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CARBON BLACK

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Several types of artificially prepared carbon or charcoal are designated by the term carbon black.

Specific Substances

    A) No Synonyms were found in group or single elements
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) C UVCB

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) Several types of artificially prepared carbon or charcoal are designated by the term carbon black (Budavari, 1996):
    a) Animal charcoal - is prepared by charring bones, blood, meat, etc.
    b) Gas black, furnace black, channel black - is prepared by the incomplete combustion of natural gas.
    c) Lamp black - is prepared by the burning of fats, resins, or oils under ideal conditions.
    d) Activated charcoal - is obtained from wood and vegetables
    2) "Carbon blacks are characterized as acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lampblack or thermal black, according to the process by which they are manufactured. Lampblack is the oldest type of carbon black, having been used as a pigment for centuries. Channel black, produced from natural gas, was introduced in the late nineteenth century and was the major carbon black used worldwide in the early twentieth century for rubber and pigment applications; with the exception of a special product made in Germany, it is no longer produced. Acetylene, furnace and thermal blacks have been produced since the early twentieth century. Over 90% of all carbon black produced today is furnace black" (IARC , 1996).
    3) "Depending on the process of manufacture there are variations in the chemical composition of carbon black. It contains 88-99.5% of carbon; 0.3-11% of oxygen; 0.1-1% of hydrogen; up to 1% inorganic materials; small amount of tarry matter and traces of sulfur" (HSDB , 2000).
    4) Grades of carbon black include the following (HSDB , 2000):
    1) HAF (high abrasion furnace)
    2) FEF (fast extrusion furnace)
    3) SRF (semireinforcing furnace)
    4) HMF (high modules furnace)
    5) GPF (general purpose furnace)
    6) SAF (super abrasion furnace)
    7) ISAF (intermediate abrasion furnace)
    8) FF (fine furnace)
    9) XCF (electrically conductive furnace)
    10) APF (all-purpose furnace)
    11) FT (fine thermal)
    12) MT (medium thermal)
    13) MT-NS-FF (medium thermal, non-staining, free flowing)
    B) SOURCES
    1) A finely divided form of carbon, carbon black can be generated through the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons in gaseous or liquid forms. Specific types of carbon black (furnace black or channel black) are formed by individual processes. Thermal black is produced by a cracking type process. Some of the other carbon blacks (lampblack, charcoal, etc.) are produced by processes involving bone or fats (ACGIH, 1991a; Budavari, 1996; Harbison, 1998; HSDB , 2000).
    C) USES
    1) Carbon black is used as, among many other things, a pigment and conducting filler for inks, plastics, and paints; as a reinforcing agent for tire rubber and other elastomers; carbon paper, typewriter ribbons; nucleating agent in weather modification; expanders in battery plates; and as a solar energy absorber (ACGIH, 1991a; Hathaway et al, 1996a; HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1997).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) There are no well documented health hazards to humans from acute exposure to carbon black. Potential health effects are generally due to impurities adsorbed on its surface rather than to the carbon itself.
    B) Carbon black may be irritating to the skin and nose, mouth, throat and respiratory tract. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Black pigmentation of the palpebral conjunctiva at the upper tarsal border has occurred after regular application of eye cosmetics containing carbon black. Oral mucosal lesions have been reported.
    0.2.5) CARDIOVASCULAR
    A) Epidemiologic studies have revealed no unusual risk of heart disease in carbon black workers. Some evidence of electrocardiographic changes have been noted in experimental animals.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Respiratory tract irritation, cough, interstitial fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, changes in pulmonary function, and respiratory failure may occur.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Skin irritation and follicular coniosis may occur.
    0.2.19) IMMUNOLOGIC
    A) An increase of serum IgA and decrease in IgM have been reported.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) There are no human or animal reports suggesting a teratogenic potential for carbon black.
    B) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) There is inadequate evidence to evaluate the carcinogenicity of carbon black to humans. IARC has determined that there is sufficient evidence that solvent extracts of carbon black are carcinogenic.
    B) Carbon black may be cocarcinogenic when acting synergistically with a high fat diet and unknown carcinogens in the colon.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) No specific lab work (CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise clinically indicated.
    B) FEV1 and FVC may be reduced. Chest x-ray findings may be normal.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) Due to the nature of this agent, ingestion is unlikely.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    B) If respiratory tract irritation is present, it may be useful to monitor pulmonary function tests.
    C) Patients symptomatic following exposure should be observed in a controlled setting until all signs and symptoms have fully resolved.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) No health hazards have been demonstrated in humans following acute exposure to carbon black. It has, however, been recognized as a possible carcinogen to humans.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) There are no well documented health hazards to humans from acute exposure to carbon black. Potential health effects are generally due to impurities adsorbed on its surface rather than to the carbon itself.
    B) Carbon black may be irritating to the skin and nose, mouth, throat and respiratory tract. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Black pigmentation of the palpebral conjunctiva at the upper tarsal border has occurred after regular application of eye cosmetics containing carbon black. Oral mucosal lesions have been reported.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) PIGMENTATION - Black pigmentation of the palpebral conjunctiva at the upper tarsal border has occurred after regular application of eye cosmetics to the lid margins for at least 2 years (Grant, 1986).
    3.4.6) THROAT
    A) LESIONS - Oral mucosal lesions, including keratosis and leukoplakia, have been reported (ILO, 1983; HSDB , 1993).

