reaction occurs when carbon tetrachloride comes in contact with fluorine gas (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).
- A potentially explosive reaction forms when carbon tetrachloride comes in contact with boranes (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).
- Mixtures of carbon tetrachloride and ethylene are explosive between 25-105 degrees C and 30-80 bar (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).
- Methanol and carbon tetrachloride mixtures (9:1) react exothermically with aluminum, magnesium, and zinc (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).
- A potentially dangerous reaction forms between carbon tetrachloride and dimethyl formamide; 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane; or dimethylacetamide in the presence of iron (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).
- Explosions have occured when carbon tetrachloride has been used as a fire extinguisher on calcium hypochlorite, diborane, uranium, and wax fires (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).
- A vigorous eruption occurred one hour after a mixture of carbon tetrachloride and 1,11-diamino-3,6,9-triazaundecane was prepared (Urben, 1999).
- Carbon tetrachloride is incompatible with the following compounds (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999):
Aluminum trichloride Dibenzoyl peroxide Potassium-tert-butoxide
- A vigorous exothermic reaction occurs between carbon tetrachloride and (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999):
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS56-23-5 (AIHA, 2006):
Listed as Carbon Tetrachloride ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 20 ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 100 ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 750 Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No Definitions: ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor. ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action. ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS56-23-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Carbon tetrachloride TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 10 TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 44 TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 190 TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 520 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS56-23-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
Listed as: Carbon tetrachloride Proposed Value: AEGL-1 10 min exposure: ppm: 25 ppm mg/m3: 157 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 16 ppm mg/m3: 101 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 12 ppm mg/m3: 75 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 6.9 ppm mg/m3: 43 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 5.2 ppm mg/m3: 33 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.
Listed as: Carbon tetrachloride Proposed Value: AEGL-2 10 min exposure: ppm: 140 ppm mg/m3: 881 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 90 ppm mg/m3: 566 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 68 ppm mg/m3: 428 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 39 ppm mg/m3: 245 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 30 ppm mg/m3: 189 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
Listed as: Carbon tetrachloride Proposed Value: AEGL-3 10 min exposure: ppm: 350 ppm mg/m3: 2202 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 230 ppm mg/m3: 1447 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 170 ppm mg/m3: 1069 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 99 ppm mg/m3: 623 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 75 ppm mg/m3: 472 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS56-23-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004) Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Only persons wearing protective clothing, including boots, gloves, goggles, and a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus should be allowed in the contaminated area (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 2002a; Sittig, 1991). If it is not a hazard to personnel, attempt to stop or control any leaks and prevent the compound from entering water sources and sewers. If necessary, build dikes to contain the flow of the liquid (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 2002a; Sittig, 1991). The liquid should be absorbed in dry sand, earth, vermiculite, or a similar material and placed into containers for disposal (Sittig, 1991). LAND SPILL: Dig a holding area to contain liquid or solid material and build dikes to contain any surface flow using sand bags, soil, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Cement powder or fly ash should be used to absorb the liquid. The spill may be immobilized by applying a universal gelling agent (AAR, 2000). WATER SPILL: Trap the material at the bottom using natural deep water pockets, sand bag barriers, or excavated lagoons. Use suction hoses to remove trapped material. Mechanical dredges or lifts may be used to remove immobilized masses of the spilled material. Activated carbon should be applied at ten times the spilled amount if the spilled material is dissolved in an area of 10 ppm or greater concentration (AAR, 2000). AIR SPILL: Toxic or corrosive vapors may be released if involved in a fire. Knock down vapors using water spray or mist (AAR, 2000).
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is converted to CO2, through the intermediate chemical carbon disulfide (CS2), in aqueous solutions containing dissolved hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The reaction takes place more rapidly in the presence of the minerals biotite and vermiculite. About 80-85% of the CCl4 is converted during the process. The half-life of CCl4 at 25 degrees C and with 1 mM H2S was estimated to be 2600 days for an aqueous solution, 160 days for a vermiculite containing solution (114 m(2)/L), and 50 days for a biotite containing solution (55.8 m(2)/L). The results showed the transformation to be dependent on temperature, amount and type of solids in the system, and independent of pH and H2S concentration above a critical H2S concentration (0.5 mM) (Kriegmanking & Reinhard, 1992). Ultraviolet radiation was used to photolyze carbon tetrachloride (CC14) in air and in water. In air CC14 was removed through oxidation by atomic oxygen. In water the mechanism was photolysis of water to hydroxyl and hydrogen radicals and their chemical interactions with CC14 (Loraine, 1993). A plasma-arc system for hazardous waste destruction, still in the development stage, has been tested with carbon tetrachloride and has produced a destruction and removal efficiency of 99.99% (Freeman, 1989). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was biotransformed under anoxic conditions created through biostimulation. In this controlled experiment, acetate was used as the growth substrate; nitrate and sulfate were used as potential electron acceptors. Removal of nitrate from the injected fluid produced an increase in carbon tetrachloride conversion. The maximum conversion for CCl4 was 95%; 30-60% of the initial conversion of CCl4 was to chloroform (Semprini et al, 1992). The bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. strain KC was found to have the highest biotransformation activity against carbon tetrachloride among 16 samples tested (Lewis & Crawford, 1993). The bacterium Pseudomonas sp. strain KC transforms carbon tetrachloride to carbon dioxide. The transformation rates were first order in carbon tetrachloride concentration between 0 and 100 mcg/L at an optimum pH of 8.2 (Tatara et al, 1993). Three contaminated groundwaters were used as inocula in a system to biotransform carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene. The waters contained aromatic hydrocarbons as the principal contaminants. Carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene were reductively dechlorinated in all cases (Liang & Grbiogalic, 1993).
Mix this compound with a combustible fuel and incinerate completely. If incineration is not complete, phosgene may form. Halo acids are produced during incineration and must be removed using an acid scrubber. If possible, recover and purify by distillation (HSDB , 2002; Sittig, 1991). Carbon tetrachloride and chloroform were removed from chemical wastewater using activated carbon and coagulation precipitation processes. The treatment removed the two chemicals with an average efficiency of between 84.7 and 82.3%, respectively (Adachi & Kobayashi, 1993). Carbon tetrachloride is a potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration or fluidized bed incineration (HSDB , 2002). A fluidized-bed thermal oxidation system has been used for the destruction of highly chlorinated sludge and solid wastes containing carbon tetrachloride and other contaminants from a large chlorinated ethane production facility. Destruction and removal efficiencies greater than 99.99% were attained at bed temperatures of 950 degrees C with a 2 second residence time (Freeman, 1989). Tests on refractory materials, such as carbon tetrachloride, have demonstrated that cement kilns can achieve a destruction and removal efficiency in excess of 99.99% (Freeman, 1989).
Steam stripping is recommended (OHM/TADS , 2002).
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- Carbon tetrachloride is not known to exist naturally. It is released to the environment primarily through its use as a solvent, as well as through other manufacturing and industrial uses (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).
- Due to its volatility, nearly all carbon tetrachloride released to the environment will end up in the atmosphere (IPCS, 1998).
- Emissions of carbon tetrachloride have contributed to global warming and ozone depletion (IPCS, 1999).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
Carbon tetrachloride will be very widely distributed in the atmosphere because of its long residence time (IPCS, 1998). It has been estimated that the lifetime of carbon tetrachloride in the troposphere is on the order of 500 years (IPCS, 1999). Carbon tetrachloride diffuses into the stratosphere. It decomposes by photolytic reactions in the stratosphere, forming chlorine and contributing significantly to ozone depletion (Verschueren, 2001). Carbon tetrachloride may remain in the troposphere for 30-50 years. Direct photolysis is not an important removal process in the troposphere. The major loss mechanism for carbon tetrachloride in the atmosphere occurs in the stratosphere where the compound is removed by photolysis. A reported atmospheric half-life for the reaction with hydroxyl radicals is >330 years (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990). Calculated half-life: >400Y, based on reaction with hydroxyl radicals (Verschueren, 2001). Of the carbon tetrachloride released to the air, it has been estimated that less than 1 percent is partitioned into the oceans (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990). Estimated photooxidation half-life in air: 1.8-18.3 years (Howard et al, 1991). If released to the ambient atmosphere, carbon tetrachloride will exist as a vapor. The half-life of this vapor is estimated to be 366 years (HSDB, 2004). 45-50 years is accepted as a reasonable value for the atmospheric lifetime of carbon tetrachloride (IPCS, 1998). Atmospheric lifetime: 36-50Y, based on experimental data and emissions estimates (Verschueren, 2001). Although the estimates of the persistence of carbon tetrachloride in the troposphere and stratosphere are varied, most fall in the range of 25-100 years (IPCS, 1999).
