CARBON MONOXIDE

Carbon monoxide is used in chemical manufacturing to produce methanol and phosgene and in plastic synthesis. It also plays a role in organic synthesis, especially in the oxo reaction and the Fischer-Tropsch processes for petroleum-type products (Budavari, 2000; CGA, 1999; HSDB , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001).
Carbon monoxide is used in metallurgy in the Mond process to recover high-purity nickel from crude ore and for reducing oxides and special steels. It is used to obtain highly pure powdered metals and to form particular metal catalysts used to synthesize hydrocarbons or organic oxygenating compounds. It is also used in the manufacture of white zinc pigments (Budavari, 2000; CGA, 1999).
It is used in the manufacturing process for acids, esters, and hydroxy acids (acetic and propionic acids and their methyl esters), and glycolic acid (CGA, 1999).

FORMS

Carbon monoxide is sold for commercial and industrial use in grades of purity ranging from 98 to 99.9 percent (CGA, 1999).

SOURCES

SUMMARY

Natural sources of carbon monoxide in the environment include oxidation of atmospheric methane, release from the ocean (originating from deep-sea organisms), volcanoes, grass and forest fires, marsh gases, and electrical storms (Harbison, 1998). These processes account for approximately 90 percent of atmospheric CO (HSDB , 2001).
Incompletely combusted organic fuels will form carbon monoxide (Baselt, 2000). Automobile exhaust accounts for over half of manmade carbon monoxide. Industrial processes, space and water heaters, furnaces, and solid waste disposal procedures are also contributing sources (Harbison, 1998).

SOURCES OF EXPOSURE

SUMMARY

In one year, out of 90 cases of carbon monoxide exposure reported to one poison center, the sources of exposure were (Spiller, 1987):
Home 53.4%
School bus 29.4%
Automobile 13.3%
Work 7.8%
Other 1.1%
According to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) from 2001 to 2003, 64.3% of CO exposures were reported to occur in the home and 21.4% occurred in public facilities and areas (Anon, 2005).

ANESTHESIA

Three hospitals reported elevated blood COHb levels, detected by co-oximetry, in 26 patients undergoing surgery. Risk factors determined during a case-control analysis included operations performed on Monday or Tuesday, operations in a room routinely inactive during weekends, and use of anesthesia equipment that had not been used for 24 hours or more.

Exposure was believed to be secondary to an interaction between the anesthetic gas and the CO2 absorbent canister. Subsequently canisters were flushed with high flow oxygen for 60 seconds before each procedure and replaced if not used within 24 hours; no further exposures were documented (CDC, 1991).

In an animal study, inhalation of desflurane through a breathing circuit with dried CO2 adsorbents produced carbon monoxide poisoning (Woehlck & Dunning, 1998).
An adult developed CO poisoning after being ventilated with desflurane (Berry et al, 1999). Poisoning was considered to be secondary to CO being produced when desiccated carbon dioxide absorbent reacted with the anesthetic agent.

AUTOMOBILES

CATALYTIC CONVERTERS: The use of catalytic converters in automobiles has lessened the likelihood of death resulting from a suicide attempt via inhalation of exhaust fumes (Vossberg & Skolnick, 1999). Severity of intoxication may be less related to carboxyhemoglobin than to the duration of CO exposure and to the other constituents present in exhaust fumes.
PICK-UP TRUCKS: Children riding in the backs of pickup trucks may become exposed to CO fumes from the trucks' exhaust. Hampson & Norkool (1992) reported 20 cases. Fifteen became unconscious, one died, and one had permanent neurologic damage (Hampson & Norkool, 1992).
CLOGGED EXHAUST SYSTEMS: Carbon monoxide poisoning in humans has been associated with sitting in cars with snow-obstructed vehicle exhaust systems while the engine was running (CDC, 1996; Rao et al, 1997).
INADEQUATE VENTILATION: Unintentional deaths have been reported from motor vehicle exhaust exposure which resulted from the following: inadequately ventilated passenger compartment, operation of a motor vehicle in an enclosed space (e.g. garage, tunnel or parking garage) with poor ventilation, use of an auxiliary fuel-burning heater inside a passenger compartment or camper, and operation of a motor vehicle with a damaged or malfunctioning exhaust system (Anon, 1996; Omaye, 2002; Handa & Tai, 2005).
CAR WASHES: Four deaths due to CO poisoning have been associated with car washes in which the bay doors were closed by the patron during winter months (Carson & Stephens, 1999). In all cases, the individuals had taken mind-altering substances (e.g. alcohol, THC, amphetamines). One death was an apparent suicide in which the method appeared to be a copy of previously reported deaths in the local area.
According to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) from 2001 to 2003, involving 778 cases of CO exposures, 9% of cases were associated with motor vehicles (Anon, 2005).
A retrospective review, from the Virginia Mason Center for Hyperbaric Medicine in Seattle Washington, of 250 pediatric patients with CO poisoning over a 26-year period revealed that the most common source of carbon monoxide exposure was motor vehicles (34%) (Mendoza & Hampson, 2006).

CHARCOAL-BURNING BARBECUE

Food preparation using a charcoal-burning barbecue indoors may lead to carbon monoxide poisoning (Gasman et al, 1990; Sternbach & Varon, 1991). Clinical presentation and history may suggest a presumptive diagnosis of food poisoning.
Dozens of individuals developed symptoms of CO poisoning after visiting a Chinese restaurant where charcoal-pans were used to prepare fondue in an area with limited ventilation (Gauzere et al, 1999). Approximately 60 minutes after exposure the average COHb level ranged from 12% to 2% or less.
INTENTIONAL EXPOSURE: Several case reports of children intentionally exposed to carbon monoxide via burning charcoal (in a closed room or dwelling) have occurred in Hong Kong and Taiwan, in which parents sought to harm the child(ren) and themselves (Cho et al, 2008; Lee et al, 2002).
According to a retrospective review of pediatric carbon monoxide exposure, conducted by the Virginia Mason Center for Hyperbaric Medicine in Seattle, Washington, involving 250 pediatric patients over a 26-year-period, burning of charcoal briquettes was the second-most common source of CO exposure (24%), behind motor vehicles, however it was the most common source of CO exposure among 0 to 2-year-olds (40%; n=42) (Mendoza & Hampson, 2006).
Intentional exposure to carbon monoxide via charcoal burning is one of the most common methods of suicide in Asian countries, accounting for approximately 20% to 30% of all suicides in Hong Kong and Taiwan (Chen et al, 2015; Lee et al, 2014).

