CARBON DISULFIDE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
CARBON DISULFIDE CARBON BISULFIDE CARBON BISULPHIDE CARBON DISULPHIDE CARBONE (SUFURE DE) (French) CARBONIO (SOLFURO DI) (Italian) CARBON SULFIDE CARBON SULPHIDE DITHIOCARBONIC ANHYDRIDE KOHLENDISULFID (SCHWEFELKOHLENSTOFF) (German) KOOLSTOFDISULFIDE (ZWAVELKOOLSTOF) (Dutch) SCHWEFELKOHLENSTOFF (German) SOLFURO DI CARBONIO (Italian) SULPHOCARBONIC ANHYDRIDE SULPHURET OF CARBON WEEVILTOX WEGLA DWUSIARCZEK (Polish) CABONEUM SULFURATUM CARBINIO (SOLFURO DI) (ITALIAN)
IDENTIFIERS
1131-Carbon disulfide 1131-Carbon bisulphide
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (CHRIS , 2001; HSDB, 2004; Lewis, 2000)OSHA, 1989(OHM/TADS, 2004; RTECS, 2004)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Carbon disulfide is utilized as a solvent for bromine, fats, iodine, phosphorus, resins, rubbers, selenium, sulfur, and waxes. It is also used in the production of cellophane, carbon tetrachloride, electronic vacuum tubes, soil disinfectants, xanthogenates, a chemical intermediate for adhesives used in food packaging, flotation agents, viscose rayon, and optical glass. Additionally, it has been employed as an insecticide, a parasiticide, a fumigant for grain, a polymerization inhibitor (for vinyl chloride), a corrosion inhibitor, and in the destructive distillation of coal (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; HSDB, 2004; Lewis, 1998; Sittig, 1991a).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- USES: Carbon disulfide is a volatile organic solvent used most commonly in the rubber industry, but used in a variety of laboratory settings. It is also a metabolite of disulfiram and other dithiocarbamates.
- TOXICOLOGY: Acute topical exposure can cause topical irritation to skin and mucosa and, in severe cases, full thickness burns. It can also cause a defatting injury. Short term inhalation exposures can present with headache, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. It can initially cause central nervous system excitement followed by CNS depression. Chronic exposure can lead to parkinsonian effects, ototoxicity, visual impairment and optic neuritis, peripheral neuropathy, and hepatotoxicity. It has also been associated with male infertility.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure to carbon disulfide is common in certain industries. Toxicity is most common after inhalation, but can occur with topical exposure or ingestion. However, with proper personal protective equipment (PPE) regulations, severe toxicity is uncommon/rare, but deaths have been reported.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Mild toxicity from topical exposures consists of skin, eye, and mucosal irritation. Patients can develop dizziness, headache, fatigue, nervousness, restlessness, and nausea and vomiting after inhalation. SEVERE TOXICITY: CNS excitation (seizures) and depression (coma) can occur. Agitation, delirium, hallucinations, tremor, muscle spasticity, and psychosis can also develop. Cardiopulmonary effects can include dyspnea, dysrhythmias, respiratory failure, and cardiovascular collapse. Long-term severe toxicity may result in a parkinsonian-like syndrome (speech disturbances, spasticity, tremor), neuropathy, fatigue, and irritability. Severe topical exposures can result in vesicular formation, and possibly partial and full thickness burns. Ingestion of small amounts can cause respiratory failure, mydriasis, tremors, seizures, coma, and death. CHRONIC: Chronic exposures can produce permanent central and peripheral nervous system damage. Other consequences include atherosclerotic tendencies, ECG abnormalities, gastrointestinal disturbances, fatty degeneration of the liver (with jaundice), renal damage, fatigue, memory loss, insomnia, melancholia, mania, hallucinations, increased suicide rate, sexual dysfunction, cranial nerve damage, hearing loss, visual disturbances, altered pupillary reaction to light, retinal microaneurysms, optical, otic, and peripheral neuropathies, loss of reflexes, tremors, and blood dyscrasias.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Carbon disulfide is hazardous by any route of exposure, but inhalation is most common in both occupational and environmental exposure. Acute exposure is uncommon. Dermal exposure can also occur from occupational exposure to the vapor or liquid(HSDB, 2004; Anon, 2000; Teisinger & Sloucek, 1949).
- Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fatigue, headache, mood changes, lethargy, blurred vision, hallucinations, delirium, agitation, and seizures may be experienced following acute inhalation. Burning of the throat, lips or skin, chest pain and shortness of breath have also been reported(Harbison, 1998a).
Concentrations of 30 to 45 ppm are capable of producing mild symptoms (Warow et al, 1964). Levels of 40 to 50 ppm produce headache, fatigue, anorexia, and psychiatric changes (Toyama & Sukurai, 1967). Exposure to 60 to 120 ppm produces headache, mental fatigue, and sleepiness (Paluch, 1948). Levels of 60 to 100 ppm can cause severe poisoning and death; acute psychosis can occur at 1000 ppm, fatalities have occurred at 2000 ppm for 5 minutes, and 5000 ppm is rapidly fatal (Sweetnam et al, 1987).
- The major effects of acute exposure are on the central nervous system. The general pattern of carbon disulfide CNS effects is headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, insomnia, anorexia, indigestion, dizziness, pallor, hypothermia, tremor, delirium, convulsions, and coma (ACGIH, 1991; Spyker et al, 1982; Davidson & Feinleib, 1972; Peters et al, 1988). High-level exposures can produce dyspnea and respiratory failure (Davidson & Feinleib, 1972). Death is usually from respiratory paralysis (Gosselin et al, 1984).
- Severe exposures can induce a Parkinsonian-like syndrome consisting of disturbances in speech and memory, muscle spasms, tremor, psychological depression, and psychosis (Hathaway et al, 1996).
- Acute dermal exposure may occur following skin contact. Both liquid and vapor are readily absorbed through the skin. Carbon disulfide is one of the strongest organic skin irritants. Severe burns can result from direct contact with the skin . (Vale & Meredith, 1983)(OSHA, 1989).
- The mechanism of carbon disulfide toxicity involves reaction with free amine and sulfhydryl groups of amino acids, proteins, and other biological molecules. It is also metabolized by microsomal enzymes to a reactive intermediate which binds covalently to macromolecules (HSDB, 2004).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Chronic exposure would be expected to produce a similar pattern of central nervous system effects as those seen following acute exposure. Headache and chronic gastritis have been associated with chronic exposure (Spyker et al, 1982; Gosselin et al, 1984). Other signs and symptoms are nervousness, irritability, indigestion, bizarre dreams, insomnia, fatigue, and anorexia (ACGIH, 1991). Impaired vision, liver and kidney damage, serious damage to the central nervous system, anemia, and lung irritation may also occur (OSHA, 1989).
- Chronic exposure produces numerous and varied effects related to generalized nerve destruction, vascular changes, and multiple organ damage. These include tremor, signs of pyramidal and extrapyramidal tract lesions, thalamic syndrome, and choreoathetosis (Davidson & Feinleib, 1972; Rubin, 1945). Fatigue, nervousness, sleep disturbances, anorexia, and weight loss have been reported in workers exposed to a TWA (Time Weighted Average) airborne concentration of 186 ppm (Hathaway et al, 1996), and headache and dizziness have been noted following exposure to a TWA of 11.2 ppm.
- Chronic occupational carbon disulfide exposure has been associated with complaints of nausea, anorexia, vomiting, weight loss, and flatulence. Liver enlargement has also been described as well as changes in serum levels of some liver enzymes (Vanhoorne et al, 1992). Fatty degeneration of the liver has been seen with chronic exposure (Brieger, 1961; Cavallero et al, 1967; Lewey, 1941).
- Chronic carbon disulfide exposure can produce subtle subclinical neurological effects. Polyneuropathy, thought to be irreversible, was seen in one study (Seppalainen & Tolonen, 1974). Polyneuritis was seen in 88% of poisoned workers exposed to airborne concentrations of 60 to 500 ppm (Vigliani, 1954). Finger tremor similar to that seen in Parkinson's disease has been reported (Chapman et al, 1991). Degeneration of both axons and myelin sheaths were seen in the sural nerve 2 years after cessation of exposure to carbon disulfide in one worker. Partial recovery, mainly in motor function, was seen 3 years after removal from exposure (Chu et al, 1996). The neurological damage produced by carbon disulfide may be permanent (Hathaway et al, 1996).