SURFACE WATER The major removal process from water is evaporation, with a half-life of minutes to hours. The half-life in rivers (based upon field monitoring data) is estimated to be 3 to 30 days; an estimated half-life of 3 to 300 days has been determined for lakes and groundwater. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model river 1 meter deep, flowing 1 meter/second, with a wind speed of 3 meters/second is 3.7 hours. Biodegradation may also be an important removal process, however the data are limited. Adsorption to sediment should not be important (Howard, 1990). A 1 ppm aqueous solution of carbon tetrachloride had 50% evaporation after 29 minutes and 90% evaporation after 97 minutes (in still air with an average depth of 6.5 cm) (Verschueren, 2001). The half-life for surface water may range from 6 months to 1 year. The half-life for ground water may range from 7 days to 1 year (Howard et al, 1991). Due to its Koc value, carbon tetrachloride is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediments in water (HSDB, 2004). Half-life for reductive dehalogenation of carbon tetrachloride in anoxic sediment (6% carbon and at 22 degrees C): 4.4D (Verschueren, 2001). A study has estimated the half-life for a model river to be 1.3 hours and for a model lake to be 5 days (HSDB, 2004). Environmental hydrolysis half-life at 25 degrees C and pH 7: 40Y (Verschueren, 2001). The hydrolysis half-life in water at 25 degrees C is 7000 years (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990). Calculated half-life for hydrolytic degradation: 1000Y (Verschueren, 2001).
GROUND WATER The calculated half-life in an anaerobic aquifer (not polluted) ranged from an average of 4D at 1% organic carbon to an average of 5Y at 0.001% organic carbon (Verschueren, 2001). Estimated half-life for lakes and groundwater: 3 to 300 days (Howard, 1990). Carbon tetrachloride may leach to groundwater due to its low soil adsorption coefficient (calculated Koc of 110 and a measured Koc of 71). The estimated retardation factor in breakthrough sampling in groundwater is estimated to be 1.44 to 1.8 (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).
TERRESTRIAL Carbon tetrachloride has a high vapor pressure and should therefore evaporate rapidly from soil. It is expected to have moderate to high mobility in soil and may leach into groundwater due to its low soil adsorption coefficient. A calculated Koc of 110 and a measured Koc of 71 have been reported (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990). An important fate process in soils is the volatilization of carbon tetrachloride from moist soil surfaces. Due to its vapor pressure, it may also volatilize from dry soil surfaces (HSDB, 2004). The estimated half-life in soil ranges from 6 months to 1 year (Howard et al, 1991). Under aerobic conditions at 20 degrees C, carbon tetrachloride (100 mg/kg) had an estimated half-life of 5 days (confidence limts = +/- 2.6-55.6 days) (Verschueren, 2001).
OTHER REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION: Carbon tetrachloride in the presence of ferrous ions was transformed (84%) to chloroform in 33 days. In the presence of visible light, the transformation reached 99%. The oxidation-reduction potential of the reacting environment had to be below 360 millivolts (relative to a standard hydrogen electrode) for the transformation to take place (Doong & Wu, 1992).
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- Carbon tetrachloride volatilizes to the atmosphere where it becomes widely distributed due to its stability and lengthy residence time. Tropospheric levels remain from 30Y to 500Y. It moves into the stratosphere where photolytic degradation is the major mechanism for atmospheric removal. Photolytic degradation products contribute to ozone depletion (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001; IPCS, 1999; IPCS, 1998; Howard, 1990).
- Rapid volatilization from soil is expected considering carbon tetrachloride's high vapor pressure. Volatilization is the primary removal process from water. It does not likely adsorb to aquatic sediment or suspended solids in water based on its organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc). The Koc (calculated at 110 and measured at 71) indicates moderate to high soil mobility and potential for leaching to groundwater. Higher organic carbon content in a nonpolluted anaerobic aquifer shortened the calculated half-life. Hydrolytic degradation has a half-life of 1000 years. Aquatic biodegradation may be important, but data are limited (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001; Howard, 1990).
BIODEGRADATION
- Biodegradation half-life in nonadapted aerobic subsoil of the Canadian sand variety: >2426D (Verschueren, 2001).
- Data are limited for aquatic biodegradation (Howard, 1990).
- Under anaerobic conditions, degradation occurs in 16 days (Howard, 1990).
- The estimated anaerobic half-life in an unacclimated aqueous environment ranges from 7-28 days (Howard et al, 1991).
- The estimated aerobic half-life in an unacclimated aqueous environment ranges from 6 months to 1 year (Howard et al, 1991).
BIOACCUMULATION
The 1-hour uptake rate for trout muscle is 17.7; bioaccumulation factors include: flesh = 17.4; carcass without flesh = 79; and whole body = 62 (OHM/TADS, 2004). Concentrations (dry wgt) of carbon tetrachloride in various organs of fishes and mollusks collected from the Irish Sea near Port Erin, Isle of Man include (Verschueren, 2001): Baccinum undatum: Muscle: 5 ng/g; Digestive gland: 8 ng/g Modiolus modiolus: Digestive tissue: 20 ng/g; Mantle:114 ng/g Pecten maximus: Mantle, testis: 2-3 ng/g; Ovary, gill: 14-16 ng/g Eel: Gill: 3 ng/g; Liver: 51 ng/g Cod: Stomach, skeletal tissue, muscle, liver: 4-7 ng/g; Brain: 29 ng/g Coalfish: Muscle: 7 ng/g; Gill, alimentary canal: 32-35 ng/g Dogfish: Spleen: 3 ng/g; Gill: 55 ng/g
Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) 3.2-7.4 indicate a low potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms (Howard, 1990; HSDB, 2004). Reported BCFs include 18 (experimental) and 14 (calculated - predicted from water solubility) (Howard, 1990) ALGAE Algae (Chlorella fusca): 300 (BCF, wet wt) (Verschueren, 2001) Green Algae: 300 (BCF, wet weight) -- exposed to 50 mcg/L carbon tetrachloride for 24 hours (IPCS, 1999)
FISH Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus): 30 (BCF) -- exposed to 52.3 mcg/L carbon tetrachloride for 21 days at 16 degrees C; half-life in tissues <1 day (Verschueren, 2001) Bluegill sunfish: 30.2 (BCF) (HSDB, 2004) Bluegill sunfish: 1.48 (log BCF) (Howard, 1990) Trout: 1.24 (log BCF) (Howard, 1990) Trout: 17.37 (BCF)(HSDB, 2004) Rainbow trout: 52.48 (BCF) (HSDB, 2004) Salmo gairdneri: 1.24 (log BCF)(Verschueren, 2001)
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
Carbon tetrachloride is not considered a toxic, persistent, or bioaccumulative chemical under criteria set forth by the Oslo and Paris Conventions for the Prevention of Marine Pollution (OSPAR-DYNAMIC) (Thompson et al, 2004). Acute aquatic toxicity values for carbon tetrachloride are generally below 10 mg/L. Predicted No-Effect Concentrations (PNECs) for aquatic life based on a three trophic level model include 0.25 mcg/L for acute exposures and 7 mcg/L for chronic exposures (Thompson et al, 2004). LC50 (best fit) -- BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 125 mg/L for 96H -- static bioassay in freshwater at 23 degrees C; mild aeration used after 24H. Narcosis occurred after addition of 100 ppm and 125 ppm carbon tetrachloride. Percent survival as follows (Verschueren, 2001): addition of 320 ppm and 200 ppm carbon tetrachloride: 0% survival. addition of 125 ppm carbon tetrachloride: 50% survival at 96H; 60% at 48H to 72H; 70% at 24H. addition of 100 ppm carbon tetrachloride: 20% survival at 48H to 96H; 30% at 24H. addition of 75 ppm carbon tetrachloride: 100% survival at 24H to 96H .