BOATING

OPEN AIR EXPOSURES/CASE SERIES: Individuals (both employees and boaters) were exposed to carbon monoxide during close proximity to operating motorboats located in a crowded channel. During the study, employees had CO exposures equal to or exceeding the NIOSH recommended exposure limit and 42 employees had post-shift %COHb levels that exceeded the ACGIH biologic exposure index (guidelines established to assist in the control of health hazards) of 3.5%. Cases of carbon monoxide poisoning, some fatal, had been reported in vacationers wading or boating in this channel (MMWR, 2003).
A 4-year-old girl developed carbon monoxide poisoning (venous COHb level of 22.2 percent on admission) after swimming behind a house boat anchored with a factory installed, gasoline fueled, electrical generator that vented 1 to 1.5 inches above the water surface at the stern of the boat (Easley, 2000).

COMBUSTION

Internal combustion engine exhaust fumes, malfunctioning home heating systems, gas hot water heaters, gas clothes dryers, charcoal and poorly vented wood/coal stoves, space heaters, gas and kerosene lanterns, and fires in buildings are common sources of carbon monoxide poisoning (ACGIH, 1991; Cook et al, 1995; Girman et al, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1991; Hawkes et al, 1998; Jones, 1997; Jumbelic, 1998; Lawrence L, Seger D & Bonfiglio F et al, 1995; 221.; Silvers & Hampson, 1995; Handa & Tai, 2005; Cho et al, 2008).
Winter storms which cause prolonged loss of heat and electricity can result in winter epidemics of CO poisoning from use of combustible materials indoors (particularly gasoline-powered generators or charcoal grills) (Lawrence L, Seger D & Bonfiglio F et al, 1995; 221.).
Common occupational exposures to CO occur in workers who operate internal combustion engines in areas lacking proper ventilation and in those who operate blast furnaces in steel manufacturing (ACGIH, 1991). Other such exposures occur in workers in mines, petroleum refineries, pulp mills, and boiler rooms (Bingham et al, 2001).
According to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) from 2001 to 2003, involving 778 cases of CO exposure, 18.5% of cases were associated with faulty furnaces, including oil, gas, and unspecified furnaces, 2.8% were associated with generators, and 1.9% were associated with space heaters(Anon, 2005).
According to a retrospective study, conducted at Tan Tock Seng Hospital in Singapore and involving 12 patients with a diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning from 1999 to 2003, the most common source of intentional poisoning was the gas stove (n=5) (Handa & Tai, 2005).
GAS GEYSER: A 21-year-old woman was found dead of carbon monoxide poisoning in a bathroom where a liquid petroleum gas fitted water heater, known as a gas geyser, had been installed. The bathroom was poorly ventilated without proper exhausts available for the release of combustion gases (Mohankumar et al, 2012).
UNDERGROUND UTILITY CABLE FIRES

Unintentional burning of underground utility cables (usually occurs when the rubber coating around the cable fails from normal wear, weather changes or deicing agents {eg, salt} used on roads) has resulted in a small number of CO poisonings. Due to the generally oxygen-poor environment found underground, incomplete combustion occurs which results in development of CO. Several case reports of underground utility cable fires in New York have resulted in CO seeping into surrounding buildings, which forced the evacuation of homes, public facilities, hospitals and a nursing center. Of note, because of the noxious smell given off by the burning rubber, the number of exposures is likely decreased as compared to more traditional CO-induced combustion exposures (MMWR, 2004).

FORMIC ACID COMBINED WITH SULFURIC ACID

CASE REPORT: A 26-year-old man was found dead in his car in a parking lot with the windows closed, the doors locked, and the car idling with occlusion of the gas exhaust. A 5-gallon bucket containing an unidentified clear boiling liquid was on the front passenger side floor, with a subsequent pH test of the liquid indicating a pH of 0. An empty container of a sulfuric acid-based drain opener and an empty container suspected to contain formic acid were also found in the car. Toxicologic analysis of the patient's heart blood indicated 85% carboxyhemoglobin. It is believed that the chemical reaction of formic acid and sulfuric acid in addition to the running engine and obstruction of the gas exhaust may have contributed to carbon monoxide poisoning of this patient (Lin & Dunn, 2014).

METABOLISM

Metabolism itself produces small quantities of carbon monoxide in the body, usually resulting in carboxyhemoglobin levels less than 1 percent of total hemoglobin (Bingham et al, 2001).

METHYLENE CHLORIDE

Inhalation of methylene chloride (dichloromethane) can produce carbon monoxide poisoning because methylene chloride is metabolized to CO in the liver. Carbon monoxide toxicity can occur some time after exposure from the slow release of methylene chloride from adipose tissue. Paint strippers are common methylene chloride-containing products (Bingham et al, 2001; Omaye, 2002).
PERSONAL DEFENSE SPRAYS: In some European countries, including Spain, a personal defense spray containing 49% methylene chloride as a solvent and 0.8% o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile has been manufactured (Duenas et al, 2000). Four individuals (1 adult, 3 children) developed CO poisoning following accidental discharge of the units and all required 100% normobaric oxygen. No permanent sequelae was reported.

OCCUPATIONAL

FIRE FIGHTERS: A high risk of CO poisoning exists for fire fighters who often enter enclosed spaces in structural fires. Use of respiratory protective gear can prevent lethal CO exposure, but are not routinely used in all phases of fire fighting (Bingham et al, 2001).
ACETYLENE GAS WELDING

A 23-year-old welder died of carbon monoxide poisoning following inhalation of carbon monoxide that had been trapped and then released from a previously acetylene gas welded pipe that he was venting after it had been installed as part of a heating system in a residential dwelling. The patient's carboxyhemoglobin concentration was 46% (Antonsson et al, 2013).

FORKLIFTS

WAREHOUSE WORKERS HEADACHE: Thirty workers in a warehouse in which a propane-fueled forklift was operating developed headache, difficulty concentrating, and confusion associated with increased levels of expired CO (Ely et al, 1994).
Liquefied petroleum gas-powered forklifts used in light industry were responsible for causing CO poisoning in workers (Anon, 1999). The forklifts were found to emit high CO concentrations while the warehouse was inadequately ventilated. Due to the vague symptoms, many workers did not seek appropriate treatment.

VEHICULAR: Virtually any work on or near an internal-combustion engine can involve carbon monoxide exposure. Some occupations included here are taxi, ambulance, bus and truck drivers, mechanics, toll booth operators, garage attendants and police officers (Bingham et al, 2001).