- Major neuropsychiatric changes have been associated with chronic carbon disulfide exposure, including extreme irritability, uncontrolled anger, mania, memory deficits, suicidal tendencies, insomnia, and loss of libido (Davidson & Feinleib, 1972).
- Effects on the eye seen with chronic carbon disulfide exposure are retinal microaneurysms (Gosselin et al, 1984), changes in pigmentation (Vale & Meredith, 1983), nystagmus, diplopia, xanthopsia, minimal visual field constriction, atrophy of the optic nerve, and occasionally, blindness (Grant, 1993). An increased prevalence of visual defects, especially 100-HUE color vision score deficits and microaneurysms, were seen in a group of 123 male viscose rayon workers exposed to carbon disulfide, as compared with unexposed controls (Vanhoorne et al, 1996).
- Carbon disulfide has been shown to be ototoxic with chronic occupational exposure (Morata et al, 1994).
- Chronic exposure to carbon disulfide can affect the heart. In one study, reversible cardiac effects were seen with exposure to airborne levels greater than 20 ppm for 5 years (Spyker et al, 1982). Workers exposed to carbon disulfide have reported experiencing angina and chest pain (Oliver & Weber, 1984), and ECG changes have been seen (Kamal et al, 1991). Long-term exposure has been linked with arteriosclerosis (Wilcosky & Tyroler, 1983), but it has been suggested that exposure to 15-20 ppm TWA does not cause any increased risk of cardiovascular effects(Price et al, 1997).
- Fewer than expected deaths from heart disease were seen in workers in a viscose rayon plant and a pulp and paper plant in Ontario, Canada. Increased deaths from stroke were seen at both plants in workers over 65 years of age. However, both observations were relative to the general population of Ontario. In a retrospective case-control analysis, the risk of ischemic heart disease at the viscose rayon plant was less than at the pulp and paper plant. Highly-exposed carbon disulfide workers at the rayon plant had an increased incidence of stroke compared to non-exposed workers at either the rayon plant (odds ratio [OR] = 4.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.66-14.65) or the pulp and paper plant (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 0.83-2.26). The authors felt this may represent a chance finding but a causal role could not be excluded(Liss & Finkelstein, 1996).
- Strokes occurred in 2 of 10 patients with polyneuropathy associated with long-term carbon disulfide exposure. Other common clinical findings were headache, unpleasant dreams, impaired memory, fatigue, anorexia, and emotional lability. Lesions were seen mainly in the basal ganglia and subcortical white matter on CT and MRI scans (Huang et al, 1996).
These T2 weighted images support a vascular etiology to carbon disulfide induced encephalopathy. In addition, a brain CT perfusion study in a patient with a history of chronic carbon disulfide exposure revealed a diffuse decrease in regional blood flow suggestive of microangiopathy. This pattern could explain the demyelination effects seen on MRI (Huang, 2004).
- No increase in the prevalence of coronary heart disease or arteriosclerosis was seen in a group of carbon disulfide workers exposed to 10 ppm, but increased diameter of the left atrium and left ventricle of 1 to 2 mm were seen on echocardiograms in the exposed group (Drexler et al, 1996).
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
- Wash topical exposures with water. Prehospital gastrointestinal decontamination is not recommended due to the potential for decreased mental status or seizures and subsequent aspiration.
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. Keep victim warm and quiet. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection. DERMAL EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly. INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. TARGET ORGANS: Central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, cardiovascular system, eyes, kidneys, liver, skin and reproductive system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).
GENERAL Treatment is mainly symptomatic and supportive. Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.