Cardiovascular

    3.5.1) SUMMARY
    A) Epidemiologic studies have revealed no unusual risk of heart disease in carbon black workers. Some evidence of electrocardiographic changes have been noted in experimental animals.
    3.5.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) CARDIOVASCULAR FINDING
    1) LACK OF EFFECT
    a) Epidemiologic studies have revealed no unusual risk of heart disease in carbon black workers (Finkel, 1983).
    3.5.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) ECG ABNORMAL
    a) Some evidence of electrocardiographic changes, suggesting right atrial and right ventricular strain, have been observed in experimental animals (ACGIH, 1991).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Respiratory tract irritation, cough, interstitial fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, changes in pulmonary function, and respiratory failure may occur.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Catarrh has been reported in workers (HSDB , 1993).
    B) COUGH
    1) Cough and phlegm production have been reported in workers (HSDB , 1993).
    C) FIBROSIS OF LUNG
    1) INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS - Radiologic lung changes characterized by interstitial fibrosis have been found in carbon black workers (HSDB , 1993).
    D) RESPIRATORY FAILURE
    1) Reticular pneumoconiosis with respiratory function failure has been observed in workers exposed to a high quantity of dust (HSDB , 1993).
    E) BRONCHITIS
    1) Chronic bronchitis has been observed in workers exposed to a high quantity of dust (HSDB , 1993).
    F) DISORDER OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
    1) PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTING - performed in carbon black workers revealed a reduction in minute volume associated with an increase in oxygen consumption/minute, reduced vital capacity, and reduced maximum pulmonary ventilation (HSDB , 1993).

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Skin irritation and follicular coniosis may occur.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) SKIN IRRITATION
    1) Skin irritation has been reported in workers (HSDB , 1993).
    B) ERUPTION
    1) FOLLICULAR CONIOSIS has been reported (ILO, 1983).