RESIDENTIAL DWELLINGS

CO poisoning occurred in two adults after carbon monoxide was found trapped in a pocket under the foundation of their home which was presumed to be due to the use of explosives at a nearby rain sewer construction site (Auger et al, 1999).
A fatal case of CO poisoning was reported in an adult due to a faulty electrical storage heater. Examination revealed that the cast-iron core or "blocks" and insulating material (ceramic, not shown to contain significant levels of carbon) showed evidence of heat damage with significant areas devoid of carbon. The oxygen source was the air passing through the heater unit, thus favoring the production of carbon monoxide within the heater unit. The heater itself (i.e., the "blocks", rather than fuel) was considered to be the source of carbon which produced the carbon monoxide within the dwelling (Morgan et al, 2001).

SEASONALITY

Poisonings are often seasonal with a higher incidence in the fall and winter. In one Michigan study, 87 percent of accidental deaths occurred in November to March.
According to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) from 2001 to 2003, both fatal and non-fatal CO exposures occurred more often during fall and winter with the greatest occurrence during December (56 fatal and 2,157 non-fatal exposures) and January (69 fatal and 2,511 non-fatal exposures) (Anon, 2005).

SMOKING

Mainstream cigarette smoke, that which is inhaled into the smoker's lungs, can contain as much as 5% carbon monoxide by volume. Sidestream smoke, the source of environmental exposures, contains between 70 and 90% of the total CO per cigarette (Bingham et al, 2001).
In indoor areas where smoking is permitted, carbon monoxide levels can exceed 11 ppm; this compares to less than 2 ppm in most nonsmoking areas.
Narghile (also known as hooka, shisha, goza, hubble bubble, argeela, waterpipe), is a traditional method, particularly in the Eastern Mediterranean region, for smoking tobacco, and has been associated with acute CO poisoning (Wang et al, 2015; La Fauci et al, 2012; Uyanik et al, 2011; Lim et al, 2009). In one case, a 25-year-old man experienced 3 syncopal episodes after smoking narghile. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed a carboxyhemoglobin level of 31.1% (Cavus et al, 2010). Higher concentrations of carbon monoxide are absorbed because narghile smokers inhale more deeply due to the less irritating nature of the narghile smoke, as compared to cigarette smoke, and the duration of each smoking session tends to be longer. Also, because of the charcoal that is used to burn the narghile tobacco, CO concentrations in the inhaled vapors are higher as well (La Fauci et al, 2012).

CASE REPORT: A 24-year-old man developed carbon monoxide poisoning after lighting approximately 30 to 40 hookahs filled with flavored tobacco while working at a hookah bar. After placing a butane lighter next to coals, he inhaled through the hookah hose in order to draw the flame to light the coals. After lighting the coals, the patient initially lost consciousness for approximately 10 minutes, then subsequently developed nausea, headache, generalized weakness, substernal chest pressure, and bilateral paresthesias of his shoulders. An ECG revealed incomplete right bundle branch block, left anterior fascicular block, and nonspecific ST-T segment changes. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed a carboxyhemoglobin level of 33.8%. The patient recovered following hyperbaric oxygen therapy (Misek & Patte, 2014).

SPRAY PAINT

CO poisoning has been reported in one adult with a history of cigarette smoking using a spray paint outdoors which contained methylene chloride (a halogenated hydrocarbon) (Nager & O'Connor, 1998).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

SOURCES: Odorless, colorless gas produced by the incomplete combustion of any carbon containing substance. Common sources include household fires, home furnaces, stoves and water heaters, and vehicle exhaust. Another potential source is methylene chloride (often used as a paint stripper or degreaser) that is absorbed through inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact and is subsequently metabolized by the liver to carbon monoxide.

PHARMACOLOGY: Binds to hemoglobin with an affinity approximately 250 times greater than that of oxygen.

TOXICOLOGY: Impairs oxygen delivery, producing cellular hypoxia and ischemia.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Common poisoning; one of the leading toxicologic causes of death.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Headache, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, weakness, and confusion are often reported, with headache being the most common.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Coma, syncope, seizures, cardiac dysrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, and death result from more severe poisonings and reflect damage to the organ systems (brain and heart) with the highest oxygen demand. Delayed neurocognitive effects, which include dementia, amnestic syndromes, psychosis, parkinsonism, chorea, apraxia, neuropathies, difficulty concentrating, and personality changes, can occur from 2 to 40 days following the initial exposure. Unfortunately, there are no good predictive markers for who will develop neurocognitive sequelae, including the initial carboxyhemoglobin level or the severity of the initial poisoning.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 168 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; Extremely Hazardous.
Inhalation extremely dangerous; may be fatal.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Odorless, will not be detected by sense of smell.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

PHARMACOLOGY: Binds to hemoglobin with an affinity approximately 250 times greater than that of oxygen.
TOXICOLOGY: Impairs oxygen delivery, producing cellular hypoxia and ischemia.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Common poisoning; one of the leading toxicologic causes of death.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Headache, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, weakness, and confusion are often reported, with headache being the most common.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Coma, syncope, seizures, cardiac dysrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, and death result from more severe poisonings and reflect damage to the organ systems (brain and heart) with the highest oxygen demand. Delayed neurocognitive effects, which include dementia, amnestic syndromes, psychosis, parkinsonism, chorea, apraxia, neuropathies, difficulty concentrating, and personality changes, can occur from 2 to 40 days following the initial exposure. Unfortunately, there are no good predictive markers for who will develop neurocognitive sequelae, including the initial carboxyhemoglobin level or the severity of the initial poisoning.

ACID-BASE

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS: According to a retrospective review of cases that occurred from 1996 to 2007, 5 pediatric patients out of 30 (16.7%) developed severe metabolic acidosis after CO exposure (Cho et al, 2008).

CARDIOVASCULAR

TACHYCARDIA: Clinical effects of CO poisoning include tachycardia, hypotension, peripheral vasodilation, cyanosis, shock, and cardiac arrest (Vacchiano & Torino, 2001; Thompson & Henry, 1983). Tachycardia is a compensatory mechanism for cellular hypoxia (Ernst & Zibrak, 1998).
MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA: Chest pain, dyspnea, diaphoresis, syncope, or palpitations may occur (Allred et al, 1989; Kleinman et al, 1989; Atkins & Baker, 1985).
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: Myocardial infarction in the absence of fixed coronary artery obstruction has been reported (Marius-Nunez, 1990).
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ABNORMAL: Electrocardiographic changes include ST-segment depression or elevation, T-wave abnormalities, atrial fibrillation, and intraventricular conduction block (Satran et al, 2005; Hayes & Hall, 1964).
HYPOTENSIVE EPISODE: Hypotension may develop with severe poisoning (Chamberland et al, 2004; Meert et al, 1998; Tritapepe et al, 1998).
MYOCARDITIS: Abnormal left ventricular wall motion has been reported in 3 of 5 cases studied. Papillary muscle dysfunction can also be found (Corya et al, 1976).
CARDIOGENIC SHOCK: Two patients (a 29-year-old woman and her 8-year-old daughter) had a prolonged exposure to sublethal levels of CO (longer than 24 hours; carboxyhemoglobin levels of 20.4% and 22.6%), and acute cardiac failure developed despite evidence of neurologic recovery in both patients. The authors suggested that massive binding of the toxin to myocardial myoglobin and mitochondrial cytochrome chain enzymes might explain their protracted cardiac failure. It was suggested that stunned myocytes contributed to ventricular insufficiency, but that metabolic viability remained, which may explain the normal ECG findings and cardiac enzyme levels (Yanir et al, 2002).