INHALATION EXPOSURE INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
DERMAL EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999). Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
EYE EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
ORAL EXPOSURE Because of the potential for gastrointestinal irritation and central nervous system depression, DO NOT induce emesis. ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
ORAL EXPOSURE In humans, the lowest reported lethal dose of carbon disulfide is 14 mg/kg via the oral route (Bingham et al, 2001a). Lethal doses by the oral route are between 0.5 and 5 g/kg (1 ounce to 1 pint (or pound)) for a 70-kg human (Bingham et al, 2001a; Gosselin et al, 1984). Adult ingestion of 10 mL (OHM/TADS, 2004) to 15 mL of carbon disulfide may be fatal (HSDB, 2004).
INHALATION EXPOSURE Human exposure to an airborne concentration of 4800 ppm for 30 minutes causes coma and may be fatal (Hathaway et al, 1996). Exposure to an airborne concentration of 5000 ppm is rapidly fatal (Sweetnam et al, 1987). Exposures to carbon disulfide vapors at 15 mg/L can be lethal (OHM/TADS, 2004).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
Effects of Various Concentrations of Carbon Disulfide on Humans (Bingham et al, 2001a): The ATSDR recommends a minimal risk level of 0.3 ppm for chronic (365 days and longer) inhalation exposures ((ATSDR, 2000)). 0.01 mg/kg/day is the minimal risk level recommended by the ATSDR for an acute (1-14 days) oral exposure ((ATSDR, 2000)). Acute exposures are rare, and are characterized by nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fatigue, delirium, and CNS depression. Chronic exposure can result in irritability, nervousness, indigestion, insomnia and strange dreams, headaches, changes in perception, loss of appetite, fatigue, and neurological deficits (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001a; Harbison, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996). Exposure to airborne concentrations of 40 to 50 ppm was associated with headache, fatigue, anorexia, and psychiatric problems (Toyama & Sukurai, 1967). Exposure to airborne concentrations of 60 to 120 ppm was associated with mental fatigue, sleepiness, and headaches (Paluch, 1948). Exposure to an airborne concentration of 1000 ppm may cause acute psychosis (Sweetnam et al, 1987). No irritant symptoms were detected at 480 ppm inhaled for 1 hour (OHM/TADS, 2004).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS75-15-0 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Carbon disulfide EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Carbon disulfide IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Carbon disulfide MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS75-15-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
Oral: Slope Factor: RfD: 1x10(-1) mg/kg-day
Inhalation: Unit Risk: RfC: 7x10(-1) mg/m3
Drinking Water:
CALCULATIONS
1 ppm = 3.11 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg) (NIOSH , 2001) 1 ppm = 3.12 mg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1989) 1 mg/m(3) = 0.32 ppm (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1989) 1 mg/m(3) = 0.321ppm (in air) (Hayes & Laws, 1991)
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS75-15-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS75-15-0 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS75-15-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS75-15-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
Listed as: Carbon disulfide Table Z-1 for Carbon disulfide: 8-hour TWA: ppm: mg/m3: Ceiling Value: Skin Designation: No Notation(s): Not Listed
Table Z-2 for Carbon disulfide (Z37.3-1968):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS75-15-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS75-15-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Carbon disulfide Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: The following spent non-halogenated solvents and the still bottoms from the recovery of these solvents. (F005) Listed as: Carbon disulfide Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information:
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS75-15-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS75-15-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
Listed as: Carbon disulfide P or U series number: P022 Footnote: Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS75-15-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Carbon Disulfide Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100 Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds: Note(s): f f: Chemicals on the original list that do not meet toxicity criteria but because of their acute lethality, high production volume and known risk are considered chemicals of concern ("Other chemicals"). (November 17, 1986, and February 15, 1990.)
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS75-15-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
Listed as: Carbon disulfide Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87 Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS75-15-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS75-15-0 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1131 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1131 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS75-15-0 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
HANDLING
- According to 49 CFR 171.2: "No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by.../the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171 to 177)" (HSDB , 2001).
- Carbon disulfide is stable during transport (CHRIS , 2001).
- Tanks are to be shipped with a pad of inert gas (OHM/TADS , 2001).