Immunologic

    3.19.1) SUMMARY
    A) An increase of serum IgA and decrease in IgM have been reported.
    3.19.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) DISORDER OF IMMUNE FUNCTION
    1) IMMUNOGLOBULINS - In a study of carbon black workers, an increase in levels of serum IgA and a decrease in IgM were observed (HSDB , 1993).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) There are no human or animal reports suggesting a teratogenic potential for carbon black.
    B) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) There are no human or animal reports suggesting a teratogenic potential for carbon black (Hathaway et al, 1991).
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy.
    3.20.4) EFFECTS DURING BREAST-FEEDING
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during lactation.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1333-86-4 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) IARC Classification
    a) Listed as: Carbon black
    b) Carcinogen Rating: 2B
    1) The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) There is inadequate evidence to evaluate the carcinogenicity of carbon black to humans. IARC has determined that there is sufficient evidence that solvent extracts of carbon black are carcinogenic.
    B) Carbon black may be cocarcinogenic when acting synergistically with a high fat diet and unknown carcinogens in the colon.
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) NEOPLASM
    1) IARC reclassified carbon black into group 2B, thus designating it a "possible human carcinogen." Formerly, carbon black was in IARC group 3, "not classifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans." The reclassification was based mainly on the discovery of lung tumors in rats exposed chronically to high concentrations of carbon black by inhalation (IARC, 1996).
    2) Some studies have found no excess risk for lung cancer in persons chronically exposed to carbon black (ACGIH, 1991; Kandt & Biendara, 1985). However, there was excess mortality from lung cancer in one study in exposed British workers (Hodgson & Jones, 1985). Exposed Russian workers had excess cancers of the lung, stomach, and gastrointestinal tract (Troitskaya, 1980).
    B) OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
    1) Review of 99 histologically proven cases of esophogeal cancers, including 63 squamous cell carcinomas, in a population-based case-control study, demonstrated their association with occupational exposure to sulfuric acid and carbon black. Overlap in the exposure patterns, however, may have confounded results. The authors recommended further study (Parent et al, 2000).
    2) High occupational exposure to carbon black was associated with increased risk for all lung cancers, especially oat-cell carcinoma, in a case-control study of 857 incident cases in Montreal, Canada (Parent et al, 1996).
    3) A study in the German rubber industry reported an association between excess moratlity from stomach and lung cancer and employment in the weighing and mixing stages of rubber manufacturing. The authors attributed this to a possible etiologic role for asbestos, talc or carbon black (Straif et al, 1999).
    3.21.4) ANIMAL STUDIES
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) In experimental animals, carbon black was implicated in cocarcinogenesis when acting synergistically with a high fat diet and unknown carcinogens in the colon (Pence & Buddingh, 1987).
    2) RATS - A pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma was induced in a rat by inhalation of a pyrolized pitch condensate mixture rich in carbon black and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons for 10 months (Nolte et al, 1995).
    3) RATS - Lung tumors were induced in Wistar rats, but not in NMRI mice, exposed to an average of 11.6 mg/m(3) carbon black for 2 years (Heinrich et al, 1995).
    4) MONKEYS - Carbon black was not carcinogenic in monkeys exposed by either the oral or dermal routes (Nau, 1976).
    B) LACK OF EFFECT
    1) LACK OF EFFECT
    a) RATS - Chronic exposure to carbon black for 18 hours per day, 5 days per week for 10 months, with or without pyrolyzed pitch concentrate and irritant gases, followed by exposure to clean air for up to 20 months produced precancerous lesions in the lungs of female rats (Nolte et al, 1993).

Genotoxicity

    A) DNA damage has occurred in mice; mutations in microorganisms have occurred in S typhimurium. At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential of this agent to induce chromosome aberrations.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) No specific lab work (CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise clinically indicated.
    B) FEV1 and FVC may be reduced. Chest x-ray findings may be normal.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) No specific lab work (CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise clinically indicated.
    4.1.4) OTHER
    A) OTHER
    1) PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS
    a) FEV1 and FVC may be reduced in workers exposed to carbon black (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Radiographic Studies

    A) CHEST RADIOGRAPH
    1) Chest x-ray findings may be normal in workers exposed to carbon black (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Patient Disposition

    6.3.3) DISPOSITION/INHALATION EXPOSURE
    6.3.3.5) OBSERVATION CRITERIA/INHALATION
    A) Patients symptomatic following exposure should be observed in a controlled setting until all signs and symptoms have fully resolved.

Monitoring

    A) No specific lab work (CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise clinically indicated.
    B) FEV1 and FVC may be reduced. Chest x-ray findings may be normal.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) GENERAL TREATMENT
    1) Due to the nature of this agent, ingestion is UNLIKELY.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) If respiratory tract irritation is present, it may be useful to monitor pulmonary function tests.
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) No health hazards have been demonstrated in humans following acute exposure to carbon black. It has, however, been recognized as a possible carcinogen to humans.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) ADULT
    1) CARCINOGENICITY -- According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), evidence for the carcinogenicity of carbon black in humans is inadequate; evidence is sufficient for the carcinogenicity of carbon black and carbon black extracts in experimental animals. IARC's overall evaluation is to classify this compound as a 2B - possibly carcinogenic to humans - carcinogen (IARC, 2000).
    2) Lewis (2000) states that although tiny particulates of carbon black may contain carcinogenic material, the carcinogens are held too tightly to be eluted by water, blood plasma, or gastric juices.

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) ADULT
    1) No health hazards have been well demonstrated for acute exposure of carbon black to humans (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    2) Organic impurities adsorbed to the surface of this compound are usually responsible for the potential health effects associated with carbon black (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    3) "A significant loss in pulmonary function was reported in a group of 125 Nigerian carbon-black workers exposed to levels of up to 34 mg/m(3). The most common respiratory symptom was cough with phlegm, but radiograms were normal. Significant annual declines were reported in another group of 35 workers exposed to concentrations of less that 10 mg/m(3). In contrast, a survey of over 500 carbon-black workers in the United States and in the United Kingdom found no statistical difference in spirometry, chest radiograph, physical examination, or repeated symptoms" (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    4) "Sixteen healthy subjects, including 11 smokers, were exposed in an environmental chamber for a 5-hr period to Xerox toner, carbon black, at total dust levels of 2, 10, and 25 mg/m(3). The latter two exposures are almost three and six times the threshold limit value (TLV), respectively, for carbon black. Nasal mucociliary clearance rate and nasal resistance were unaffected. The forced expiratory volume in 1 second decreased at all dust concentrations while the forced vitality capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory flow remained unchanged. Discomfort, manifested as dryness in the nose and pharynx, was not excessive, was proportional to the dust concentration, and lagged the changes in dust concentration for almost 2 hr" (HSDB , 2000).
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) No malignancies or other significant effects were observed in any of five species of animals exposed for prolonged periods of time, 7 hours/day, 5 days/week to dust concentrations of either 84.7 mg/m(3) of channel black or 56.5 mg/m(3) of furnace black (ACGIH, 1991).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1333-86-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Carbon black
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: (3.5 mg/m(3))
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: A4
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions:
    a) A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
    d) Molecular Weight:
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:
    1) See Notice of Intended Changes; Adopted values enclosed in parentheses are those for which changes are proposed in the Notice of Intended Changes.
    b) Notice of Intended Changes
    1) Carbon black
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 3 mg/m(3)
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: A3
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions:
    a) A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Bronchitis
    d) Molecular Weight:
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1333-86-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Carbon black
    2) REL:
    a) TWA: 3.5 mg/m(3) 0.1 mg PAHs/m(3) [Carbon black in presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)]
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s): See Appendix A; See Appendix C
    3) IDLH:
    a) IDLH: 1750 mg/m3
    b) Note(s): Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1333-86-4 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Carbon black
    a) A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
    2) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Carbon black
    a) A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
    3) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    4) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: Carbon black
    a) 2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.
    5) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Carbon black
    a) Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
    6) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    7) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS1333-86-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Listed as: Carbon black
    2) Table Z-1 for Carbon black:
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm:
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 3.5
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) References: RTECS, 2000
    1) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) >15400 mg/kg -- Somnolence
    2) TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
    a) 11,600 mcg/m(3) for 18H/2Y -
    b) 50 mg/m(3) for 6H/90D -

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Carbon black is a black solid which carries no odor. It is essentially elemental carbon. This compound has also been described as a very fine, smoke-like powder and as black crystal (Ashford, 1994; HSDB , 2000; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991)
    B) This compound's size has been described as:
    1) platelets 40 nm in diameter with a surface area of approximately 65 m(2)/g (Ashford, 1994);
    2) particles ranging in size from approximately 0.001 to 0.5 microns (Zenz, 1994);
    3) particles ranging in size from 5 to 500 nm (HSDB , 2000).
    C) Surface area for carbon black ranges from 15-1500 m(2)/g (ACGIH, 1991).
    D) Sublimes (NIOSH , 2000)

Molecular Weight

    A) 12.01

References

General Bibliography

    1) 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
    2) 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
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