DERMATOLOGIC

BULLOUS ERUPTION: Skin changes may include bullae, vesicles, areas of edema, and erythematous patches (Myers et al, 1985a). An association between skin changes and poisoning severity has been suggested.
FROSTBITE: Rapid release of compressed gas may cause frostbite (NFPA, 1991).

GASTROINTESTINAL

NAUSEA and VOMITING: Nausea and vomiting are common (Uyanik et al, 2011; Henz & Maeder, 2005; Swank et al, 2004). Symptoms may mimic acute gastroenteritis (Sternbach & Varon, 1991; Gasman et al, 1990).

GENITOURINARY

RENAL FAILURE SYNDROME: Oliguric and nonoliguric acute renal failure have been reported (Bessoudo & Gray, 1978; Leavell et al, 1969; Jackson et al, 1959), sometimes associated with rhabdomyolysis (Kade et al, 2012; Vossberg & Skolnick, 1999; Florkowski et al, 1992).

HEENT

DEAFNESS: Transient sensorineural hearing loss has been reported following acute poisoning (Baker & Lilly, 1977; Garland & Pearce, 1967).
BAER ABNORMALITIES: Abnormal brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) potentials have been described in patients with carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning (Choi, 1985).
VISUAL FIELD DEFICITS: Paracentral scotomata, homonymous hemianopia, tunnel vision, temporary blindness, and permanent blindness are known sequelae (Dempsey et al, 1976) Uraneck et al, 1993).

HEMATOLOGIC

HYPOXEMIA: Carbon monoxide (CO) combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin. This results in a decreased oxygen carrying capacity and a shift to the left of the oxygen-dissociation curve (reducing the unloading of oxygen to the tissues).
THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA: Thrombocytopenic purpura has been reported in association with CO exposure (Stonesifer et al, 1980).
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA: Hemolytic anemia has been reported following acute exposure (Nagy et al, 1979; Leavell et al, 1969).
LEUKOCYTOSIS: Following acute exposure leukocytosis has been reported (Vossberg & Skolnick, 1999).

MUSCULOSKELETAL

RHABDOMYOLYSIS has been reported following carbon monoxide poisoning (Kade et al, 2012; Jang & Park, 2010; Vacchiano & Torino, 2001; Florkowski et al, 1992).
COMPARTMENT SYNDROME:

Compartment syndrome may also occur, but it appears to be uncommon (Herman et al, 1988; Slevin, 1979; Finley et al, 1977; Jackson et al, 1959) Shapiro, 1989).

NEUROLOGIC

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FINDING: Symptoms and signs of acute poisoning may include headache, dizziness, disorientation, abnormal reflexes, difficult concentration, memory loss, fainting, cerebral edema, coma, seizures, and death (Uyanik et al, 2011; Anon, 2005; Henz & Maeder, 2005) Turner & Clark, 1999.
POST-INTERVAL SYNDROME (SEVERE DELAYED NEUROTOXICITY): Severe residual or delayed neurologic effects ("interval" form of CO poisoning) may occur after acute CO poisoning. Demyelination in the CNS and other effects may occur 48 to 72 hours after exposure. The patient should be observed carefully for CNS and other hypoxic effects. The most commonly involved regions of the brain are the globus pallidus and the deep white matter.

SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: Delayed effects may include mental deterioration, irritability, aggressive behavior, apathy, disorientation, hypokinesia, akinetic mutism, distractibility, confusion, severe loss of memory, loss of consciousness, coma, gait disturbances, fecal and urinary incontinence, speech disturbance, tremor, bizarre behavior, visual loss, movement disorders, paresis, chorea, peripheral neuropathy, Tourette syndrome, and parkinsonian syndrome (Kondo et al, 2007; Aslan et al, 2004 ; Choi, 2002).

LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS: Eighty-three healthy men and women exposed to CO from heating stoves or gas-operated hot water heaters were studied. CO exposure ranged between 20 minutes and 480 minutes (average 52.5 minutes). The most common complaint was loss of consciousness (n=52; 62.7%), followed by palpitations (n=33; 39.8%), headache (n=27; 32.5%), confusion (n=20; 24.1%), dizziness (n=18; 21.7%), dyspnea (n=12; 14.5%), and weakness and fatigue (n=11; 13.3%) (Aslan et al, 2006).

RESPIRATORY

HYPERVENTILATION: Hyperventilation and dyspnea may occur. In a series of children with carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning (many from smoke inhalation), tachypnea was common (Meert et al, 1998). Tachypnea is a compensatory mechanism for cellular hypoxia (Ernst & Zibrak, 1998).
RESPIRATORY FAILURE: In a series of children with CO poisoning (many from smoke inhalation), bradypnea and apnea were common (Meert et al, 1998).
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Severe CO intoxication may be associated with an increase in alveolar-epithelial permeability and increased cardiac output with resultant pulmonary edema (Ernst & Zibrak, 1998)Sawa, 1981; (Fein et al, 1980; Ogawa et al, 1974).
PULMONARY ASPIRATION: Aspiration pneumonia and respiratory alkalosis have been reported (Hart et al, 1988; Skorodin et al, 1986).

VITAL SIGNS

BLOOD PRESSURE: Hypotension may occur secondary to vasodilatation or myocardial depression (Lowe-Ponsford & Henry, 1989).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

The effects of chronic exposure to low levels of CO are undefined (Rosenman, 1984). There has been disagreement as to whether chronic CO poisoning and acute poisoning are separate entities (Zorn & Kruger, 1960). A slight excess of deaths from cardiovascular disease has been reported in persons exposed to motor vehicle exhaust, which contains many other components in addition to CO (Stern, 1981). Chronic CO exposure can aggravate angina pectoris in persons with coronary artery disease (CAD) (Goldsmith & Aronow, 1975).

A study of Holland tunnel workers exposed to 70 ppm CO for an average of 13 years found no obvious effects (Stevers et al, 1942). Chronic CO exposure at an airborne concentration of 30 to 60 mg/m3 (27 to 55 ppm) was associated with mild effects on the blood, nervous, and respiratory systems (Szollosi, 1970). Chronic low-level exposures did not increase the risk of atherosclerosis and did not produce abnormalities in cardiac rhythm (Weir & Fabiano, 1982; Prerovska & Drdkova, 1971; Prerovska & Drdkova, 1967) .