STORAGE
Must be stored in airtight containers (HSDB , 2001). Carbon disulfide is shipped in glass bottles and metal cans (packed inside wooden boxes), as well as drums, tank cars, tank trucks, and tank barges (NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001). Containers may be constructed of aluminum, glass, iron, porcelain, or teflon, carbon steel (Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001). Protect containers from any physical damage (HSDB , 2001; ITI, 1995) OSHA, 1989). Containers with large quantities must be stored under water to keep cool and prevent pressure from developing (HSDB , 2001).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Large quantities should be stored under an inert gas blanket or water. Small amounts should be kept in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Outside or detached storage is optimal (NFPA, 1997), preferably in a building of noncombustible construction or construction with floor level ventilation. Avoid direct sunlight (HSDB , 2001; ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001) OSHA, 1989). Storage temperature should be ambient (CHRIS , 2001). Under shipping conditions, pressure-vacuum venting should be used (CHRIS , 2001). All handling and storage equipment must be earth-ground and bonded by good electrical conductors to eliminate any possibility of a spark discharge due to static charge build-up (HSDB , 2001).
Do not store in direct sunlight or near any possible ignition source (HSDB , 2001; ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001). Stong oxidizers, chemically-active metals such as sodium, potassium and zinc, azides, rust, halogens, and organic amines are incompatible with carbon disulfide (NIOSH , 2001) Sittig, 1991).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- Appropriate protective clothing should be worn to prevent skin contact. If skin contact occurs, washing with soap and water should be done immediately. Due to the flammability hazard, wet clothing should be removed as quickly as possible. There is no specific recommendation specifying that a worker need change clothing after the work shift (AAR, 2000; (NIOSH , 2001).
- AAR (2000) reports that compatible protective equipment construction materials include: Polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, and viton.
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Use appropriate eye protection to prevent contact (NIOSH , 2001).
- Do not wear contact lenses when exposed to this chemical (NIOSH , 2001).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 75-15-0.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
- "Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants" (HSDB , 2001) OSHA, 1989).
- Carbon disulfide should not be stored near electrical installations or heating facilities (HSDB , 2001).
- Floor ventilation is recommended (HSDB , 2001).
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004) HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.
Carbon disulfide is a flammable liquid. It is a dangerous fire hazard; vapors have a low ignition energy (ie, they can be ignited by contact with an ordinary light bulb OR hot steam pipes) (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001). It forms an explosive mixture with air over a large range of concentrations (NFPA, 1997). It is a serious fire hazard while exposed to oxidizers, open flame, heat, sparks, and friction (Lewis, 2000).
Vapors are heavier than air; this compound may flashback to an ignition source (Budavari, 2000; NFPA, 1997). Toxic fumes of sulfur oxides are emitted when carbon disulfide is heated to decomposition or burned (Lewis, 2000). This compound may accumulate a static electric charge (NFPA, 1997). It burns with a blue flame (Budavari, 2000).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS75-15-0 (NFPA, 2002):
- INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES
Flash Point: -30 degrees C (closed cup) (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1992; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001) Flash Point: -22 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001) Vapors can be readily ignited from the heat of a light bulb. Explosions are possible if the vapors are ignited in a closed area (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2001).
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS75-15-0 (NFPA, 2002):
- To fight a fire involving carbon disulfide, use carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or foam. Water can be used to blanket the fire and to cool fire-exposed structures/containers, but it may be ineffective when applied directly to the fire and may spread the fire if applied in solid streams (AAR, 2000; CHRIS, 1996; (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).
- Foam may be ineffective (CHRIS , 2001; ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- The explosive range for carbon disulfide is 1 to 50% (vol/vol) in air (Budavari, 2000).
- Vapors ignited in a closed area are an explosive hazard (CHRIS , 2001).
- Heat, flame, and reactions with rust, iron, permanganic acid, nitrogen oxide, chlorine, sodium, and potassium-sodium alloys can cause the chemical to explode (Lewis, 2000).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Vapors are heavier than air; this compound may flashback to an ignition source (Budavari, 2000; NFPA, 1997).
- Poisonous fumes of sulfur oxides are emitted when carbon disulfide is heated to decomposition (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 2000).