LC50 (best fit) -- TIDEWATER SILVERSIDE (Menidia beryllina): 150 mg/L for 96H -- static bioassay in artifical seawater at 23 degrees C; mild aeration used after 24H. Percent survival as follows (Verschueren, 2001): addition of 320 ppm carbon tetrachloride: 0% survival. addition of 180 ppm carbon tetrachloride: 50% survival at 96H; 60% at 72H; 80% at 48H; 100% at 24H. addition of 100 ppm carbon tetrachloride: 60% survival at 48 H to 96H; 100% at 24H. addition of 75 ppm carbon tetrachloride: 90% survival at 96H; 100% at 24H to 72H
ALGAE EC0 - Microcystis aeruginosa: 105 mg/L for 8 days (Verschueren, 2001) EC0 - Scenedesmus quadricauda: >600 mg/L for 7 days (Verschueren, 2001) EC10 - Haematococcus pluvialis: >136 mg/L for 4H (Verschueren, 2001) EC50 - Tetrahymena pyriformis: 830 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001) EC50 - Scenedesmus subspicata: 21 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001)
AMPHIBIANS LC01 - BULLFROG (Rana catesbeiana) larvae: 0.024 mg/L for 4 days (Verschueren, 2001) LC01 - PICKEREL FROG (Rana palustris) larvae: 0.11 mg/L for 4 days (Verschueren, 2001) LC10 - BULLFROG (Rana catesbeiana) larvae: 0.11 mg/L for 4 days (Verschueren, 2001) LC10 - PICKEREL FROG (Rana palustris) larvae: 0.44 mg/L for 4 days (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - AFRICAN CLAWED TOAD (Xenopus laevis): 22.4 mg/L for 6 days - test conditions: 19 degrees C, pH 7.7; hardness 96 mg calcium carbonate/L. Organisms exposed from fertilization until 4 days post-hatching (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - BULLFROG (Rana catesbeiana): 0.9 mg/L for 8 days - test conditions: 21 degrees C, pH 8; hardness 108 mg calcium carbonate/L. Organisms exposed from 2-8 hours post spawning until 4 days after hatching (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - BULLFROG (Rana catesbeiana) larvae: 0.9 mg/L for 4 days (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - BULLFROG (Rana catesbeiana) embryos: 1.5 mg/L for 4 days (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - FOWLER'S TOAD (Bufo fowleri) larvae: 2.8 mg/L for 4 days (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - FOWLER'S TOAD (Bufo fowleri) embryos: >92 mg/L for 3 days (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - FOWLER'S TOAD (Bufo fowleri): 2.8 mg/L for 7 days - test conditions: 22 degrees C, pH 7.7; hardness 104 mg calcium carbonate/L. Organisms exposed from 2-8 hours post spawning until 4 days after hatching (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - NORTHWESTERN SALAMANDER (Ambystoma gracile): 1.98 mg/L for 9.5 days - test conditions: 19 degrees C, pH 7.7; hardness 96 mg calcium carbonate/L. Organisms exposed from fertilization until 4 days post hatching (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - PICKEREL FROG (Rana palustris) larvae: 2.4 mg/L for 4 days -- test conditions: 22 degrees C, pH 7.7; hardness 104 mg calcium carbonate/L, flow-through. Organisms exposed from 2-8 hours post spawning to 4 days post- hatching (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - PICKEREL FROG (Rana palustris) embryos: 3.6 mg/L for 4 days (Verschueren, 2001)
BACTERIA EC0 - Pseudomonas putida: 30 mg/L for 16H (Verschueren, 2001) EC20 - Photobacterium phosphoreum: 190 mg/L for 5 min (Biotox test) (Verschueren, 2001) EC50 - Photobacterium phosphoreum: 5 mg/L for 15 min (Microtox text); 563 mg/L for 5 min (Biotox test); 729 mg/L for 5 min (Microtox test); 997 mg/L for 5 min (Microtox test) (Verschueren, 2001) EC50 - Photobacterium: 997 mg/L for 5 min (Microtox Photobacterium test) (Verschueren, 2001) EC50 - BACTERIA: >1000 mg/L for 5 days -- activated sludge oxygen consumption inhibition (Verschueren, 2001) EC100 - BACTERIA: 16 mg/L -- anaerobic sludge inhibition of methanogenesis (Verschueren, 2001)
CRUSTACEANS EC0 - DAPHNID (Daphnia magna): 9 mg/L for 24H -- in covered beaker (Verschueren, 2001) EC50 - DAPHNID (Daphnia magna): 20 and 28 mg/L for 24H -- in covered beaker (Verschueren, 2001) EC50 - DAPHNID (Daphnia magna): 29 mg/L for 48H -- in covered beaker (Verschueren, 2001) EC50 - DAPHNID (Daphnia magna): >770 mg/L for 24H -- in openbeaker (Verschueren, 2001) EC100 - DAPHNID (Daphnia magna): 159 mg/L for 24H -- in covered beaker (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - Artemia salina: 2,153 mg/L for 24H -- Artoxkit MTM test (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - Brachionus calyciflorus: 5,798 mg/L for 24H -- Rotoxkit F test (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - DAPHNID (Daphnia magna): 20,763 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - Streptocephalus proboscideus: 6,429 mg/L for 24H -- Streptoxkit F test (Verschueren, 2001) NOEC - DAPHNID (Daphnia magna): 7.7 mg/L for 48H -- in covered beaker (Verschueren, 2001)
FISH EC50 (loss of equilibrium) - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 20.8 mg/L for 96H -- confidence limit 18.3-23.7 mg/L; flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations (at 21.7 degrees C, dissolved oxygen 7.1 mg/L, hardness 49.2 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 39.6 mg/L calcium carbonate, pH 6.8) (HSDB, 2004) LC0 -BROWN TROUT (Salmo trutta): 24 mg/L for 14 days (Verschueren, 2001) LC0 - DACE (Leuciscus idus): 5 mg/L; 16 mg/L; 40 mg/L; and 272 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001) LC0 - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdneri): >80 mg/L for 14 days (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 27 mg/L for 96H and 38 mg/L for 24H -- static bioassay; 21-23 degrees C; conditions not specified (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 125,000 mcg/L for 96H -- static, unmeasured bioassay (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - DAB (Limanda limanda): 50,000 mcg/L for 96H -- estimated (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - DACE (Leuciscus idus): 13 mg/L; 47 mg/L; 95 mg/L; and 472 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 4.0 mg/L for 9 days - test conditions: 20 degrees C, pH 6.4; hardness 96 mg calcium carbonate/L. Organisms exposed from 2-8 hours post spawning until 4 days after hatching (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 41.4 mg/L for 96H -- confidence limit 36.3-47.3 mg/L, flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 21.7 degrees C, dissolved oxygen 7.1 mg/L, hardness 49.2 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 39.6 mg/L calcium carbonate and pH 6.8 (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 43 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 67 ppm for 14 days -- conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - KILLIFISH (Oryzias latipes): 93 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - PICKEREL FROG (Rana palustris): 2.4 mg/L for 8 days - test conditions: 22 degrees C, pH 7.7; hardness 104 mg calcium carbonate/L. Organisms exposed from 2-8 hours post spawning until 4 days after hatching (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss): 1.97 mg/L for 27 days - test conditions: 13 degrees C, pH 9.2; hardness 104 mg calcium carbonate/L. Organisms exposed from fertilization until 4 days after hatching (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - TIDEWATER SILVERSIDE (Menidia beryllina): 150,000 mcg/L for 96H -- static, unmeasured bioassay (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - TIDEWATER SILVERSIDE (Menidia beryllina): 150 mg/L for 96H (at 23 degrees C) -- static bioassay in synthetic seawater, mild aeration applied after 24 hours (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001) LC100 - DACE (Leuciscus idus): 33 mg/L; 143 mg/L; and 672 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001) LC100 - DAB (Limanda limanda): 50 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001) LC100 - BROWN TROUT (Salmo trutta): 56 mg/L for 14 days(Verschueren, 2001) TL50 - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE: 150 ppm for 96H -- static bioassay, saltwater, mg/L added (OHM/TADS, 2004) TL50 - BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 125 ppm for 96H -- static bioassay, mg/L added (OHM/TADS, 2004)
PROTOZOANS EC0 - Entosiphon sulcatum: 770 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001) EC0 - Uronema parduczi Chatton-Lwoff: 616 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
WORMS EC50 - Tubifex tubifex: 600 mg/L (approx) for 24H (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - Eisnea foetida: 0/16 mg/cm(2) filter paper for 48H (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - Tubifex: 1,100-2,000 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001) NOEC - Tubifex tubifex: 100 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Carbon tetrachloride is a clear, colorless, non-flammable, heavy liquid with a characteristic ether-like odor. The vapor is 5.3 times heavier than air. The odor does not provide an adequate warning of exposure (Bingham et al, 2001; (Budavari, 2000; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 2000).
PH
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 115.2 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996) Bingham et al, 2001)
- 115 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)
- 113.8 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)
- 108 torr (high) (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)
- 100 mmHg (at 23 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
- 91.3 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996; Lewis, 2001)
- 91 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (NFPA, 2002a; NIOSH , 2002)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg) 1.589 (at 25/25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001; (Budavari, 2000) 1.585 (at 25/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 2001)
- STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
DENSITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
-23 degrees C; -9 degrees F (Budavari, 2000; NFPA, 2002a) -22.6 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)
BOILING POINT
- 77 degrees C; 170 degrees F (NFPA, 2002a; NIOSH , 2002)
- 76.8 degrees C (Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2002)
- 76.74 degrees C (Lewis, 2001)
- 76.7 degrees C (Budavari, 2000)
- 76.8 degrees C (HSDB , 2002)
- 76.5 degrees C (ACGIH, 1996) Bingham et al, 2001; (Sittig, 1991)
- 76 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
- 76.75 degrees C (EPA, 1990)
- 76.54 degrees C (Howard, 1990)
FLASH POINT
- Not flammable (CHRIS , 2002)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
SOLUBILITY
1 mL/2000 mL (Budavari, 2000) 0.05% (NIOSH , 2002) 785-800 mg/L water (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996) 1160 mg/L water (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996; Verschueren, 2001) 805 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1990) 0.08 g/100 g water (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991) Bingham et al, 2001) 793 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002) Carbon tetrachloride is insoluble in water (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 2002a; Lewis, 2001). 1160 mg/l (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002) 800 mg/l (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002) 0.78 g/kg (at 25 degrees C) (Hayes, 1982)
Carbon tetrachloride is miscible with alcohol, benzene, carbon disulfide, chloroform, ether, petroleum ether, and solvent naphtha, (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2001; Lewis, 2000). It is soluble in acetone (HSDB , 2002).
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- log Kow = 2.64 (ACGIH, 1996)
- log Kow = 2.83 (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 2002)
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- 2.76x10(-2) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)
- 3.04x 10(-2) atm-m(3)/mol (at 24.8 degrees C) (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 2002)
SPECTRAL CONSTANTS
OTHER/PHYSICAL
>10 ppm in air (ACGIH, 1996) 10 ppm in air; 0.52 mg/L in water (Sittig, 1991) Recognition in air: 2.14x10 ppm (chemically pure) (HSDB , 2002) Recognition in water: 50 mg/L (HSDB , 2002) Approximately 79 ppm; odor strong at 176 ppm (Bingham et al, 2001)
1.46305 (at 15 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001) 1.4607 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2001)
- LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION
-REFERENCES
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY- 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
- 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
- 62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.
- 65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.
- 67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.
- 68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.
- 69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.
- ACGIH: 1996 Supplements to the Sixth Edition of the ACGIH Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1996a.
- ACGIH: 2000 Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 2000.
- ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices (Supplement), 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1996.
- ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1991.
- AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.
- AMA: Council on Scientific Affairs: Effects of Toxic Chemicals on the Reproductive System, American Medical Association, Chicago, IL, 1985.
- ATSDR: Carbon Tetrachloride (update), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Dept of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, 1994.
- Adachi A & Kobayashi T: Simple method of removing chloroform and carbon tetrachloride from laboratory wastewater. Jpn J Toxicol Environ Health 1993; 39:63-67.
- Alaspaa AO, Kuisma MJ, Hoppu K, et al: Out-of-hospital administration of activated charcoal by emergency medical services. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45:207-12.
- Amacher DE & Zelljadt I: Carcinogenesis 1983; 4:291-296.
- American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.
- Anon: Republique Francaise Patent No 7.688M (Institut National de la Propriete Industrielle). Societe D'Etudes et de Recherches Pharmaceutiques (E.R.P.H.A.R.) (Feb 16), 1970.
- Ansell-Edmont: SpecWare Chemical Application and Recommendation Guide. Ansell-Edmont. Coshocton, OH. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.ansellpro.com/specware. As accessed 10/31/2001.
- Araki A, Kamigaito N, Sasaki T, et al: Mutagenicity of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537, and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA/pKM101 and WP2/pKM101, using a gas exposure method. Environ Mol Mutagen 2004; 43:128-133.
- Ashford R: Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, Wavelength Publications Ltd, London, England, 1994.
- Athanasiou K & Kyrtopoulos SA: NATO Adv Study Inst Ser, Ser A 1981; 40:557-562.
- Bagnasco FM, Stringer B, & Muslim AM: Carbon tetrachloride poisoning -- radiographic findings. State J Med 1978; 78:646-647.
- Bai CL, Canfield PJ, & Stacey NH: Individual serum bile acids as early indicators of carbon tetrachloride- and chloroform-induced liver injury. Toxicology 1992; 75:221-234.
- Barlow SM & Sullivan FM: Reproductive Hazards of Industrial Chemicals, Academic Press, London, UK, 1982, pp 200-211.
- Bata Shoe Company: Industrial Footwear Catalog, Bata Shoe Company, Belcamp, MD, 1995.
- Bermudez E: Environ Mutagen 1982; 4:667-679.
- Best Manufacturing: ChemRest Chemical Resistance Guide. Best Manufacturing. Menlo, GA. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.chemrest.com. As accessed 10/8/2002.
- Best Manufacturing: Degradation and Permeation Data. Best Manufacturing. Menlo, GA. 2004. Available from URL: http://www.chemrest.com/DomesticPrep2/. As accessed 04/09/2004.
- Bingham E, Cohrssen B, & Powell CH: Patty's Toxicology, Vol 5. 5th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 2001b.
- Bioulac P, Despuyoos L, & Bedin C: Decreased acute hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride and bromobenzene by cholestyramine in the rat. Gastroenterol 1981; 81:520-526.
- Bond GG, Cook RR, & Wight PC: A case-control study of brain tumor mortality at a Texas chemical plant. J Occup Med 1983; 25:77-86.
- Boss Manufacturing Company: Work Gloves, Boss Manufacturing Company, Kewanee, IL, 1998.
- Bouhouch R, El Houari T, Fellat I, et al: Pharmacological therapy in children with nodal reentry tachycardia: when, how and how long to treat the affected patients. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14(8):766-769.
- Bruckner JV, MacKenzie WF, & Muralidhara S: Oral toxicity of carbon tetrachloride: acute, subacute, and subchronic studies in rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1986; 6:16-34.
- Bruckner JV, Ramanathan R, & Lee KM: Mechanisms of circadian rhythmicity of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300:273-281.
- Budavari S: The Merck Index, 12th ed, Merck & Co, Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996, pp 297.
- Budavari S: The Merck Index, 12th ed. on CD-ROM. Version 12:3a. Chapman & Hall/CRCnetBASE. Whitehouse Station, NJ. 2000.
- Burgess JL, Kirk M, Borron SW, et al: Emergency department hazardous materials protocol for contaminated patients. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2):205-212.
- Burk RF, Lane JM, & Patel K: Relationship of oxygen and glutathione in protection against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation and covalent binding in the rat. J Clin Invest 1984; 74:1996-2001.
- Burk RF, Reiter R, & Lane JM: Hyperbaric oxygen protection against carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity in the rat. Gastroenterol 1986; 90:812-818.
- Burkhart KK, Hall AH, & Gerace R: Hyperbaric oxygen treatment for carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Drug Safety 1991; 6:332-338.
- CHRIS : CHRIS Hazardous Chemical Data. US Department of Transportation, US Coast Guard. Washington, DC (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- Campo GM, Avenoso A, Campo S, et al: Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin-4-sulphate treatment reduces damage in carbon tetrachloride-induced acute rat liver failure. Life Sci 2004; 74:1289-1305.
- Carlier B, Schroeder E, & Mahieu P: A rapidly and spontaneously reversible Goodpasture's syndrone after carbon tetrachloride inhalation. ACTA Clin Belg 1980; 35:193-198.
- Chatterjee A: Experientia 1966; 22:395-396.
- ChemFab Corporation: Chemical Permeation Guide Challenge Protective Clothing Fabrics, ChemFab Corporation, Merrimack, NH, 1993.
- Christensen KY, Vizcaya D, Richardson H, et al: Risk of selected cancers due to occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents in a case-control study in Montreal. J Occup Environ Med 2013; 55(2):198-208.
- Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, et al: Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2005; 43(2):61-87.
- Clayton GD & Clayton FE: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Volume 2D. Toxicology, 4th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1994.
- Comasec Safety, Inc.: Chemical Resistance to Permeation Chart. Comasec Safety, Inc.. Enfield, CT. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.comasec.com/webcomasec/english/catalogue/mtabgb.html. As accessed 4/28/2003.
- Comasec Safety, Inc.: Product Literature, Comasec Safety, Inc., Enfield, CT, 2003a.
- Condie LW, Laurie RD, & Mills T: Effect of gavage vehicle on hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride in CD-1 mice: Corn oil versus Tween-60 aqueous emulsion. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1986; 7:199-206.
- Cornish HH: Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1973; 34:487-492.
- Cutrin C, Menino MJ, & Carballo C: Nifedipine in rat liver cirrhosis. Vet Hum Toxicol 1994; 36:14-16.
- Cutrin C, Menino MJ, & Otero X: Effect of nifedipine and S-adenosylmethionine in the liver of rats treated with CC14 and ethanol for one month. Life Sci 1992; 51:PL113-118.
- Czaja MJ, Xu J, & Alt E: Prevention of carbon tetrachloride-induced rat liver injury by soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor. Gastroenterology 1995; 108:1849-1854.
- DFG: List of MAK and BAT Values 2002, Report No. 38, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 2002.
- Dagnone D, Matsui D, & Rieder MJ: Assessment of the palatability of vehicles for activated charcoal in pediatric volunteers. Pediatr Emerg Care 2002; 18:19-21.
- Dally S, Garnier R, & Bismuth C: Diagnosis of chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning by x-ray examination. Br J Ind Med 1987; 44:424-425.
- Dalu A, Warbritton A, & Bucci TJ: Age-related susceptibility to chlordecone-potentiated carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity and lethality is due to hepatic quiescence. Pediatr Res 1995; 38:140-148.
- Dambrauskas T & Cornish HH: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1970; 17:83-97.
- De Heer K, Sauer HD, & Werner B: Protective effects of cholestyramine on liver cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in the rat. Gut 1980; 21:860-865.
- Deer HM, McJilton CE, & Harein PK: Respiratory exposure of grain inspection workers to carbon tetrachloride fumigant. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1987; 48:586-593.
- Deguchi T: Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Igaku Zasshi 1972; 21:187-209.
- Delaney B & Kaminski NE: Induction of serum borne immunomodulatory factors in B6C3F1 mice by carbon tetrachloride -- exposure to carbon tetrachloride produces an increase in B-cell number and function. Toxicology 1994; 88:201-212.
- Deng J-F, Wang J-D, & Shih T-S: Outbreak of carbon tetrachloride poisoning in a color printing factory related to the use of isopropyl alcohol and an air conditioning system in Taiwan. Am J Ind Med 1987; 12:11-19.
- Disilvestro RA & Carlson GP: Effects of mild zinc deficiency, plus or minus acute phase response, on CCl4 hepatotoxicity. Free Radical Biol Med 1994; 16:57-61.
- Doong RA & Wu SC: Reductive dechlorination of chlorinated hydrocarbons in aqueous solutions containing ferrous and sulfide ions. Chemosphere 1992; 24:1063-1075.
- Douglas BH & Clower BR: Am J Obstet Gynecol 1968; 102:236-239.
- Dowty BJ: Ped IATR Res 1976; 10:696-701.
- Dragun J: The Soil Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute, Silver Spring, MD, 1988.
- Dreisbach RH & Robertson WO: Diagnosis & evaluation of poisoning, in: Handbook of Poisoning, 12th Ed, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1987.
- DuPont: DuPont Suit Smart: Interactive Tool for the Selection of Protective Apparel. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2002. Available from URL: http://personalprotection.dupont.com/protectiveapparel/suitsmart/smartsuit2/na_english.asp. As accessed 10/31/2002.
- DuPont: Permeation Guide for DuPont Tychem Protective Fabrics. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2003. Available from URL: http://personalprotection.dupont.com/en/pdf/tyvektychem/pgcomplete20030128.pdf. As accessed 4/26/2004.
- DuPont: Permeation Test Results. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2002a. Available from URL: http://www.tyvekprotectiveapprl.com/databases/default.htm. As accessed 7/31/2002.
- EPA: Search results for Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Chemicals. US Environmental Protection Agency, Substance Registry System, U.S. EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.epa.gov/srs/.
- ERG: Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident, U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Washington, DC, 2004.
- Elliot CG, Colby TV, & Kelly TM: Charcoal lung. Bronchiolitis obliterans after aspiration of activated charcoal. Chest 1989; 96:672-674.
- FDA: Poison treatment drug product for over-the-counter human use; tentative final monograph. FDA: Fed Register 1985; 50:2244-2262.
- Finkel AJ: Hamilton and Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 4th ed, John Wright, PSG Inc, Boston, MA, 1983.
- Fogel RP, Davidman M, & Poleski MH: Carbon tetrachloride poisoning treated with hemodialysis and total parenteral nutrition. Canad Med Assoc J 1983; 128:560-561.
- Folland DS: JAMA 1976; 236:1853-1856.
- Francavilla A, Albano O, & Meduri B: Effect of CCl4 on mitochondrial oxidation and ATP levels in rat liver. Clin Chem ACTA 1970; 30:415-419.
- Freeman HM: Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY, 1989.
- Frey HH & Geipel M: Zeitschr Ges Hyg Grenzgeb 1975; 21:196-199.
- Gardner GH: Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1924; 36:107-133.
- Ghezzi Laurenzi R, Locatelli C, & Brucato A: N-acetylcysteine: A proposal for therapy in acute poisonong (sic) due to highly hepatotoxic organic solvents (Abstract), III World Congress of the World Federation of Associations of Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centres, Brussels, Belgium, 1986.
- Glatzel W: Wiss Z Martin Luther Univ Halle-Wittenberg Math-Naturwiss Reihe 1972; 21:91-97.
- Golej J, Boigner H, Burda G, et al: Severe respiratory failure following charcoal application in a toddler. Resuscitation 2001; 49:315-318.
- Graff GR, Stark J, & Berkenbosch JW: Chronic lung disease after activated charcoal aspiration. Pediatrics 2002; 109:959-961.
- Grant WM & Schuman RS: Toxicology of the Eye, 4th ed, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1993.
- Greim H: Arch Toxicol 1977; 39:159-169.
- Guardian Manufacturing Group: Guardian Gloves Test Results. Guardian Manufacturing Group. Willard, OH. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.guardian-mfg.com/guardianmfg.html. As accessed 12/11/2001.
- Guenther Skokan E, Junkins EP, & Corneli HM: Taste test: children rate flavoring agents used with activated charcoal. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001; 155:683-686.
- HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 1999; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 2000; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 2004; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- Hadi SF & El Mikatti N: Acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Intensive Care Med 1981; 7:203-204.
- Hamlin GP, Kholkute SD, & Dukelow WR: Toxicology of maternally ingested carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) on embryonal and fetal development and in vitro fertilization in mice. Zool Sci 1993; 10:111-116.
- Harbison RM: Hamilton and Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 5th ed, Mosby, St. Louis, MO, 1998.
- Harris CR & Filandrinos D: Accidental administration of activated charcoal into the lung: aspiration by proxy. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:1470-1473.
- Hasumura Y: Gastroenterol 1974; 66:415-422.
- Hathaway GH, Proctor NH, & Hughes JP: Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, 4th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1996a.
- Hathaway GJ, Proctor NH, & Hughes JP: Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, 3rd ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1991, pp 144-146.
- Hathaway GJ, Proctor NH, & Hughes JP: Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, 4th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1996.
- Hayes WJ Jr: Pesticides Studied in Man, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1982.
- Hernberg S: Internat Arch Occup Environ Health 1984; 54:147-153.
- Howard PH, Boethling RS, & Jarvis WF: Handbook of Environmental Degradation Rates, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1991.
- Howard PH: Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals. Volume II: Solvents, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1990.
- IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: 1,3-Butadiene, Ethylene Oxide and Vinyl Halides (Vinyl Fluoride, Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Bromide), 97, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2008.
- IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, 88, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2006.
- IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Household Use of Solid Fuels and High-temperature Frying, 95, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010a.
- IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines, 89, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2007.
- IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures, 92, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010.
- IARC: List of all agents, mixtures and exposures evaluated to date - IARC Monographs: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, Volumes 1-88, 1972-PRESENT. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, FranceAvailable from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/monoeval/crthall.html. As accessed Oct 07, 2004.
- ICAO: Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, 2003-2004. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2002.
- ILC Dover, Inc.: Ready 1 The Chemturion Limited Use Chemical Protective Suit, ILC Dover, Inc., Frederica, DE, 1998.
- IPCS: International Programme on Chemical Safety. Carbon Tetrachloride Health and Safety Guide, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1998.
- IPCS: International Programme on Chemical Safety. Environmental Health Criteria 208, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1999.
- ITI: Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual, The International Technical Information Institute, Tokyo, Japan, 1995.
- Imaizumi Y, Katoh M, & Sugimoto T: Effect of malotilate (diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate) on the protein synthesis in rat liver. Jpn J Pharmacol 1982; 32:369-375.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: list of classifications, volumes 1-116. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Lyon, France. 2016. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/latest_classif.php. As accessed 2016-08-24.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. 2015. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/. As accessed 2015-08-06.
- Johnson BP, Meredith TJ, & Vale JA: Cerebellar dysfunction after acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Lancet 1983; 2:968.
- Kalf GF, Post GB, & Snyder R: Solvent toxicology: Recent advances in the toxicology of benzene, the glycol ethers, and carbon tetrachloride. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1987; 27:399-427.
- Kappler, Inc.: Suit Smart. Kappler, Inc.. Guntersville, AL. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.kappler.com/suitsmart/smartsuit2/na_english.asp?select=1. As accessed 7/10/2001.
- Kimberly-Clark, Inc.: Chemical Test Results. Kimberly-Clark, Inc.. Atlanta, GA. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.kc-safety.com/tech_cres.html. As accessed 10/4/2002.
- Kleinman ME, Chameides L, Schexnayder SM, et al: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 14: pediatric advanced life support. Circulation 2010; 122(18 Suppl.3):S876-S908.
- Koppel C: Carbon Tetrachloride poisoning (Letter). Lancet 1985; 1:1335-1336.
- Kriegmanking MR & Reinhard M: Transformation of carbon tetrachloride in the presence of sulfide, biotite, and vermiculite. Environ Sci Technol 1992; 26:2198-2206.
- Kubic VL & Anders MW: Metabolism of carbon tetrachloride to phosgene. Life Sci 1980; 26:2151-2155.
- LaCrosse-Rainfair: Safety Products, LaCrosse-Rainfair, Racine, WI, 1997.
- Landon EJ, Naukam RJ, & Rama Sastry BV: Effects of calcium channel blocking agents on calcium and centrilobular necrosis in the liver of rats treated with heptotoxic agents. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35:697-705.
- Larcan A, Laprevote-Heully M-C, & Lambert H: Intoxication par ingestion d'une dose massive de tetrachlorure de carbone. Guerison en relation probable avec une oxygenotherapie hyperbare precoce. J Eur Toxicol 1973; 6:286-289.
- Lewis RA: Lewis' Dictionary of Toxicology, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1998.
- Lewis RJ: Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 14th ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, NY, 2001.
- Lewis RJ: Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 10th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 2000.
- Lewis RJ: Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 9th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1996.
- Lewis TA & Crawford RL: Physiological factors affecting carbon tetrachloride dehalogenation by the denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas sp strain KC. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:1635-1641.
- Liang LN & Grbiogalic D: Biotransformation of chlorinated aliphatic solvents in the presence of aromatic compounds under methanogenic conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 1993; 12:1377-1393.
- Link MS, Berkow LC, Kudenchuk PJ, et al: Part 7: Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2015; 132(18 Suppl 2):S444-S464.
- Loraine GA: Short wavelength ultraviolet photolysis of aqueous carbon tetrachloride. Hazard Waste Mater 1993; 10:185-194.
- Luedtke SA, Kuhn RJ, & McCaffrey FM: Pharmacologic management of supraventricular tachycardias in children. Part 2: Atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and junctional and atrial ectopic tachycardia. Ann Pharmacother 1997; 31(11):1347-1359.
- MAPA Professional: Chemical Resistance Guide. MAPA North America. Columbia, TN. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.mapaglove.com/pro/ChemicalSearch.asp. As accessed 4/21/2003.
- MAPA Professional: Chemical Resistance Guide. MAPA North America. Columbia, TN. 2004. Available from URL: http://www.mapaglove.com/ProductSearch.cfm?id=1. As accessed 6/10/2004.
- Mahieu P, Geubel A, & Rahier J: Potentiation of carbon-tetrachloride hepato-nephrotoxicity by phenobarbital in man, a case report. Internat J Clin Pharm Res 1983; III:427-430.
- Mandapati R , Byrum CJ , Kavey RE , et al: Procainamide for rate control of postsurgical junctional tachycardia. Pediatr Cardiol 2000; 21(2):123-128.
- Manno M & Rezzadore M: Critical role of ethanol abuse in carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Lancet 1994; 343:232-233.
- Manno M, Rezzadore M, & Grossi M: Potentiation of occupational carbon tetrachloride toxicity by ethanol abuse. Hum Exp Toxicol 1996; 15:294-300.
- Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc: Product Literature, Protective Apparel, Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc., McBee, SC, 1995.
- Marigold Industrial: US Chemical Resistance Chart, on-line version. Marigold Industrial. Norcross, GA. 2003. Available from URL: www.marigoldindustrial.com/charts/uschart/uschart.html. As accessed 4/14/2003.
- Martinez-Calva I, Campos-Apaez A, & Rosales-Vega E: Vitamin E improves membrane lipid alterations induced by CCl4 intoxication. J Appl Toxicol 1984; 4:270-272.
- Marzella L, Muhvich K, & Myers RAM: Effect of hyperoxia on liver necrosis induced by hepatotoxins. Virchows Arch (Cell Pathol) 1986; 51:497-507.
- Mathieson PW, Williams G, & MacSweeney JE: Survival after massive ingestion of carbon tetrachloride treated by intravenous infusion of acetylcysteine. Human Toxicol 1985; 4:627-631.
- McDermott WV & Hardy HL: J Occup Med 1963; 5:249-251.
- Mehendale HM: Amplified interactive toxicity of chemicals at nontoxic levels - mechanistic considerations and implications to public health. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102(S9):139-149.
- Mehendale HM: Potentiation of halomethane hepatotoxicity: chlordecone and carbon tetrachloride. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1984; 4:295-308.
- Memphis Glove Company: Permeation Guide. Memphis Glove Company. Memphis, TN. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.memphisglove.com/permeation.html. As accessed 7/2/2001.
- Merola L, Bimonte D, & Cacciatore L: Observazioni sulla influenza della ossigenazione iperbarica sulla intossicazione acute del topo da CCl4. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1967; 43:1760-1762.
- Mirsalis JC: Environ Mutagen 1982; 4:553-562.
- Moeller W: Wissensch Zeitschr Univ Hall Druck 1973; 23:83-88.
- Montani S & Perret CI: Oxygenation hyperbare dans l'intoxication experimentale au tetrachlorure de carbon. Rev Franc Etudes Clin Biol 1967; 12:274-278.
- Montgomery Safety Products: Montgomery Safety Products Chemical Resistant Glove Guide, Montgomery Safety Products, Canton, OH, 1995.
- Mourelle M, Villalon C, & Amezcua JL: Protective effect of colchicine on acute liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride. J Hepatol 1988; 6:337-342.
- NFPA: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 12th ed, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1997.
- NFPA: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13th ed, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2002a.
- NFPA: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13th ed., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2002.
- NIOSH : Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 1, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2001.
- NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 2, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2002.
- NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 3, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2003.
- NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 4, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2004.
- Nat-Wear: Protective Clothing, Hazards Chart. Nat-Wear. Miora, NY. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.natwear.com/hazchart1.htm. As accessed 7/12/2001.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Butylene Oxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648083cdbb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Dibromoethane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802796db&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 2-Ethylhexyl Chloroformate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037904e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Acrylonitrile (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648028e6a3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Adamsite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Agent BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ad507&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Allyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039d9ee&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Arsenic Trioxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480220305&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Automotive Gasoline Unleaded (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cc17&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Biphenyl (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1b7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bis-Chloromethyl Ether (BCME) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648022db11&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Boron Tribromide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae1d3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromine Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039732a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromoacetone (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187bf&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Calcium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae328&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Sulfide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037ff26&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Chlorobenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803a52bb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Cyanogen (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187fe&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Dimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbf3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Diphenylchloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091884e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Phosphorodichloridate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480920347&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809203e7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hexafluoropropylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1f5&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Malathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809639df&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Mercury Vapor (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a087&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Isothiocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a03&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a57&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802a4985&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methylchlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5f4&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c646&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN1 CAS Reg. No. 538-07-8) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN2 CAS Reg. No. 51-75-2) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN3 CAS Reg. No. 555-77-1) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Tetroxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091855b&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Trifluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008o. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e32&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perchloryl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e268&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perfluoroisobutylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008p. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dd58&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020cc0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phorate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008q. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dcc8&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene (Draft-Revised). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a08a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene Oxime (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26d&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Propargyl Alcohol (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec91&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Silane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d523&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Strontium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sulfuryl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec7a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tear Gas (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008s. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e551&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tellurium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e2a1&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tert-Octyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008r. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5c7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tetramethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-17.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7d608&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethylacetyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008t. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5cc&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Zinc Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for n-Butyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064808f9591&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, 2007.
- National Research Council : Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 5, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2007.
- National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 6, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2008.
- National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 7, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2009.
- National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 8, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2010.
- Neese Industries, Inc.: Fabric Properties Rating Chart. Neese Industries, Inc.. Gonzales, LA. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.neeseind.com/new/TechGroup.asp?Group=Fabric+Properties&Family=Technical. As accessed 4/15/2003.
- Nehoda H, Wieser K, & Koller I: Recurrent liver failure with severe rhabdomyolysis after liver transplantation for carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Hepatogastroenterology 1998; 45:191-195.
- Neumar RW , Otto CW , Link MS , et al: Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2010a; 122(18 Suppl 3):S729-S767.
- Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, et al: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support. Circulation 2010; 122(18 Suppl.3):S729-S767.
- New PS, Lubash GD, & Scherr L: Acute renal failure associated with carbon tetrachloride intoxication. JAMA 1962; 181:903-906.
- Noll T & De Groot H: The critical steady-state hypoxic conditions in carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. Biochem Biophys Acta 1984; 795:356-362.
- None Listed: Position paper: cathartics. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42(3):243-253.
- North: Chemical Resistance Comparison Chart - Protective Footwear . North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.linkpath.com/index2gisufrm.php?t=N-USA1. As accessed April 30, 2004.
- North: eZ Guide Interactive Software. North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002a. Available from URL: http://www.northsafety.com/feature1.htm. As accessed 8/31/2002.
- O'Donoghue JL: Neurotoxicity of Industrial and Commercial Chemicals, Vol I, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1985.
- OHM/TADS : Oil and Hazardous Materials/Technical Assistance Data System. US Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- OHM/TADS: Oil and Hazardous Materials Technical Assistance Data System. US Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C. (Internet Version). Edition expires 2004; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- Oehme FW: Carbon tetrachloride, in: Robinson NE (Ed): Current Veterinary Therapy in Equine Medicine. 2, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1987.
- Page DA & Carlson GP: The role of the intestinal tract in the elimination of carbon tetrachloride. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1994; 124:268-274.
- Paliard P, Motin J, & Evreux J: Les hepatities toxiques graves. Sem Hosp Paris 1969; 45:2077-2084.
- Peberdy MA , Callaway CW , Neumar RW , et al: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science. Part 9: post–cardiac arrest care. Circulation 2010; 122(18 Suppl 3):S768-S786.
- Perez AJ, Courel M, & Sobrado J: Acute renal failure after topical application of carbon tetrachloride. Lancet 1987; 1:515-516.
- Peters HA, Levine RL, & Matthews CG: Synergistic neurotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride/carbon disulfide (80/20 fumigants) and other pesticides in grain storage workers. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1986; 59(Suppl 7):535-546.
- Piyachaturawat P, Kingkaeohoi S, & Toskulkao C: Potentiation of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity by piperine. Drug Chem Toxicol 1995; 18:333-344.
- Plaa GL: Experimental evaluation of haloalkanes and liver injury. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1988; 10:563-570.
- Playtex: Fits Tough Jobs Like a Glove, Playtex, Westport, CT, 1995.
- Pohanish RP & Greene SA: Rapid Guide to Chemical Incompatibilities, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1997.
- Pollack MM, Dunbar BS, & Holbrook PR: Aspiration of activated charcoal and gastric contents. Ann Emerg Med 1981; 10:528-529.
- Proctor NH & Hughes JP: Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA, 1978, pp 153-154.
- Proctor NH, Hughes JP, & Fischman ML: Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, 2nd ed, JB Lippincott Co, Philadelphia, PA, 1988.
- Product Information: BREVIBLOC(TM) intravenous injection, esmolol HCl intravenous injection. Baxter Healthcare Corporation (per FDA), Deerfield, IL, 2012.
- Product Information: Cordarone(R) oral tablets, amiodarone HCl oral tablets. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc (per FDA), Philadelphia, PA, 2015.
- Product Information: Lidocaine HCl intravenous injection solution, lidocaine HCl intravenous injection solution. Hospira (per manufacturer), Lake Forest, IL, 2006.
- Product Information: dopamine hcl, 5% dextrose IV injection, dopamine hcl, 5% dextrose IV injection. Hospira,Inc, Lake Forest, IL, 2004.
- Product Information: norepinephrine bitartrate injection, norepinephrine bitartrate injection. Sicor Pharmaceuticals,Inc, Irvine, CA, 2005.
- Product Information: procainamide HCl IV, IM injection solution, procainamide HCl IV, IM injection solution. Hospira, Inc (per DailyMed), Lake Forest, IL, 2011.
- Product Information: propranolol HCl IV injection, propranolol HCl IV injection. Bedford Laboratories (per DailyMed), Bedford, OH, 2008.
- RTECS : Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 1988; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- RTECS : Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 1999; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- RTECS : Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 2000; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- RTECS : Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- Ramkumar KM, Rajesh R, & Anuradha CV: Food restriction attenuates blood lipid peroxidation in carbon tetrachloride -intoxicated rats. Nutrition 2003; 19:358-362.
- Rapin M, Got C, & LeGall JR: Effet de l'oxygene hyperbare sur la toxicite du tetrachlorure de carbone chez le rat. Rev Franc Etudes Clin et Biol 1967; 12:594-599.
- Ratnasamy C, Rossique-Gonzalez M, & Young ML: Pharmacological therapy in children with atrioventricular reentry: which drug?. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14(8):753-761.
- Rau NR, Nagaraj MV, Prakash PS, et al: Fatal pulmonary aspiration of oral activated charcoal. Br Med J 1988; 297:918-919.
- Recknagel RO, Glende EA Jr, & Dolak JA: Mechanisms of carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Pharmacol Ther 1989; 43:139-154.
- Reuber MD & Glover EL: J Nat Cancer Inst 1970; 44:419-427.
- Ritter C, Reinke A, Andrades M, et al: Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine and deferoxamine on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatic failure in rats. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:2079-2084.
- River City: Protective Wear Product Literature, River City, Memphis, TN, 1995.
- Roberts SM, Harbison RD, & Seng JE: Potentiation of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity by phenylpropanolamine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991; 111:175-188.
- Romero G, Lasheras B, & Saint Suberviola L: Protective effects of calcium channel blockers on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver toxicity. Life Sci 1994; 55:981-990.
- Ruprah M, Mant TGK, & Flanagan RJ: Acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning in 19 patients: Implications for diagnosis and treatment. Lancet 1985; 1:1027-1029.
- Safety 4: North Safety Products: Chemical Protection Guide. North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.safety4.com/guide/set_guide.htm. As accessed 8/14/2002.
- Seifert WF, Bosma A, & Brouwer A: Vitamin-A deficiency potentiates carbon tetrachloride induced liver fibrosis in rats. Hepatology 1994; 19:193-201.
- Semprini L, Hopkins GD, & Mccarty PL: In situ transformation of carbon tetrachloride and other halogenated compounds resulting from biostimulation under anoxic conditions. Environ Sci Technol 1992; 26:2454-2461.
- Servus: Norcross Safety Products, Servus Rubber, Servus, Rock Island, IL, 1995.
- Sharma GP & Anand RK: Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B 1984; 54:61-67.
- Shen ES, Garry VF, & Anders MW: Effect of hypoxia on carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 1982; 31:3787-3793.
- Simko V, Michael S, & Katz J: Protective effect of oral acetylcysteine against the hepatorenal toxicity of carbon tetrachloride potentiated by ethyl alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992; 16:795-799.
- Simmons JE, McDonald A, & Seely JC: Potentiation of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity by inhaled methanol - time course of injury and recovery. J Toxicol Environ Health 1995; 46:203-216.
- Sittig M: Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 3rd ed, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1991.
- Smith AR: Arch Indus Hyg Occup Med 1950; 1:348-351.
- Smith AR: Monthly Review. NY State Dept Labor, Div Indus Hyg Safety Stds 1947; 26:41-42.
- Souheil L: XII Internat Congr Occup Health, 1960.
- Spiller HA & Rogers GC: Evaluation of administration of activated charcoal in the home. Pediatrics 2002; 108:E100.
- Stacey NH, Ottenwalder H, & Kappus H: CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes with different oxygen concentrations. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1982; 62:421-427.
- Standard Safety Equipment: Product Literature, Standard Safety Equipment, McHenry, IL, 1995.
- Steinhauer LS, Joyave JL, & Davidson CP: Inhibition of carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity by dantrolene sodium. Res Comm Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1986; 52:59-70.
- Steup D, Wiersma D, & McMillan DA: Pretreatment with drinking water solutions containing trichloroethylene or chloroform enhances the hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride in Fischer 344 rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1991; 16:798-809.
- Stewart A & Witts LJ: Br J Ind Med 1944; 1:11-19.
- Straus B: JAMA 1954; 155:737-739.
- Suarez KA & Bhonsle P: Enchanced hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride following sodium nitrite pretreatment. Arch Internat Pharmacodyn 1978; 234:329-334.
- Takizawa S: Gann 1975; 66:603-614.
- Tatara GM, Dybas MJ, & Criddle CS: Effects of medium and trace metals on kinetics of carbon tetrachloride transformation by pseudomonas sp strain-KC. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:2126-2131.
- Teschke R, Vierke W, & Gellert J: Effect of ethanol on carbon tetrachloride levels and hepatotoxicity after acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Arch Toxicol 1984; 56:78-82.
- Thakore S & Murphy N: The potential role of prehospital administration of activated charcoal. Emerg Med J 2002; 19:63-65.
- Thomas CE & Aust SD: Free radicals and environmental toxins. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15:1075-1083.
- Thompson RS, DeRooij C, Garny V, et al: Carbon tetrachloride marine risk assessment with special reference to the OSPARCOM region: North Sea. Environ Monit Assess 2004; 97(1-3):23-38.
- Tingley: Chemical Degradation for Footwear and Clothing. Tingley. South Plainfield, NJ. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.tingleyrubber.com/tingley/Guide_ChemDeg.pdf. As accessed 10/16/2002.
- Tombolini A & Cingolani M: Fatal accidental ingestion of carbon tetrachloride - a postmortem distribution study. J Forensic Sci 1996; 41:166-168.
- Tracey JP & Sherlock P: State J Med 1968; 68:2202-2204.
- Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.: Chemical and Biological Tests (database). Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.. Portsmouth, NH. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.trelleborg.com/protective/. As accessed 10/18/2002.
- Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.: Trellchem Chemical Protective Suits, Interactive manual & Chemical Database. Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.. Portsmouth, NH. 2001.
- Truss C & Killenberg P: Treatment of carbon tetrachloride poisoning with hyperbaric oxygen. Gastroenterol 1982; 82:767-769.
- Tsirelnikov Ni & Dobrovolskaya SG: Bull Eksp Biol Med 1973; 76:95-97.
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management: Protective Action Criteria (PAC) with AEGLs, ERPGs, & TEELs: Rev. 26 for chemicals of concern. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.hss.doe.gov/HealthSafety/WSHP/Chem_Safety/teel.html. As accessed 2011-06-27.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project : 11th Report on Carcinogens. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/INDEXA5E1.HTM?objectid=32BA9724-F1F6-975E-7FCE50709CB4C932. As accessed 2011-06-27.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification species, container residues, and spill residues thereof. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities 2010b; 40CFR(261.33, e-f):77-.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2011. Available from URL: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm?fuseaction=iris.showSubstanceList&list_type=date. As accessed 2011-06-21.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of Radionuclides. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010a. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: The list of extremely hazardous substances and their threshold planning quantities (CAS Number Order). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010c. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-part355.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.
- U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Part 1910 - Occupational safety and health standards (continued) Occupational Safety, and Health Administration's (OSHA) list of highly hazardous chemicals, toxics and reactives. Subpart Z - toxic and hazardous substances. CFR 2010 2010; Vol6(SEC1910):7-.
- U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA): Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals. 29 CFR 2010 2010; 29(1910.119):348-.
- USDHHS: Case Studies in Environmental Medicine. USDHHS: Am Fam Phys 1992; 46:1199-1207.
- Uehleke H: Zenobiotica 1977; 7:393-400.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Vinyl Acetate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6af&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- Urben PG: Bretherick's Reactive Chemical Hazards Database, Version 3.0, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Oxford, UK, 1999.
- Vanden Hoek TL, Morrison LJ, Shuster M, et al: Part 12: cardiac arrest in special situations: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2010; 122(18 Suppl 3):S829-S861.
- Vanden Hoek,TL; Morrison LJ; Shuster M; et al: Part 12: Cardiac Arrest in Special Situations 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. American Heart Association. Dallas, TX. 2010. Available from URL: http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/122/18_suppl_3/S829. As accessed 2010-10-21.
- Veng-Pedersen P, Pausenbach DJ, & Carlson GP: A linear systems approach to analyzing the pharmacokinetics of carbon tetrachloride in the rat following repeated exposures at 8 and 11.5 h/day. Arch Toxicol 1987; 60:355-364.
- Verschueren K: Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 4th ed. CD-ROM version. Wiley-Interscience. Hoboken, NJ. 2001.
- Villarruel MC, Fernandez G, & de Ferreyra ED: Late preventive effects of trifluoperazine on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic necrosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1986; 83:287-293.
- Wakasugi J, Tawara K, & Katami K: Action of malotilate on reduced serum cholesterol level in rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage. Jpn J Pharmacol 1985; 38:391-401.
- Walsh EP , Saul JP , Sholler GF , et al: Evaluation of a staged treatment protocol for rapid automatic junctional tachycardia after operation for congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29(5):1046-1053.
- Wells Lamont Industrial: Chemical Resistant Glove Application Chart. Wells Lamont Industrial. Morton Grove, IL. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.wellslamontindustry.com. As accessed 10/31/2002.
- Wilcosky TC: Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1984; 45:809-811.
- Winek CL: Tabulation of therapeutic, toxic, and lethal concentrations of drugs and chemicals in blood. Clin Chem 1976; 22:832-836.
- Wirtschaffer ZT & Cronyn MW: Relative hepatotoxicity -- Pentane, trichloroethylene, benzene, carbon tetrachloride. Arch Environ Health 1964; 9:180-185.
- Workrite: Chemical Splash Protection Garments, Technical Data and Application Guide, W.L. Gore Material Chemical Resistance Guide, Workrite, Oxnard, CA, 1997.
- Yamamoto H-A & Sugihara N: Blood ammonia levels and hepatic encephalopathy induced by CCl4 in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1987; 91:461-468.
- de Caen AR, Berg MD, Chameides L, et al: Part 12: Pediatric Advanced Life Support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2015; 132(18 Suppl 2):S526-S542.
- von Oettingen WF: The halogenated hydrocarbons of industrial and toxicological importance, Elsevier Publishing Co, New York, NY, 1964, pp 107-170.
|