NO SAFE LEVEL has been established for chronic exposure in persons with advanced CAD (Stewart, 1976). Employees of the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority in New York City, who were exposed to an average of 63 ppm and a maximum of 217 ppm, were at increased risk for small airway disease and decreased pulmonary function (Ayres et al, 1973). Foundry workers had angina related to CO exposure and smoking, but ECG abnormalities were not related to CO levels (Hernberg, 1976).

An increased rate of death from COPD was found in a cohort of Norwegian aluminum smelter workers who had been exposed to pot emissions 20 to 39 years previously; CO was one of the most prevalent exposures (Ronneberg, 1995a; Ronneberg, 1995b). These deaths could not be attributed to CO alone because of mixed exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles, fluorides, and sulfur dioxide (Ronneberg, 1995a).

No association was found between CO exposure and ischemic heart disease death in a cohort of workers in a Norwegian aluminum smelter; CO was one of the most prevalent exposures (Ronneberg, 1995a; Ronneberg, 1995b). Other epidemiological studies have been carried out in groups of workers chronically exposed to CO (Fechter, 1980; Aleksieva, 1975; Zorn, 1975; Cabal, 1972; Lightfoot, 1972). The epidemiology of CO exposure and its possible association with cardiovascular disease has been reviewed (Zenz, 1994).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Keep victim under observation.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 168 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Keep victim under observation.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE: If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas. If frostbite has NOT occurred, immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with soap and water.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
TARGET ORGANS: Cardiovascular system, lungs, blood, and central nervous system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
If frostbite has occurred, DO NOT rub the affected areas, DO NOT flush the affected areas with water, and DO NOT attempt to remove clothing.
PREHOSPITAL

Rewarming of a localized area should only be considered if the risk of refreezing is unlikely. Avoid rubbing the frozen area which may cause further damage to the area (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010).

REWARMING

Do not institute rewarming unless complete rewarming can be assured; refreezing thawed tissue increases tissue damage. Place affected area in a water bath with a temperature of 40 to 42 degrees Celsius for 15 to 30 minutes until thawing is complete. The bath should be large enough to permit complete immersion of the injured part, avoiding contact with the sides of the bath. A whirlpool bath would be ideal. Some authors suggest a mild antibacterial (ie, chlorhexidine, hexachlorophene or povidone-iodine) be added to the bath water. Tissues should be thoroughly rewarmed and pliable; the skin will appear a red-purple color (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Correct systemic hypothermia which can cause cold diuresis due to suppression of antidiuretic hormone; consider IV fluids (Grieve et al, 2011).
Rewarming may be associated with increasing acute pain, requiring narcotic analgesics.
For severe frostbite, clinical trials have shown that pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, can enhance tissue viability by increasing blood flow and reducing platelet activity (Hallam et al, 2010).

WOUND CARE

Digits should be separated by sterile absorbent cotton; no constrictive dressings should be used. Protective dressings should be changed twice per day.
Perform twice daily hydrotherapy for 30 to 45 minutes in warm water at 40 degrees Celsius. This helps debride devitalized tissue and maintain range of motion. Keep the area warm and dry between treatments (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
The injured extremities should be elevated and should not be allowed to bear weight.
In patients at risk for infection of necrotic tissue, prophylactic antibiotics and tetanus toxoid have been recommended by some authors (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Non-tense clear blisters should be left intact due to the risk of infection; tense or hemorrhagic blisters may be carefully aspirated in a setting where aseptic technique is provided (Hallam et al, 2010).
Further surgical debridement should be delayed until mummification demarcation has occurred (60 to 90 days). Spontaneous amputation may occur.
Analgesics may be required during the rewarming phase; however, patients with severe pain should be evaluated for vasospasm.
IMAGING: Arteriography and noninvasive vascular techniques (e.g., plain radiography, laser Doppler studies, digital plethysmography, infrared thermography, isotope scanning), have been useful in evaluating the extent of vasospasm after thawing and assessing whether debridement is needed (Hallam et al, 2010). In cases of severe frostbite, Technetium 99 (triple phase scanning) and MRI angiography have been shown to be the most useful to assess injury and determine the extent or need for surgical debridement (Hallam et al, 2010).
TOPICAL THERAPY: Topical aloe vera may decrease tissue destruction and should be applied every 6 hours (Murphy et al, 2000).
IBUPROFEN THERAPY: Ibuprofen, a thromboxane inhibitor, may help limit inflammatory damage and reduce tissue loss (Grieve et al, 2011; Murphy et al, 2000). DOSE: 400 mg orally every 12 hours is recommended (Hallam et al, 2010).
THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY: Thrombolysis (intra-arterial or intravenous thrombolytic agents) may be beneficial in those patients at risk to lose a digit or a limb, if done within the first 24 hours of exposure. The use of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) to clear microvascular thromboses can restore arterial blood flow, but should be accompanied by close monitoring including angiography or technetium scanning to evaluate the injury and to evaluate the effects of t-PA administration. Potential risk of the procedure includes significant tissue edema that can lead to a rise in interstitial pressures resulting in compartment syndrome (Grieve et al, 2011).
CONTROVERSIAL: Adjunct pharmacological agents (ie, heparin, vasodilators, prostacyclins, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, dextran) are controversial and not routinely recommended. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, sympathectomy remains unclear (Grieve et al, 2011).
CHRONIC PAIN: Vasomotor dysfunction can produce chronic pain. Amitriptyline has been used in some patients; some patients may need a referral for pain management. Inability to tolerate the cold (in the affected area) has been observed following a single episode of frostbite (Hallam et al, 2010).
MORBIDITIES: Frostbite can produce localized osteoporosis and possible bone loss following a severe case. These events may take a year or more to develop. Children may be at greater risk to develop more severe events (ie, early arthritis) (Hallam et al, 2010).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
If contact with escaping gas has caused frostbite of the eye, DO NOT flush with water; early ophthalmologic consultation should be obtained.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Ingestion is unlikely; however, oral exposure might cause frostbite injury to the upper gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Administer oxygen and maintain airway as clinically indicated.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

A carbon monoxide (CO) concentration of 5000 parts per million (ppm) in air is lethal to humans after 5 minutes of exposure (RTECS , 2001).
LCLo - (INHL) MAN: 4000 ppm for 30M (RTECS , 2001).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

A person with carboxyhemoglobin (blood saturation) above 65% to 70% will die if not treated with oxygen (Bingham et al, 2001).
It has been noted that carboxyhemoglobin levels over 60% usually result in death (Hathaway et al, 1996).