- Vapors ignited in a closed area are an explosive hazard (CHRIS , 2001).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Carbon disulfide reacts with strong oxidizers to produce carbon monoxide and oxides of sulfur (NFPA, 1997).
- This compound is incompatible (possibly producing an explosion, or heat- or shock-sensitive mixtures) with halogens, air, amines, azides, reducing agents, oxides of nitrogen rust, and chemically-active metals (e.g. zinc, sodium, potassium) (Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- Reacts violently with (specifically) (Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Urben, 2000):
Alkali metals Alkanolamines Aliphatic amines Aluminum (ignites in carbon disulfide vapor) Aluminum powder Azides (lead (PbN3), lithium (LiN3), potassium (KN3), rubidium (RbN3), sodium (NaN3), cesium (CsN3)) Chlorine (explosive when catalyzed by iron; ignites with vapor) Dinitrogen tetraoxide (forms shock-, heat-, spark-sensitive compound) Ethylamine diamine Ethylene imine Fluorine (ignites in vapor) H2SO4 + permanganates Chlorine monoxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen oxide Permanganic acid (explodes on contact) Phenylcopper-triphenylphosphine complexes Reducing agents
- This compound is corrosive to some metals due to impurities. Copper and copper alloys can be corroded by impure carbon disulfide (HSDB , 2001) Kirk-Othmer, 1978-84; NFPA, 1994; (OHM/TADS , 2001).
- It decomposes rapidly upon exposure to air, and possibly in well aerated water (ITI, 1988).
- Standing for an extended period of time can cause decomposition (Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2001; ITI, 1995).
- Liquid carbon disulfide will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings (HSDB , 2001).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131(ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS75-15-0 (AIHA, 2006):
Listed as Carbon Disulfide ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 1 ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 50 ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 500 Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No Definitions: ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor. ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action. ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS75-15-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Carbon disulfide TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 1 TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 13 TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 160 TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 480 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS75-15-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
Listed as: Carbon disulfide Final Value: AEGL-1 10 min exposure: ppm: 17 ppm mg/m3: 52 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 17 ppm mg/m3: 52 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 13 ppm mg/m3: 42 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 8.4 ppm mg/m3: 26 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 6.7 ppm mg/m3: 21 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.
Listed as: Carbon disulfide Final Value: AEGL-2 10 min exposure: ppm: 200 ppm mg/m3: 620 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 200 ppm mg/m3: 620 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 160 ppm mg/m3: 490 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 100 ppm mg/m3: 310 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 50 ppm mg/m3: 160 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
Listed as: Carbon disulfide Final Value: AEGL-3 10 min exposure: ppm: 600 ppm mg/m3: 1480 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 600 ppm mg/m3: 1480 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 480 ppm mg/m3: 990 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 300 ppm mg/m3: 930 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 150 ppm mg/m3: 470 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS75-15-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
IDLH: 500 ppm Note(s): Not Listed
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004) Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Remove any possible ignition sources from the area. Control the leak if possible. Stay upwind. Water may be employed to cool exposed structures and control vapor. If enclosed, ventilate the area of the spill. Isolate any discharged material, and do NOT allow into a sewer because of the serious explosion potential (AAR, 2000; (HSDB , 2000; NFPA, 1997). For in situ amelioration (in water), use peat or carbon to absorb the soluble fraction. For the insoluble fraction, vacuum or pump off of the bottom (OHM/TADS , 2001). Placement of this compound in a landfill is dangerous due to the flammability hazard (HSDB , 2001).
SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004) Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
Smaller quantities (laboratory disposal amounts only) can be absorbed on paper towels or rags, (HSDB , 2001; ITI, 1995).
LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004) WATER: Neutralize with lime, crushed lime, or sodium bicarbonate. If dissolved at a concentration of 10 ppm or greater, apply activated carbon (at ten times the spilled amount). Utilize lifts or dredges to remove precipitates and immobilized masses (AAR, 2000). LAND: Dig a holding area for the material. Dike surface flow with soil, sand bags, foamed concrete, or foamed polyurethane. Absorb liquid with cement powder or fly ash. A layer of foam will diminish the vapor (potential fire) hazard (AAR, 2000).
Small quantities (such as laboratory disposal amounts), absorbed on paper towels, may be evaporated in a safe place (ie, a fume hood). Allow enough time for all vapors to clear out of the fume hood ductwork. The paper can then be burned. Do NOT burn large amounts of this compound in the open, as this will produce toxic sulfur oxides. "Large quantities may be reclaimed, or collected and then atomized into an appropriate combustion chamber equipped with an effluent gas cleaning device" (a sulfur dioxide scrubber) (HSDB , 2001; ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001; Sittig, 1991). This compound is a good candidate for the following incineration methods (HSDB , 2001): Fluidized Bed Incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 degrees C; residence time of seconds for gases as well as liquids and longer for solids. Liquid Injection Incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1600 degrees C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Rotary Kiln Incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1600 degrees C and a residence time of seconds for gases as well as liquids, and hours for solids.
Carbon disulfide may be removed from wastewater by air stripping (HSDB , 2001). If the quantity is large, carbon disulfide may be recovered by distillation and repackaged for use (Sittig, 1991). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- Carbon disulfide is released to the environment via many natural processes as well as by anthropogenic sources. It is a natural product of anaerobic metabolism and thus is released to the ambient air from the oceans and land. Geothermal sources also contribute to emissions of this compound. It is released to the environment in wastewater and emissions from its production and use (HSDB , 2001).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
SURFACE WATER In water, volatilization is a significant fate process; half-life is 2.6 hours in a model river and 3.5 hours in a model lake. Adsorption to sediment is expected and bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate (HSDB , 2001).
TERRESTRIAL Carbon disulfide is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. Based on a Henry's Law constant of 1.44X10(-2) atm m(3)/mole at 24 degrees C, volatilization from moist soil is expected to occur. With a vapor pressure, of 359 mmHg volatilization from dry soil is possible. Carbon disulfide may also leach into the ground and undergo biodegradation; possibly this is a natural sink for carbon disulfide. Biodegradation data are not sufficient to predict its importance in the environment (Bremner & Banwart, 1976; HSDB , 2001). The carbon disulfide flux from rice paddies, as measured by closed chamber methods, was 0.9 to 2.0 mg/m(2)/year (as S) (Kanda et al, 1992).
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- Carbon disulfide in the vapor-phase reacts with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals at 2.9X10(-12) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 24 degrees C. This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of approximately 5.5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10(+5) hydroxyl radicals cm(3) (HSDB , 2001).
- The tropospheric half-life is 8.9 days (HSDB , 2001).
- At 317 nm, the UV adsorption band is considered weak; however, photolysis is not a significant loss mechanism for carbon disulfide (HSDB , 2001).
- In a 7.6 pH aqueous solution, the rate constant for the reaction between carbon disulfide and hydroxyl radicals is 8.0X10(+9) L/mol sec. The half-life is approximately 100 days at an average aqueous hydroxyl radical concentration of 1X10(-17) mol/L (HSDB , 2001).
- "Carbon disulfide hydrolyzes to carbon dioxide and hydrogen disulfide in alkaline solutions" (HSDB , 2001).
BIODEGRADATION
- Biodegradation data for soil and aquatic fates are insufficient to predict the importance of biodegradation in the environment (HSDB , 2001).
- Carbon disulfide biodegrades more rapidly in unsterilized, moist soil after 3 hours (HDB, 2001).
- Some heterotrophs can oxidize carbon disulfide (HSDB , 2001).
BIOACCUMULATION
Carbon disulfide's BCF is calculated to be 7.9, thus, it is not thought to significantly bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (HSDB , 1996; Kenaga, 1980). Concentrations at 50 and 5 mcg/L of carbon disulfide was measured in carp and revealed a bioconcentration factor of less than 6.1 and less than 60, respectively (HSDB , 2001).
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
TLm - (WATER) Mosquito fish: 35 ppm for 48H; fresh water (CHRIS, 2001) TLm - (WATER) Mosquito fish: 135 to 162 mg/L for 24 to 96H (HSDB, 2001) TLm - (WATER) Mosquito fish: 135 ppm for 48H; turbid water (OHM/TADS, 2001) LD - (WATER) Freshwater sunfish: 100 ppm for 1H (OHM/TADS, 2001). LD - (WATER) Freshwater trout: 5000 ppm for 0.1H (OHM/TADS, 2001).
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Carbon disulfide exists as a mobile, colorless to light-yellow liquid with a sweet, pleasing, etheral odor (pure form) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000).
Reagent and commercial grades of this compound are foul smelling (disagreeable rotten egg odor) (Budavari, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001).
- Carbon disulfide is a toxic, highly refractile, extremely flammable liquid (Lewis, 2000; Sittig, 1991).
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 760 mmHg (at 46.5 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)
- 400 mmHg (at 28 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2001)
- 300 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997)
- 297 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1996; NIOSH , 2001)
- 260 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
- 359 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg) 1.29272 (at 0/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000) 1.293 (at 0/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
1.27055 (at 15/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000) 1.2632 (at 20/4 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2001) 1.24817 (at 30/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
DENSITY
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
-169 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001) -111 degrees C (Lewis, 1997) -111.6 degrees C; 168.9 degrees F; 161.6 K (ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 2000)
-108.6 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; OHM/TADS , 2001) -110.8 degrees C; -168 degrees F (Lewis, 1992; NFPA, 1997) -111.6 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000) -112 degrees C (Ashford, 1994) -110 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001) -111 degrees C (NFPA, 1997) -111.5 degrees C (HSDB , 2001)
BOILING POINT
- -73.8 degrees C (at 1.0 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)
- -44.7 degrees C (at 10 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)
- -5.1 degrees C (at 100 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)
- 28.0 degrees C (at 400 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)
- 46.5 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1992)
- 69.1 degrees C (at 2 atm) (Budavari, 2000)
- 104.8 degrees C (at 5 atm) (Budavari, 2000)
- 46.3 degrees C; 115 degrees F; 319.5 K (ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001)
- 116 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001)
- 46 degrees C (at 760 mm Hg) (HSDB , 2001)
FLASH POINT
- -30 degrees C (closed cup) (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1992; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001)
- -22 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001)
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE
- 90 degrees C; 194 degrees F (HSDB , 2001; NFPA, 1997)
- 100 degrees C; 212 degrees F (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 1997)
- 248 degrees F (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)
- 257 degrees F (Lewis, 2000)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
SOLUBILITY
Carbon disulfide is slightly soluble in water (Lewis, 2000). 0.294% (w/w) (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000) 0.22 g/100 mL (at 22 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991) 2860 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001) 0.3% (NIOSH , 2001) Azeotrope with water at the boiling point (42.6 degrees C) contains 97.2% CS2 (Budavari, 2000).
It is miscible in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, alcohol, ethanol, ether, anhydrous methanol, and oils (Budavari, 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1993; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000).
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- log Kow = 1.94 (HSDB , 2001)
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- 1.44 x 10(-2) atm-m(3)/mol (at 24 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
SPECTRAL CONSTANTS
OTHER/PHYSICAL
32.25 dynes/cm (at 20 degrees C)(Budavari, 2000) CHRIS, 2000) 32 dynes/cm=0.032 n/m (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2001)
72.9 atm (Budavari, 2000) 76 atm; 1100 psia; 7.7 mn/m(2) (CHRIS , 2001)
280.0 degrees C (Budavari, 2000) 273 degrees C (523 degrees F; 546 K) (CHRIS , 2001)
1.049 kcal/mole (Budavari, 2000) 13.80 cal/g (CHRIS , 2001)
1.63189 (at 15 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000) 1.6319 (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001) 1.62803 (at 20.1 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000) 1.62543 (at 23.5 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000) 1.6232 (at 25 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
-REFERENCES
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY- 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
- 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
- 62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.
- 65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.
- 67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.
- 68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.
- 69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.
- ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1991.
- AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.
- AMA Department of DrugsAMA Department of Drugs: AMA Evaluations Subscription, American Medical Association, Chicago, IL, 1992.
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