ANIMAL DATA

LD50 values for animals can vary greatly. However, in most studies, carboxyhemoglobin (carbon monoxide bound to hemoglobin molecules) reaches a 60% level before a majority of animals die. Most die at COHb levels between 65% and 75% (Bingham et al, 2001).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS630-08-0 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Carbon monoxide
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Carbon monoxide
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS630-08-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ITI, 1995 Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2001
- LC50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)CAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)PRIMATE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS630-08-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Carbon monoxide

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 25 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: BEI
Definitions:

BEI: The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): COHb-emia
Molecular Weight: 28.01

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS630-08-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS630-08-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Carbon monoxide
REL:

TWA: 35 ppm (40 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling: 200 ppm (229 mg/m(3))
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 1200 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS630-08-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Carbon monoxide
Table Z-1 for Carbon monoxide:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 50

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 55

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS630-08-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS630-08-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS630-08-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS630-08-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS630-08-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS630-08-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS630-08-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS630-08-0 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Carbon monoxide

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1016 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Carbon monoxide, compressed

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.3

2.3: Poisonous gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1016
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.3, 2.1

2.3: Poison Gas.
2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions: 4

4: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone D (see sxn. 173.116(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 302
Bulk packaging: 314, 315

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: 25 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 9202 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Carbon monoxide, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)

Symbol(s): D

D: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials for domestic transportation but may be inappropriate for international transportation under the provisions of international regulations (e.g., IMO, ICAO). An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when either domestic or international transportation is involved.

Hazard class or Division: 2.3

2.3: Poisonous gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA9202
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.3, 2.1

2.3: Poison Gas.
2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions: 4, T75, TP5

4: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone D (see sxn. 173.116(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
T75: Applicable refrigerated liquefied gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn.178.277 of this subchapter.
TP5: For a portable tank used for the transport of flammable refrigerated liquefied gases or refrigerated liquefied oxygen, the maximum rate at which the portable tank may be filled must not exceed the liquid flow capacity of the primary pressure relief system rated at a pressure not exceeding 120 percent of the portable tank's design pressure. For portable tanks used for the transport of refrigerated liquefied helium and refrigerated liquefied atmospheric gas (except oxygen), the maximum rate at which the tank is filled must not exceed the liquid flow capacity of the pressure relief device rated at 130 percent of the portable tank's design pressure. Except for a portable tank containing refrigerated liquefied helium, a portable tank shall have an outage of at least two percent below the inlet of the pressure relief device or pressure control valve, under conditions of incipient opening, with the portable tank in a level attitude. No outage is required for helium.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 316
Bulk packaging: 318

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1016 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Carbon monoxide, compressed
UN Number: 1016

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN9202 (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS630-08-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Carbon Monoxide
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Awareness of the sources of carbon monoxide (CO) exposure can decrease the risk of morbidity and mortality from CO poisoning in both residential and occupational settings (Bingham et al, 2001).
Recommendations for the prevention of CO intoxication include the continuous maintenance of combustion appliances and vehicle exhaust systems, using CO detectors with minimum sensitivity and alarm characteristic standards in indoor areas, and maintaining adequate ventilation in areas of CO production and potential exposure (Bingham et al, 2001; CGA, 1999).
When exposure levels of CO gas are greater than or equal to 1500 parts per million (ppm), or in situations where exposure levels are undetermined, a supplied air respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn with a full-face mask operated in continuous-flow mode (Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2001).

HANDLING

When working with CO, implement the "buddy system": Ensure that at least 2 people who are knowledgeable about safe CO handling procedures are stationed in the operating area (CGA, 1999).

For trailer loading and unloading, pressure transfer or pump transfer liquid CO (CGA, 1999).

For pressure filling, raise the liquid storage container pressure to 10 to 25 pounds per square inch (psi) (69 kilopascals (kPa) to 172 kPa, differential) above the vessel being filled. Take specific system requirements into consideration (CGA, 1999).
For pump filling, cool the pump first so that it will prime (CGA, 1999).

When transferring CO liquid to or from a trailer, only authorized personnel may be present in the loading/unloading area. Check to see that hose connections are compatible with CO (CGA, 1999).

Do not handle containers of CO that are broken, unless wearing suitable personal protective clothing and equipment (AAR, 2000).

Nonsparking tools and equipment must be used when working with CO. This is especially important when opening and closing containers of CO (Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

CO cylinders should be grounded. Ensure that check valves exist on the cylinders so that foreign materials do not backflow into them (CGA, 1999).
Metal containers of CO of 5 gallons or more should be grounded and bonded. Drums containing CO must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters (Sittig, 1991).
Store pressurized CO gas in steel cylinders for shipping. Ship the cryogenic liquid in portable tanks. On trucks, railcars, or barges, ship in refrigerated tanks (NFPA, 1997).
Steel and aluminum are acceptable metals for use in storage containers for dry, sulfur-free CO at pressures up to 2000 pounds per square inch gauge (psig). Iron and nickel containers may react with CO at high pressures to produce small quantities of carbonyls (CGA, 1999).
The maximum pressure authorized for CO cylinders is 1000 psig at 70 degrees F (6900 kPa at 21.1 degrees C). If the CO gas is dry and sulfur-free, cylinders may be charged to 5/6 of service pressure, never to exceed 2000 psig at 70 degrees F (13,790 kPa at 21.1 degrees C) (CGA, 1999).
Storage cylinders for liquid CO should be properly insulated as to maintain liquid temperature without pressure rise or venting.
All systems for storing and transporting CO should meet ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) standards and comply with all local and state regulations where applicable (CGA, 1999).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Keep all ignition sources and hot surfaces out of areas where CO is stored (CGA, 1999).
Areas in which CO is stored should be equipped with CO detectors for the protection of personnel (CGA, 1999).
Storage temperatures (CHRIS , 2001):
- For gas: Ambient
- For liquid: Minus 312.7 degrees F
Store CO in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Store CO in well-ventilated, safe areas. Keep containers away from sunlight (ITI, 1995).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Keep cylinders containing CO gas separate from cylinders containing oxygen or flammable or highly oxidizing substances, such as chlorine or chlorine dioxide (CGA, 1999; Sittig, 1991). Separate from alkali metals (HSDB , 2001).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 168 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Safety glasses should be worn when working with carbon monoxide (CO) (CHRIS , 2001).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

Exposure to CO at levels above 350 parts per million (ppm) requires the use of a supplied air respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Levels of exposure above 875 ppm require the use of a supplied air respirator or SCBA operated in continuous-flow mode. When CO levels are undetermined or are known to exceed 1500 ppm, a supplied air respirator or SCBA with a full-face mask operated in continuous-flow mode with an auxiliary SCBA should be used (Bingham et al, 2001).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 630-08-0.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 290
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.26
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 330
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.1
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 330
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 330
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 330
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 330
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.1
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: Information from more than one emergency response guide is associated with this material.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
- Flammable; may be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- May form explosive mixtures with air.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Some of these materials may react violently with water.
- Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and flammable gas through pressure relief devices.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 168 (ERG, 2004)
- EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE.
- May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Flame may be invisible.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
Carbon monoxide is very flammable. It burns in air with a flame ranging in appearance from almost colorless to bright blue (Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2001).
Carbon monoxide poisoning is the most frequent cause of immediate fire deaths. Any fire victim should be evaluated for carbon monoxide poisoning (HSDB , 2001).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS630-08-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Carbon Monoxide
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 168 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 168 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 168 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 168 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS630-08-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Carbon Monoxide
Extinguishing Method(s): 6

6: Flammable gas fires are only safe to extinguish once the gas flow has been turned off. Attempting to fight a gas fire without turning off the gas can cause formation of an explosive gas cloud.

Before extinguishing a fire, stop the flow of gas (AAR, 2000; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).

If containers of carbon monoxide are exposed to heat or fire, use water spray to keep them cool (NFPA, 1997).

Do not apply water directly onto liquid carbon monoxide or its container (Bowen, 1995).

Avoid using carbon dioxide, vapor sealing foams, or firefighting foams as extinguishing agents for carbon monoxide fires (Bowen, 1995).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Asphyxiation may result from carbon dioxide production in a fire (CHRIS , 2001).
Carbon monoxide posioning is the most frequent cause of immediate fire deaths. Any fire victim should be evaluated for CO poisoning (HSDB , 2001).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Carbon monoxide is a severe explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame (Lewis, 2000).

When involved in a fire, cylinders of carbon monoxide may rupture violently and rocket (AAR, 2000).

Refer to the REACTIVITY HAZARD section for information on explosive/violent reactions.

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Carbon monoxide is a chemical asphyxiant gas (ACGIH, 1986; (Bingham et al, 2001).

Carbon monoxide inhaled in various amounts can cause headache, mental dullness, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, loss of muscular control, increased then decreased respiratory and pulse rates, collapse, unconsciousness, or death (Budavari, 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Carbon monoxide decomposes into carbon and carbon dioxide between 400 and 700 degrees C (at lower temperatures when in contact with catalytic surfaces). Above 800 degrees C the equilibrium reaction favors carbon monoxide formation. Hopcalite, a mixture of the oxides of manganese and copper, catalyzes the decomposition at room temperature, as does palladium on silica gel (Budavari, 2000).

Carbon monoxide forms a violent or explosive reaction on contact with bromine trifluoride, bromine pentafluoride, chlorine dioxide, and peroxodisulfuryl difluoride (Lewis, 2000). It is also incompatible with strong oxidizers, chlorine triflouride and lithium (HSDB , 2001).

Mixtures of liquid carbon monoxide and liquid oxygen are explosive. Carbon monoxide reacts with sodium or potassium to form explosive products sensitive to shock, heat, or contact with water (Lewis, 2000).

Carbon monoxide with copper powder + copper(II) perchlorate + water forms an explosive complex. Combinations of liquid carbon monoxide and liquid dinitrogen oxide form rocket propellants (Lewis, 2000).

An explosive reaction may occur when carbon monoxide comes in contact with iron(III) oxide between 0 and 150 degrees C (Lewis, 2000).

When charging carbon monoxide into a mixture of fluorine and oxygen during preparation of bis(fluoroformyl) peroxide, an explosion can result (Urben, 1999).

Explosive complexes form when preparing copper(I) perchlorate under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide (Urben, 1999).

Potassium and carbon monoxide react quickly to form carbonyl potassium, which is explosive (Urben, 1999).

Blast hazards are possible when dinitrogen oxide and liquid carbon monoxide, a propellant combination, are used (Urben, 1999).

Carbon monoxide and sodium form sodium benzene hexoxide, which explodes at 90 degrees C (Urben, 1999).

May form extremely explosive mixture with air (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Carbon monoxide ignites on warming with iodine heptafluoride. It ignites on contact with cesium oxide + water (Lewis, 2000).

Carbon monoxide forms an exothermic reaction with CIF3; (Li + H2O); NF3; OF2; (K + O2); Ag2O; and (Na + NH3) (Lewis, 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1016 - Carbon monoxide

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 90 meters (300 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.7 kilometers (0.4 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 2.4 kilometers (1.5 miles).

DOT ID No. 1016 - Carbon monoxide, compressed

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 90 meters (300 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.7 kilometers (0.4 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 2.4 kilometers (1.5 miles).

DOT ID No. 9202 - Carbon monoxide, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 90 meters (300 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.7 kilometers (0.4 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 2.4 kilometers (1.5 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 100 to 200 meters (330 to 660 feet) in all directions.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 168 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 168 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 168 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

Consider evacuating a one-third mile radius if fire cannot be controlled or containers of carbon monoxide are exposed directly to flame (AAR, 2000).

If carbon monoxide is leaking, but not on fire, make evacuation decisions dependant upon the amount of the substance released, location, and weather conditions (AAR, 2000).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS630-08-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Carbon Monoxide
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 200
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 350
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 500
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS630-08-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Carbon monoxide
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 50
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 83
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 83
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 330
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS630-08-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Carbon monoxide
Final Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because susceptible persons may experience more serious effects (equivalent to AEGL-2) at concentrations that do not yet cause AEGL-1 effects in the general population
mg/m3: Not recommended because susceptible persons may experience more serious effects (equivalent to AEGL-2) at concentrations that do not yet cause AEGL-1 effects in the general population

30 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended becausesusceptible persons may experience more serious effects (equivalent to AEGL-2) at concentrations that do not yet cause AEGL-1 effects in the general population
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because susceptible persons may experience more serious effects (equivalent to AEGL-2) at concentrations that do not yet cause AEGL-1 effects in the general population
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because susceptible persons may experience more serious effects (equivalent to AEGL-2) at concentrations that do not yet cause AEGL-1 effects in the general population
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because susceptible persons may experience more serious effects (equivalent to AEGL-2) at concentrations that do not yet cause AEGL-1 effects in the general population
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Carbon monoxide
Final Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 420 ppm
mg/m3: 480 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 150 ppm
mg/m3: 170 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 83 ppm
mg/m3: 95 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 33 ppm
mg/m3: 38 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 27 ppm
mg/m3: 31 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Carbon monoxide
Final Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 1700 ppm
mg/m3: 1900 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 600 ppm
mg/m3: 690 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 330 ppm
mg/m3: 380 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 150 ppm
mg/m3: 170 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 130 ppm
mg/m3: 150 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS630-08-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 1200 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- FOR CHLOROSILANES, use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam to reduce vapors.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 168 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 168 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.
Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel. Consider isolation or evacuation with cryogenic liquid releases (NFPA, 1997).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

For carbon monoxide gas leaks, use forced ventilation to keep gas concentrations below the explosive range. Move the container to an open area and allow gas to bleed off into the atmosphere (ITI, 1995).
Combustion of oxygenated fuels results in less carbon monoxide output from automobiles. Air was monitored at 62 sites in eleven states from 1986 through 1992. Carbon monoxide levels decreased more in areas where oxygenated fuel was used than where it was not (1.2 ppm vs. 0.6 ppm decrease). Results were similar for mean daily concentrations (2.8 ppm vs. 1.4 ppm decrease) (Mannino & Etsel, 1996).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

For in situ cleanup, sponge out with air (OHM/TADS , 2001).
GAS INCINERATION: Pipe carbon monoxide gas into an incinerator or into a pit where it can burn away (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001).
LIQUID INCINERATION: Atomize carbon monoxide liquid into an incinerator. To improve incineration, mix the liquid with a more flammable solvent (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001).
SOLID INCINERATION: For solid material, enfold pieces in paper or other flammable material and incinerate. Alternatively, dissolve the solid in a flammable solvent and spray into a fire chamber (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001).
"At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices." (HSDB , 2001)

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Natural sources produce about 90 percent of atmospheric carbon monoxide. Such sources include atmospheric oxidation of methane, forest fires, terpene oxidation, and the ocean (where microorganisms produce carbon monoxide). Human activity is responsible for about 10 percent of CO production (HSDB , 2001).

Motor vehicles account for about 55 to 60 percent of global man-made emissions of carbon monoxide (Harbison, 1998; ILO , 1998).

Carbon monoxide is an ingredient of gaseous fuels (producer gas, water gas) which have been largely replaced by natural gas. It occurs primarily as a product of incomplete combustion of most carbonaceous materials, especially in internal combustion engine exhaust. High concentrations are frequently encountered in blast furnace operations in the steel industry. Other major carbon monoxide sources include: space heaters, improperly adjusted oil or gas burners, and fires in buildings. Tobacco smokers are the most heavily exposed, non-industrial segment of the population (ACGIH, 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Carbon monoxide will disperse rapidly in the atmosphere and will evolve into the air (OHM/TADS , 2001).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Carbon monoxide will disperse rapidly in water (OHM/TADS , 2001).

BIODEGRADATION

The photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum was used to convert carbon monoxide (CO) and water to carbon dioxide and hydrogen by the gas shift reaction. The yield of hydrogen from CO and water was 0.87 mol/mol, or 87 percent of a theoretical yield (Klasson et al, 1993).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

AQUATIC LIFE

Carbon monoxide is harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations (CHRIS , 2001).

AQUATIC TOXICITY (FRESHWATER) (OHM/TADS , 2001)

LCLo - (WATER) VARIOUS FISH: 1.2 ppm
LCLo - (WATER) MINNOW & SUNFISH: 1.5 ppm for 1-6H
LCLo - (WATER) MINNOW: 47.5 ppm for 0.75-5H
LCLo - (WATER) SUNFISH: 47.5 ppm for 0.5H
LCLo - (WATER) ORANGE-SPOTTED SUNFISH: 75 ppm for 1H
LCLo - (WATER) MINNOW & SUNFISH: 146 ppm for 10M-4H
LCLo - (WATER) STRAW-COLORED MINNOW: 1160 ppm for 1H
LCLo - (WATER) BLUNT-NOSED MINNOW: 1160 ppm for 115M
LCLo - (WATER) GREEN SUNFISH: 1160 ppm for 5H
LCLo - (WATER) ORANGE-SPOTTED SUNFISH: 1160 ppm for 340M
LCLo - (WATER) BLACKBULLHEAD: 11, 31, and 4 ppm for 10H

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

28.01

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Carbon monoxide is an extremely poisonous, odorless, colorless, tasteless gas (Budavari, 2000).

Carbon monoxide is also found as a colorless cryogenic liquid, which exists at -192 degrees C (-313 degrees F) (AAR, 2000; CGA, 1999).

VAPOR PRESSURE

>760 mmHg (at 20 degrees C; 68 degrees F) (NFPA, 1997)

40 mmHg (at -210 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.250 (gas at 0/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.814 (liquid at -195/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.0001 gas (OHM/TADS , 2001)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
VAPOR: 0.967 (Bingham et al, 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

LIQUID: 0.793 (Lewis, 2000)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-199 degrees C (-326 degrees F; 74 Kelvin) (CHRIS , 2001)

MELTING POINT

-205 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2001)
-207 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)
-213 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)

BOILING POINT

-191.5 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2001)

-190 degrees C (condensation point) (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000)

-312.7 degrees F (-191.5 degrees C; 81.7 Kelvin) (at 1 atm) (CHRIS , 2001)

FLASH POINT

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 2001)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

700 degrees C (Budavari, 2000)

609 degrees C; 1128 degrees F (Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2001)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

12.5 percent (Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2001)
12 percent (Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 1997)

UPPER

74.2 percent (Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2001)
75 percent (Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 1997)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

3.3/100 mL (at 0 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
2.3/100 mL (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
Carbon monoxide is slightly soluble in water (ITI, 1995)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Carbon monoxide is appreciably soluble in some organic solvents, such as ethyl acetate, chloroform, and acetic acid (Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995).
Carbon monoxide's solubility in methanol and ethanol is about seven times greater than its solubility in water (Budavari, 2000).
Carbon monoxide is soluble in acetic acid, methanol, and ethanol (Lewis, 2000).

OTHER

Carbon monoxide is freely absorbed by a concentrated solution of cuprous chloride in hydrogen chloride or in ammonium hydroxide (Budavari, 2000).
Carbon monoxide is readily soluble in hydrochloric acid or concentrated, ammonical solution of cuprous chloride (ITI, 1995).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Odorless (CHRIS , 2001)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

35 atm (Budavari, 2000)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

-139 degrees C (Budavari, 2000)

DECOMPOSITION TEMPERATURE

Carbon monoxide decomposes into carbon dioxide with temperatures between 400 and 700 degrees C. The process occurs at lower temperatures when the compound is in contact with catalytic surfaces (Budavari, 2000).

HEAT OF FUSION

12.85 Btu/lb (at -207 degrees C; -340.6 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

14.01 eV (NIOSH , 2001)

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CARBON MONOXIDE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents