CARBARYL

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

STCC NUMBER

4941122 Carbaryl (agricultural insecticides, nec, other than liquid)
4941121 Carbaryl (agricultural insecticides, nec, liquid)
4941120 Carbaryl (insecticides, other than agricultural, nec)

DESIGNATIONS

BEILSTEIN HANDBOOK REFERENCE:4-06-00-04219
STANDARD INDUSTRIAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION NUMBER:59110

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C12-H11-N-O2
C10H7OOCNHCH3

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

131-FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(Budavari, 2000; Harbison, 1998; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; HSDB , 2002; (IARC, 1976); Lewis, 2000; Meister, 2001; OHM/TADS , 2002; Pohanish, 2002; RTECS , 2002)STNEasy, 2002;(Tomlin, 2000)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

A wide-spectrum carbamate insecticide, carbaryl controls over 100 species of insects on citrus, fruit, cotton, forests, lawns, nuts, ornamentals, shade trees, and crops. It is used as an animal ectoparasiticide on poultry, livestock, and pets. It is also used as a molluscicide and an acaricide. Carbaryl works whether it is ingested into the stomach of the pest or absorbed through direct contact (Howard, 1991; EXTOXNET, 1996; Harbison, 1998; Hartley & Kidd, 1990).
Carbaryl in form of sprays and dusts has also been used to control mosquito populations (Harbison, 1998).
It is the active ingredient in more than 145 insecticide formulations. In 1994, EPA estimated that two to four million pounds of this compound are used annually in the US (Harbison, 1998).
It is also used to control earthworms in turf and as a growth regulator for fruit thinning of apples (Hartley & Kidd, 1990).
It has been used to treat oyster grounds (HSDB , 2002).

FORMS

Carbaryl can exist as white to gray powder or solution (CHRIS , 2002).
It is available as bait, dusts (1.75% to 50%), wettable powders (50% to 85%), granules (5% to 10%), dispersions and suspensions (40% to 50%) (EXTOXNET, 1996; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; IPCS, 1993).
Carbaryl is available as Sevin 50 W wettable powder, Sevin sprayable 80% powder, or Sevin 4 oil (CHRIS , 2002).
Available formulation types are: DP (dustable powder), GR (granule), OF (oil missible flowable), RB (bait, ready for use), SC (suspension concentrate), WP (wettable powder) and TK (technical concentrate) (Tomlin, 2000).
In the US, carbaryl is available as technical grade of at least 99% purity or of 95% purity (used in the manufacture of formulations) (HSDB , 2002).

Impurities consist primarily of 2-naphthyl carbamate isomer, also known as beta-carbaryl (IPCS, 1993).

Carbaryl is also available as a mixture with rotenone, propanil, tetradifon, diazinon, chlorfenson, lindane, sulphur, maneb, malathion, or lindane with maneb, propaphos (Hartley & Kidd, 1990; HSDB , 2002).

SOURCES

Carbaryl can be produced through the following reactions:

isocyanate addition, specifically, alpha-naphthol + methyl isocyanate (Ashford, 2001; Lewis, 2001);
from naphthyl chloroformate (1-naphthol and phosgene) + methylamine (Lewis, 2001);
sodium 1-naphthoxide and phosgene, followed by a reaction methylamine (HSDB , 2002).

"Crude or semi-refined coal tar or petroleum naphthalene can be used for carbaryl manufacture" (HSDB , 2002).

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

Discontinued names for carbaryl include the following (Meister, 2001): Chemaryl, Bug Master, Cekubaryl, Crunch, Dicarbam, Naftil, Panam, Ravyon, Savit, Slug-N-Snail Plus, Tafvin, Woprovin.

SEVIDOL is the tradename for a carbaryl premix with lindane. This formulation is registered for use on rice and sugar cane in India and Vietnam (Meister, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Carbaryl is a carbamate insecticide. It is an eye and severe skin irritant. Although it is absorbed by all routes, skin absorption is slow. Carbaryl does not accumulate in tissue.

The clinical effects of carbaryl poisoning are from the inactivation of cholinesterases. The hallmark of carbaryl poisoning is the rapid reversibility of cholinesterase inhibition. Signs and symptoms may include muscarinic effects such as miosis, lacrimation, blurred vision, excessive salivation or nasal discharge, sweating, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Nicotinic effects may include fasciculation of fine muscles and tachycardia.

CNS manifestations may include headache, dizziness, confusion, seizures, coma, and respiratory depression. Severe poisoning may cause acute lung injury.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

The hallmark of carbaryl poisoning is the rapid reversibility of cholinesterase inhibition. In one episode, men exposed to an 85% water-wettable powder had no effects other than burning and irritation of the skin, and their cholinesterase levels were only slightly depressed (Hathaway et al, 1991). Carbaryl can be irritating to the skin at high concentrations, and can be almost completely absorbed through intact skin (Maibach HI et al, 1970; Hathaway et al, 1991).

Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, salivation, sweating, lassitude, weakness, rhinorrhea, chest tightness, blurring or dimness of vision, miosis, tearing, eye pain, loss of coordination, slurring of speech, muscle twitching, tremor, breathing difficulty, cyanosis, hypertension, jerky movements, incontinence, convulsions, coma, and death due to paralysis of respiratory muscles, respiratory arrest, or bronchoconstriction (HSDB; (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Monkeys injected intravenously with a dose of 6 mg/kg had EEG changes (Santolucito, 1970).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Because of the rapid reversibility of cholinesterase inhibition and rapid metabolism of carbaryl, cumulative toxicity with repeated exposure is unlikely. A group of 59 workers exposed to 0.23 to 31 mg/m(3) carbaryl over a 19-month period had no signs or symptoms (Hathaway et al, 1991). In one case, it was suggested that chronic overexposure to carbaryl used as a residential pesticide resulted in peripheral neuropathy in an elderly man (Branch & Jacqz, 1986a) 1986b).

Monkeys given a low dose of 0.007 mg/kg/day for 26 months had EEG changes, suggestive of a possible cumulative effect (Santolucito, 1970). Chronically exposed rats had disorders of the adrenal cortex (Dyadicheva, 1971), impaired cellular immunity, and increased susceptibility to infection (Olefir, 1973).

Carbaryl retarded the healing of wounds in rabbits (Omirov, 1973). High oral doses caused symptoms of cholinesterase inhibition, including staggering, tremor, muscle spasms, and brain damage in pigs (Smalley, 1969).

When given at 200 ppm in the diet to rats or at 400 ppm to dogs for 2 years, there was no apparent effect (Carpenter, 1961).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Respiratory system, CNS, cardiovascular system, skin, blood cholinesterase, and reproductive system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).

GENERAL

The following treatment information is for carbamate insecticides in general.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Inducing emesis is NOT RECOMMENDED because of the possibility of seizures or respiratory depression developing from the carbamate prior to or during onset of emesis.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

ANTIDOTES

There are two primary classes of antidotes: ATROPINE (muscarinic antagonist); OXIMES (pralidoxime in the US, or obidoxime in some other countries) to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Use of oximes is generally indicated for patients with severe toxicity and are used in conjunction with atropine.
CONTRAINDICATIONS - Physostigmine and succinylcholine should be avoided.

SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Exposure to 500 milliliters (one pint) of an 80% solution of carbaryl resulted in death (Pohanish, 2002).
One of five female rats died following a four hour exposure to 792 a.i./m(3), which is the maximum achievable aerosol concentration for carbaryl (IPCS, 1993).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Carbaryl is moderately to very toxic. It is a short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor, which can produce adverse effects in humans by skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion. However, the cholinesterase inhibition can be quickly reversed (ACGIH, 2001; EXTOXNET, 1996; Hathaway et al, 1996).
Cases of occupational poisoning from carbaryl are rare because mild symptoms appear long before a dangerous dose is absorbed. In addition, rapid, spontaneous recovery of cholinesterase inhibition occurs (Hathaway et al, 1996).

CASE REPORTS

An adult man was made moderately ill by a single oral dose of 250 mg of carbaryl (approximately 2.8 mg/kg). He experienced a sudden onset of abdominal pain followed by profuse sweating, lassitude, and vomiting 20 minutes after ingestion. He felt better one hour after ingestion following the administration of a total of three mg atropine sulfate. He was completely recovered after another hour (ACGIH, 2001; Baselt, 2000; Hathaway et al, 1996; IPCS, 1993).
A 23-year-old man ingested 500 mg/kg of carbaryl (the approximate LD50 in rats). The patient survived, but developed a severe delayed peripheral neuropathy (Dickoff et al, 1987).
Men, accidentally exposed to 85 percent wettable carbaryl powder as a dust, experienced burning and irritation of the skin. They recovered within a few hours without any treatment except bathing. Analysis of blood cholinesterase levels showed only slight depression (ACGIH, 2001).
Workers exposed to carbaryl dust at levels that occasionally reached airborne levels of 40 mg/m(3) had slightly depressed blood cholinesterase activity, but no clinical symptoms (Hathaway et al, 1996).
Following ingestion of 21 g (500 mg/kg) of carbaryl, a patient recovered from the acute cholinergic toxicity. Recovery from acute weakness in arms and legs, accompanied by electrophysiologic findings of axonal peripheral neuropathy, began one week after ingestion and continued for nine months (HSDB , 2002).
Industrial exposure to airborne concentrations of 310 mg/man/day or less of carbaryl did not result in signs or symptoms of anticholinesterase activity at these levels (ACGIH, 2001).
Workers exposed to air concentrations of up to 31 mg/m(3) were asymptomatic, but laboratory analysis showed occasional depression of acetylcholinesterase activity (Baselt, 1997; Baselt, 2000).
Humans exposed to single doses of 140 mg/kg did not show any effects, whereas single doses of 200 mg/kg resulted in stomach pain and excessive sweating (Pohanish, 2002).
Exposure to several milliliters (0.1 fluid oz.) of an 80% solution of carbaryl resulted in nausea, salivation, headache, tremor, and excessive tearing (Pohanish, 2002).
Controlled studies in human volunteers showed that single doses of two mg/kg were well tolerated by the subjects (IPCS, 1993).
Results from one in vitro study showed that a 10 micromolar solution of carbaryl completely inhibited human platelet aggregation and cyclooxygenase activity (HSDB , 2002).

ANIMAL STUDIES

Rats that inhaled micronized carbaryl at a concentration of 10 mg/m(3) for seven hours/day for 90 days, showed no signs of grossly visible injury (ACGIH, 2001).
Rats of both genders tolerated without effects dietary exposure to 200 mg/kg of carbaryl (ACGIH, 2001).
In mice, daily intragastric administration of 4.64 mg/kg of carbaryl for 7 to 28 days, followed by exposure to 14 ppm of carbaryl in drinking water for 17 months did not result in tumor development (ACGIH, 2001).

OCCUPATIONAL

CARCINOGENICITY-

IARC: Group 3 - not classifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans ((IARC, 1976))
ACGIH: A4 - Not classifiable as a human carcinogen (ACGIH, 2002)

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS63-25-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Carbaryl

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Carbaryl
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Carbaryl

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Carbaryl
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS63-25-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 1x10(-1) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

NOAEL- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- RfD of: 1X10(-1) mg/kg/day -- based on 200 ppm (NOAEL) for kidney and liver toxicity, using an Uncertainty Factor of 100, and a Multiplication Factor of 1 (IRIS, 2002)

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 2001 Budavari, 2000 Hartley & Kidd, 1990 Lewis, 2000 Meister, 2001 Pohanish, 2001; RTECS, 2002 Tomlin, 2000
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)CAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- LD50- (ORAL)GERBIL:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)HAMSTER:
- LD50- (ORAL)LABORATORY_QUAIL:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HAMSTER:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)CAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HAMSTER:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)LABORATORY_QUAIL:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)PIG:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (IMPLANT)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS63-25-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Carbaryl

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: BEI(A), IFV, Skin
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
BEI(A): The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational. Substances identified as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibiting Pesticides are part of this notation.
IFV: Inhalable fraction and vapor.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Cholinesterase inhib; male repro dam; embryo dam
Molecular Weight: 201.2

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS63-25-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS63-25-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Carbaryl
REL:

TWA: 5 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 100 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS63-25-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Carbaryl (Sevin)
Table Z-1 for Carbaryl (Sevin):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS63-25-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS63-25-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: 1-Naphthalenol, methylcarbamate
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Carbaryl
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS63-25-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS63-25-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Carbaryl
P or U series number: U279
Footnote:
Listed as: 1-Naphthalenol, methylcarbamate
P or U series number: U279
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS63-25-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS63-25-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Carbaryl [1-Naphthalenol, methylcarbamate]
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS63-25-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Carbaryl
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS63-25-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 1-Naphthalenol, methylcarbamate

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS63-25-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Carbaryl is toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption; it is an eye and severe skin irritant (Lewis, 2000).
Sources of ignition (eg, smoking and open flames) are prohibited in areas where carbaryl is used, handled or stored (Pohanish, 2002).

HANDLING

Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing to prevent prolonged or repeated skin contact (MSDS, 1996; (Pohanish, 2002).

After handling carbaryl or carbaryl-containing liquids, employees should wash their hands thoroughly with soap (or a mild detergent) and water prior to eating, smoking or using the toilet facilities. Employees should not be allowed to eat or smoke in areas where solid carbaryl is handled, processed or stored (HSDB , 2002).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Keep carbaryl in original container; do not put into food or drink containers (MSDS, 1996).
To decontaminate carbaryl-containing containers, rinse the container three times with an aqueous mixture of caustic soda and detergent. For each rinse, the volume of the rinse solution should be about 10 percent of the container's capacity (HSDB , 2002).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Keep out of reach of children (HSDB , 2002; IPCS, 1993).
Transport and store in a cool (104 degrees F maximum), dry place, away from feed and foodstuffs. A locked storage area is preferred (IPCS, 1993) MSDS, 1996).
Store this compound in a well ventilated area (OHM/TADS , 2002).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Carbaryl reacts violently with strong oxidizers (such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine) and is incompatible with strongly alkaline pesticides, such as Bordeaux mixture, lime or lime sulfur (HSDB , 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Pohanish, 2002).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Carbaryl is toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption; it is an eye and severe skin irritant (Lewis, 2000).

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact; wash promptly if skin becomes contaminated (Pohanish, 2002).

To prevent occupational exposure to carbaryl, full-body coveralls, impervious gloves and footwear, and goggles or faceshield are recommended to protect workers. For workers involved in field applications of carbaryl, protective head-coverings should also be provided (Pohanish, 2002).

Employees should change into uncontaminated clothing prior to leaving the premises. Contaminated non-impervious clothing should be removed promptly and should be decontaminated prior to re-use. Place contaminated clothing in closed container for storage prior to discarding or removing it from the premises. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned, the cleaning personnel should be informed of the hazardous properties of carbaryl (HSDB , 2002).

"If available, obtain the technical name of the material from the shipping paper and contact CHEMTREC, 800-424-9300 for specific response information" (AAR, 2000).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear eye protection (goggles or face shield) to minimize probability of eye contact and have eye flushing equipment available (MSDS, 1996; (Pohanish, 2002).

The use of contact lenses is not recommended when working with this chemical. Always use standard eye protection equipment, even if contact lenses are worn (HSDB , 2002).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 63-25-2.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Engineering controls (natural or mechanical ventilation) should be used wherever possible to keep carbaryl concentrations below regulated exposure limits (HSDB , 2002) MSDS, 1996; (Pohanish, 2002).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Dissolved carbaryl is a combustible liquid; containers may explode in fire. Keep containers cool with water spray. Do not enter any enclosed area without full personal protective clothing (IPCS, 1993) MSDS, 1996; (Pohanish, 2002).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS63-25-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Carbaryl is a non-flammable solid, but it is usually dissolved in a combustible liquid (CHRIS , 2002).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS63-25-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray or foam extinguishers (CHRIS , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

Use water primarily to cool containers that are not on fire, to avoid the accumulation of polluted run-off (IPCS, 1993).

"If available, obtain the technical name of the material from the shipping paper and contact CHEMTREC, 800-424-9300 for specific response information" (AAR, 2000).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Combustion products may be toxic. Normal combustion forms carbon dioxide and water vapor. Incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide (MSDS, 1996).
Heating to decomposition results in emission of toxic vapors of nitrogen oxides (Lewis, 2000).
Methylamine may also be released in a fire involving carbaryl (HSDB , 2002).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Containers may explode in fire (Pohanish, 2002).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Combustion products may be toxic. Normal combustion forms carbon dioxide and water vapor. Incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide (MSDS, 1996).

Heating to decomposition results in emission of toxic vapors of nitrogen oxides (Lewis, 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Carbaryl reacts violently with strong oxidizers (such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine) (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Pohanish, 2002).

It is incompatible with strongly alkaline pesticides, such as Bordeaux mixture, lime, and lime sulphur (Hartley & Kidd, 1990; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Carbaryl is stable to heat, light, and acids; it is hydrolyzed in alkalies (Budavari, 2000).

It is unstable above 70 degrees C (HSDB , 2002).

It is non-corrosive (Budavari, 2000; Hartley & Kidd, 1990).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131(ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

In spill situations above the action level, evacuate the area, and enter spill site from upwind. Notify the local air authority and the National Agricultural Chemicals Association (OHM/TADS , 2002).

Call the fire department. Prevent leakage into water intakes (CHRIS , 2002).

"If available, obtain the technical name of the material from the shipping paper and contact CHEMTREC, 800-424-9300 for specific response information." (AAR, 2000).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS63-25-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS63-25-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Carbaryl
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.5
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.5
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 1.5
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 100
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS63-25-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS63-25-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 100 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Following a spill, only personnel wearing protective equipment and clothing should be allowed at the spill site (HSDB , 2002).
Following a spill, collect spilled material for reclamation or absorb in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon or similar material for subsequent disposal (Pohanish, 2002).
In situ amelioration can be performed using carbon or peat as absorbents. For professional engineering assistance, call the EPA's Environmental Response Team in NJ at (201) 321-6660 (OHM/TADS , 2002).
"If available, obtain the technical name of the material from the shipping paper and contact CHEMTREC, 800-424-9300 for specific response information" (AAR, 2000).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
Spilled material may be absorbed with lime, damp sawdust, sand or earth (IPCS, 1993).
"If available, obtain the technical name of the material from the shipping paper and contact CHEMTREC, 800-424-9300 for specific response information" (AAR, 2000).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
Clean up spills immediately; vacuum with machines equipped with high efficiency filters or sweep up carbaryl and place in a disposable container. Scrub contaminated area with detergent and water using a stiff broom. Pick up liquid carbaryl with Oil Dry, cat litter, clay, rags, or other absorbent and place in a disposable container (MSDS, 1996).
To contain large spills, build barriers of earth or sandbags (IPCS, 1993).
"If available, obtain the technical name of the material from the shipping paper and contact CHEMTREC, 800-424-9300 for specific response information" (AAR, 2000).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

The manufacturer recommends that carbaryl be used up according to label directions and precautions. Collected carbaryl that cannot be reprocessed should be disposed of in a landfill approved for pesticide disposal (MSDS, 1996).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

To prevent the generation of the highly toxic methylisocyanate, carbaryl should always be subjected to alkaline hydrolysis prior to disposal. This may be achieved by mixing carbaryl with an excess of flake caustic (sodium hydroxide) and hydrolysis. For each 2.265 kg of actual carbaryl, add 0.906 kg sodium hydroxide, add water and allow 24 hours for completion of the reaction (HSDB , 2002).
Contaminated absorbent (following spills) or surplus product should be hydrolyzed at pH 12 or above prior to disposal. This may be done using 5% sodium hydroxide solution or 7-10% sodium carbonate solution for emulsifiable material. For non-emulsifiable material, a 1:1 mixture of either of these solutions and a water/oil-soluble solvent (eg, denatured alcohol, monoethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, isopropanol) may be used. The contaminated absorbent should stay covered with the hydrolyzing agent for 24 hours. The material must be analyzed to assure proper degradation prior to disposal (IPCS, 1993).
A plastic garbage container filled with carbaryl, water and soil was buried partially in open ground. This set up was found to provide satisfactory conditions for the containment of the chemical, while allowing for biological and chemical decomposition (IPCS, 1994).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration after alkaline hydrolysis is a suggested disposal method (Pohanish, 2002).
Liquid carbaryl can be mixed with a more flammable solvent prior to incineration (OHM/TADS , 2002).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Carbaryl is not known to occur as a natural product. Its presence in the environment is the result of its use as an insecticide, acaricide, and molluscicide on a variety of crops (Howard, 1991).

The general public is exposed to carbaryl primarily through residues in pesticide-treated food items or to airborne carbaryl during pesticide applications. Occupational exposure may occur during manufacture, formulation, packaging, transport, storage and application (IPCS, 1993).

Environmental persistence in river water is less than two weeks (OHM/TADS , 2002).

Carbaryl maintains its insecticidal properties as follows (OHM/TADS , 2002):

on treated plants: 3-10 days
on protected surfaces: 3-4 months
in soil: 3 weeks

Concentrations in surface water should stay below 0.02 ppb (OHM/TADS , 2002).

Three months after application of carbaryl to the soil at about 50 times the usual dose, one study found residues in roots and stems of apple trees, in couch-grass and in potatoes. No residues were found in tomato fruits and wheat grain. Other studies indicate uptake of carbaryl by rice plants and barley (IPCS, 1994).

Prolonged storage of apples resulted in migration of carbaryl from the surface through the skin into the pulp. Hence the concentration of carbaryl found in the skin decreased, whereas the concentration in the pulp increased over time (IPCS, 1994).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

The nature of photodegradation products depends on the irradiation wavelength. Experimental results indicate that intense UV irradiation generally results in a greater number of degradation products than natural sunlight UV radiation. The results also indicate that UV irradiation primarily cleaves the ester bond, whereas natural sunlight UV radiation is expected to modify the molecule in locations other than the ester bond (IPCS, 1994).
- Lambda max values for carbaryl are 312.5 nm, 280.0 nm, 270.5 nm, and 221.5 nm. There is no absorbance of UV light at wavelengths greater than 340 nm in methanol (Howard, 1991).
The half-life for the reaction of vapor-phase carbaryl with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is estimated to be 15 hours. This number was derived using a structure estimation method and using a rate constant of 2.6x10(-13) cm(3)/mole at 25 degrees C, which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of 15 hours (assuming a hydroxyl concentration of 5x10(5) radicals per cm(3)) (HSDB, 2004).
The half-life of carbaryl in the vapor phase with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere is estimated to be 12.6 hours. Since it absorbs light at wavelengths from 290-312.5 nm, carbaryl will directly photolyze in the atmosphere (extinction coefficient = 378 L/mol cm) (Howard, 1991).
The estimated half-life of carbaryl in the air ranges from 4.5 minutes to 7.4 hours based on estimated photooxidation (Howard, 1991).
Wet and dry-deposition may remove particulate-phase carbaryl from the air (HSDB, 2004).
The estimated half-life for atmospheric photolysis of carbaryl ranges from 52 hours to 200 hours (8.3 days) based on aqueous photolysis data (Howard, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- One study demonstrated that persistence of carbaryl depends both on the pH and the temperature of the water (HSDB, 2004).
- In water, carbaryl is not expected to adsorb to sediment or suspended solids. Adsorption to sediment or suspended solids and volatilization from the water surface are not considered main fate processes for carbaryl in water (HSDB, 2004).
- Carbaryl is not expected to persist in the aquatic environment. Persistence in these system is influenced by the presence of sediment and humic substance. While the presence of sediment does not alter the loss rate of carbaryl, studies have shown rapid movement of carbaryl into the sediment, where it persisted for a longer time period than carbaryl suspended in the water (IPCS, 1994).
- Carbaryl persisted longer in soil water than in lake water (HSDB, 2004).
- Carbaryl has a lifetime of 70 days in pH 7 water (HSDB, 2004).
- Half-lives for decomposition of carbaryl in water range from 0.15 days (pH 9) to 15 days (pH 7) to 1500 days (pH 5) (HSDB, 2004).
- In water, abiotic degradation of carbaryl primarily involves base-catalyzed hydrolysis. The generated 1-naphthol subsequently undergoes photolysis, which results in the generation of the 1-naphthoxide ion (HSDB, 2004).
- Under laboratory conditions, persistence of carbaryl is slightly longer in sea water than in freshwater. The hydrolysis rate may be influenced by the salt content (ie, ionic strength) of natural waters (IPCS, 1994).
- In the presence of oxygen, carbaryl was completely degraded by sunlight within four days in lake water and within two days in sea water. Under UV irradiation, 87-99% degradation was achieved in one day in the same systems (IPCS, 1994).
- Results of one study indicate that irradiation with fluorescent light slightly accelerated the rate of hydrolysis of carbaryl in estuarine water. Following addition of mud to the system, carbaryl and its decomposition product 1-naphthol were absorbed by the mud, and their decomposition continued at a rate slower than that in the seawater (IPCS, 1994).
- At neutral and basic pH levels, carbaryl hydrolyzes rapidly (ie, half-life = 10.5 days at pH 7 and 20 degrees C; half-life = 1.8 days at pH 8 and 20 degrees C). In acidic water, hydrolysis is not significant (ie, half-life = 406 days at pH 6 and 25 degrees C). Carbaryl biodegrades in water at pH levels less than 7, but it hydrolyzes at pH levels greater than 7 (Howard, 1991).
- Under alkaline conditions, carbaryl hydrolyzes to carbon dioxide (CO2) and methylamine (CH3-NH2) (Verschueren, 2001).
- Hydrolysis half-lives for carbaryl in water at 20 degrees were (HSDB, 2004):
- The estimated first-order hydrolysis half-life is 312 hours (13 days) based on the base rate constant (3.61 x 10 M(-1) min(-1)) at pH 7 and 25 degrees C (Howard, 1991).
- The estimated first-order hydrolysis half-life is 31,999 hours (3.6 years) based on the base rate constant (3.61 x 10 M(-1) min(-1)) at pH 5 and 25 degrees C (Howard, 1991).
- Hydrolysis half-life for carbaryl in pH 7.3 river water at six degrees was found to be 31 days. At 22 degrees C, the half-life was reduced to 11 days (HSDB, 2004).
- Hydrolysis half-life for carbaryl in pH 7.3 filtered river water at six degrees was found to be 45 days. At 22 degrees C, the half-life was reduced to less than 2 days (HSDB, 2004).
- Hydrolysis half-lives for carbaryl in filtered, sterilized Hickory Hills pond water (pH 6.7) and USDA No.1 pond water (pH 7.2) were found to be 30 and 12 days, respectively (HSDB, 2004).
- Photodecomposition occurs to some extent in clear surface waters. In turbid water with reduced light penetration, photolysis is greatly reduced (IPCS, 1994).
- Results from a study using aqueous buffered solution of carbaryl indicated that photolysis half-life under these conditions is expected to be 40-50 days. The authors concluded that photolysis under field conditions should occur slowly and should not represent a major fate process (IPCS, 1994).
- Carbaryl absorbs UV-B radiation most strongly. It is therefore expected that carbaryl suspended near the surface in clear water will photolyse even in overcast conditions. Due to the absorption of UVR by water, photolysis rate will decrease as depth increases (IPCS, 1994).
- Due to seasonal variation in intensity of UV-radiation, the rate of photolysis in water is about four times as high during spring and summer as it is in winter months. The half-life under summer conditions (June, midday, sunlight, pH 5.5, distilled water) was calculated to be 45 hours (IPCS, 1994).
- In distilled water, the photolysis half-life was calculated to be 45 hours. This half-life was calculated for carbaryl in water buffered at pH 5.5 and exposed to light at a wavelength > 280 nm (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001).
- Photolysis half-life for carbaryl in water on a summer day at latitude 40 degrees North ranged from 52 to 264 hours. The minimum value of this range was calculated for carbaryl in less than 10 cm deep water (HSDB, 2004).
- The estimated half-life of carbaryl in surface water ranges from 3.2 hours to 200 hours (8.3 days) based on aqueous hydrolysis half-life for pH 9 and 28 degrees C (low t1/2) and photolysis half-life in winter sunlight at 40 degrees C (Howard, 1991).
- The following direct photolysis half-lives have been calculated, assuming first-order kinetics (Verschueren, 2001):
GROUND WATER
- The estimated half-life of carbaryl in groundwater ranges from 3.2 hours to 1440 hours (60 days) based on aqueous hydrolysis half-life for pH 9 and 28 degrees C (low t1/2) and the unacclimated aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard, 1991).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- In the soil, carbaryl is subjected to hydrolysis, oxidation, and other chemical processes. Carbaryl located on the soil surface primarily undergoes photolysis (IPCS, 1994).
- Photodegradation and biochemical degradation are the main fate process in soil. Loss via volatilization also occurs. Only a small amount is lost from the soil through leaching (OHM/TADS , 2002).
- Carbaryl slowly photolyzes in soil at a rate dependent on the water content (ie, half-life = 97-251 hours in dry soil, but 458-688 hours in wet or saturated soil). In neutral and alkaline soils, carbaryl hydrolyzes more rapidly than in acidic soils. Biodegradation in soil is significant, and it has been shown to undergo 80% mineralization in four weeks. Based on its log soil-sorption coefficient (in the range of 1.9-2.5), carbaryl is expected to be moderately mobile in soil and may leach to ground water (Howard, 1991).
- Soils with high organic content adsorb carbaryl more readily than sandy soils. Although dissipation under normal conditions is rapid, carbaryl may be carried to the subsoil through precipitation or soil cultivation (IPCS, 1993).
- The dissipation and movement of carbaryl was measured in wet and dry soils in three ecosystems: boreal, temperate, and Mediterranean. The highest levels of carbaryl were found in the uppermost soil layers in each site with the greatest persistence found in the temperate, dry soil site. Most sites contained carbaryl levels greater than 20 ppm in the upper layer of soil after 90 days (Hastings et al, 1998).
- Based on its soil adsorption properties and soil persistence time, mobility of carbaryl in soil is expected to be slow and it should stay primarily in the top layer of the soil (IPCS, 1994).
- One study reports a degradation half-life of 5.5 days for carbaryl under aerobic soil conditions. Soil samples came from a sandy loam soil in North Carolina, and they were incubated with carbaryl in the dark at 25 +/- 1 degrees C. Under similar conditions, the degradation half-life was found to be 9-17 days for sandy loam soil from Texas, and 21-27 days for clay loam soil from California (IPCS, 1994).
- Experimental data indicate that lowering the incubation temperature from 23-25 degrees C to 15 degrees C nearly doubles the half-life for degradation under aerobic soil conditions (IPCS, 1994).
- Experimental data suggest a correlation between soil pH and persistence of carbaryl. After a 56-day incubation period, 32 percent of the initial carbaryl concentration were recovered from sandy clay soil (pH 4.2), while 6.2 percent of the initial concentration were recovered from sandy loam (pH 6.8) and one percent from clay soil (pH 8.3) (IPCS, 1994).
- One study indicated that nitrogen fertilizer (ammonium sulfate and urea) applied to flooded laterite soil with low native nitrogen content (0.04%) increased the persistence of carbaryl in the soil. This effect was not seen in alluvial soil with a native nitrogen content of 0.11 percent (IPCS, 1994).
- Experimental results in flooded paddy-field soil showed a soil half-life for carbaryl of seven weeks. Degradation was highest at 100 percent field capacity, indicating that microorganisms play an important role in the degradation of carbaryl in paddy-field soil (IPCS, 1994).
- Degradation of carbaryl under flooded soil conditions does not follow a clear, first order kinetic pattern (IPCS, 1994).
- The estimated half-life of carbaryl in soil ranges from 3.2 hours to 720 hours (30 days) based on aqueous hydrolysis half-life for pH 9 and 28 degrees C (low t1/2) and the unacclimated aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard, 1991).
- Half-lives for aerobic degradation of 1 ppm of carbaryl in soil were 7-14 days in sand loam and 14-28 days on clay loam (Tomlin, 2000).

OTHER

OTHER
- Carbaryl degrades quickly in crops (residual life of less than two weeks) based on hydrolysis inside the plants. The breakdown rate of carbaryl is strongly dependent on acidity and temperature. The metabolites of carbaryl have lower toxicity to humans than carbaryl itself (EXTOXNET, 1996).
- UV irradiation of carbaryl suspended in ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and tert- butanol generated 1-naphthol, and small amounts of naphthamides, naphthalene, and beta-naphthyl-1-naphthol. Carbaryl suspended in cyclohexane produced only 1-naphthol (IPCS, 1994).
- Hydrolysis half-lives for carbaryl in a 99:1 water:ethanol mixture at 25 degrees were (HSDB, 2004):
- Degradation rates for carbaryl are more rapid in chlorinated than in pure water. For carbaryl, the half-lives were (IPCS, 1994):

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Biochemical degradation and photodegradation are the primary fate mechanisms for carbaryl in soil. Biodegradation in soil is significant. Mobility in soil is slow based on carbaryl's adsorptive properties and its persistence. It is likely to remain in the uppermost soil layer, but may be carried to the subsoil with precipitation or by soil cultivation. Moderate mobility is predicted based on the log soil sorption coefficient (from 1.9 to 2.5). Leaching to groundwater is possible. It undergoes hydrolysis, photolysis, oxidation, and other chemical processes in soil. Photolysis is dependent on water content. Hydrolysis and overall persistence of carbaryl in soil is pH dependent (OHM/TADS , 2002; Hastings et al, 1998; IPCS, 1994; IPCS, 1993; Howard, 1991).

Base-catalyzed hydrolysis is the primary abiotic degradation process in water. Rapid hydrolysis occurs in neutral and basic conditions, but hydrolysis is not significant in acidic water. Biodegradation occurs at pHs below 7, while hydrolysis occurs at pH greater than 7. Photolysis occurs in water, with rates influenced by water turbidity and depth (i.e., light penetration) as well as seasonal effects. Photolysis is slow and is not a major fate process. Persistence is not expected, and is influenced by the presence of sediment and humic material, pH, and temperature. Carbaryl moves rapidly into sediment and persists longer in the sediment than suspended in water. Adsorption to sediment or suspended matter and volatilization are not important fate mechanisms in water (HSDB, 2004; IPCS, 1994; Howard, 1991).

Vapor phase carbaryl photolyzes in the atmosphere, reacting with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. Photodegradation also occurs by photolysis. Particulate phase carbaryl is removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition (HSDB, 2004; IPCS, 1994; Howard, 1991; Howard, 1991).

BIODEGRADATION

Carbaryl biodegrades rapidly in soil and water due to sunlight and bacterial action (Howard, 1991).

Degradation of carbaryl by spent mushroom compost followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The degradation rate was affected by the initial biomass concentration and the aeration rate. The kinetic rate constant for carbaryl was 0.251/h under aerobic conditions and initial biomass concentration of 100 mg/L. The half-life of carbaryl was 2.761 hours (Kuo & Regan, 1992).

Biodegradation in soil was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Half-lives were dependent on the soil type, and they ranged from 4 days for sandy or rich soils to 20 days for soils from volcanic areas (Verschueren, 2001).

Under experimental conditions, aerobic biodegradation in soil has been reported. The inoculum consisted of a mixture of activated, unacclimated sludge (primarily containing Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium and Pseudomonas), field soil and river sediment (Verschueren, 2001).

The aerobic biodegradation half-life was 0.34 days (Verschueren, 2001).

The half-life for biolysis by bacteria is estimated to be greater than 30,000 days, assuming a bacterial population concentration of 0.1 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001).

Compared to chemical hydrolysis, microbial degradation of carbaryl in natural water does not seem to be a major fate process (IPCS, 1994).

A number of studies indicate that various microorganisms can metabolize carbaryl as well as its degradation product 1-naphthol. Bacterial decomposition has been described in farm pond water and Nile river water and sewage. The organism isolated in one of these studies included Flavobacterium species. In an other study, marine organism (algae, bacteria, fungi and yeasts) were not capable of degrading carbaryl, but a number of filamentous fungi were able to metabolize the degradation product 1-naphthol (IPCS, 1994).

In general, carbaryl is less susceptible to bacterial degradation than its degradation product 1-naphthol (IPCS, 1994).

Numerous studies indicate that a number of bacteria and fungi are capable of degrading carbaryl in the soil. Among bacteria, this capability has been described for certain strains of the Pseudomonas species, and for all members of the Rhodococcus, Nocardia, Xanthomonas and Achromobacter species. Among fungi, this capability has been described for certain strains of the Asperillus, Fusarium, Gliocladium and Rhizoctonia species, and for all members of the Penicillium, Mucor and Rhizopus species (IPCS, 1994).

Decomposition of carbaryl in plants increases with increase in temperature and with increase in UV-irradiation (IPCS, 1994).

Carbaryl biodegraded in a mixture of non-acclimated sludge, field soil and river sediment with a half-life of 0.34 days (temperature 18-22 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004).

Hydrolysis was the major process for aerobic biodegradation when carbaryl was incubated with soil enrichment cultures or cultures of the Bacillus species (HSDB, 2004).

The estimated aerobic half-life of carbaryl ranges from 40 hours (1.7 days) to 720 hours (30 days) based on unacclimated aerobic river die-away test data (low t1/2) and freshwater grab sample data (Howard, 1991).

The estimated anaerobic half-life of carbaryl ranges from 160 hours (6.7 days) to 2880 hours (120 days) based on unacclimated aerobic biodegradation (Howard, 1991).

An average half-life of 10 days was calculated for the biodegradation of carbaryl in various soils. The soils investigated in this study were Pliocene sand, organic-rich orchard soil, agricultural soil and soil from a volcanic area (HSDB, 2004).

In raw seawater, carbaryl biodegraded to levels below the detection limit within 96 hours (HSDB, 2004).

BIOACCUMULATION

HUMANS

Carbaryl does not accumulate in the body tissue of mammals (Hartley & Kidd, 1990; Tomlin, 2000).

FISH

Generally, due to its rapid metabolism and rapid biodegradation, carbaryl should not pose a significant bioaccumulation risk in alkaline waters; however, in water conditions below neutrality, it may be significant (EXTOXNET, 1996; Howard, 1991).

BIRDS

Towhees feeding in carbaryl-treated areas showed only trace amounts of residues (IPCS, 1994).

PLANTS

TERRESTRIAL
- Drying of carbaryl-treated tobacco leaves with hot air decreased the residues levels by only 10 percent (IPCS, 1994).
- Carbaryl-treated cotton plants had detectable residue levels in foliage, cotton and seeds. Trace amounts were also found in cotton oil (IPCS, 1994).
- Carbaryl is persistent in fruits, especially in citrus fruits and grapes. The half-life in grapes was reported to be 29 days, but only two to nine days in cherries and cabbage. In stored wheat, barley, oats, and rice, the half-life for carbaryl was estimated to be 26 to 80 weeks, depending on the storage temperature (IPCS, 1994).
- Animal feed crops, such as maize, typically contain less carbaryl residues than frits and vegetables (IPCS, 1994).
- Vegetation may be contaminated with carbaryl either during the spraying process or via migration of carbaryl from contaminated soil into the roots of the plants. Residual levels found in the plants sprayed with carbaryl depend on the type and the species of the plant. Numerous studies have shown that treatment, such as washing, peeling, stripping outer leaves, juicing or canning, of sprayed produce significantly reduces the residue levels. Combinations of treatment methods, such as washing followed by brief treatment with hot water, appear to be even more effective in reducing the residue levels (IPCS, 1994).

MAMMALS

Carbaryl does not accumulate in the body tissue of mammals (Hartley & Kidd, 1990; Tomlin, 2000).
Milk obtained from dairy cows feeding on carbaryl-treated roughage contained no detectable levels of carbaryl (IPCS, 1994).
Cattle sprayed with carbaryl showed detectable residue levels for three days in liver, muscle tissue, and peri-renal fat. Seventy-two hours after application, residue levels in these tissues were below the detection limit. In the same animals, carbaryl excretion into the milk persisted for sixty-nine hours, with a peak concentration five hours after the treatment (IPCS, 1994).
Application of carbaryl spray (0.5%) or dust (50%) on the cow's back immediately after the morning or evening milking is an effective horn fly control procedure that should not result in detectable levels of carbaryl in subsequent milkings (IPCS, 1994).

OTHER

INVERTEBRATES
- A concentration of 1 ppm carbaryl killed all zooplankton species, including Chaoborus larvae (HSDB , 2002).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Bioconcentration is not expected to be significant (Howard, 1991).
The bioconcentration factor ranges from 9-34, indicating a low potential for bioconcentration (HSDB, 2004).
Bioconcentration factors for carbaryl are 34 in the golden orfe and 30 in the golden ide (Howard, 1991).
The bioaccumulation factor for carbaryl in topmouth gudgeon is 9 (EXTOXNET, 1996; Howard, 1991).
Freshwater fish: 14-75 (IPCS, 1993)
Bioconcentration factors (Verschueren, 2001):
- Algae: 4,000
- Algae (Chlorella fusca): 73 (wet wt)
- Duckweed: 3600
- Snails: 300
- Catfish: 140
- Crayfish: 260

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Carbaryl is practically nontoxic to wildbird species. It is lethal to many non-target insects, including bees and other beneficial insects (EPA, 1988; EXTOXNET, 1996; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; Meister, 2001).

Two percent carbaryl bran bait used to control grasshoppers in North Dakota had no observable effect on the acetylcholinesterase activity of non-target birds and mammals. This method of application was less hazardous to wildlife than liquid sprays because of reduced exposure to non-target organisms (George et al, 1992).

Carbaryl is moderately toxic to warm water and cold water aquatic organisms, such as rainbow trout and bluegill (EPA, 1988; EXTOXNET, 1996).

Short-term exposure to non-lethal levels (1.66 ppm) of carbaryl had no significant effect on the reproduction of freshwater perch, while long-term exposure was potently inhibitory (Choudhury et al, 1993).

The products ADIOS and SLAM are toxic to estuarine and aquatic invertebrates, whereas the product SEVIN XLR PLUS is essentially non-toxic (Meister, 2001).
Carbaryl is extremely toxic to aquatic invertebrates and certain estuarine organisms (EPA, 1988).
The acute waterfowl toxicity for carbaryl is 2179 ppm. The chronic waterfowl toxicity limit is 125 ppm (OHM/TADS , 2002).
Populations of mayflies, caddis flies and stone flies are greatly affected when exposed to carbaryl at 0.75 lb/acre (OHM/TADS , 2002).
In general, carbaryl is not phytotoxic if used as directed, but some varieties of apples and pears may be injured under certain circumstances (Hartley & Kidd, 1990).
The LC50-values for crustaceans are species-dependent, and they range from 5 to 2500 microgram/liter. Aquatic insects have a similar range of sensitivity, with mayflies and stoneflies being the most sensitive groups. The LC50-values for fish range from 1 to 30 mg/liter, with salmonids being the most sensitive group. The acute toxicity for bird (wild birds and water fowl) is low, with red-winged blackbird being the most sensitive species tested (IPCS, 1993).
TOXICITY VALUES FOR MAMMALIAN SPECIES:

LD50 - (ORAL) MULE DEER, Female, 11 month old: 200-400 mg/kg, 95% pure compound (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2002)

TOXICITY VALUES FOR AVIAN SPECIES:

LC50 - (ORAL) BOBWHITE, 23 days old: >5000 ppm for 5D, in diet (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (ORAL) MALLARD, 24 days old: >5000 ppm for 5D, in diet (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (EMULSION) MALLARD, Egg: 178 - >500 lb/acre; 199 - 560 kg/ha (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (ORAL) RINGNECK PHEASANT, 23 days old: >5000 ppm for 5D in diet (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (ORAL) QUAIL, Coturnix sp: >5000 ppm for 5D, in diet (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (ORAL) JAPANESE QUAIL, 7 days old: > 5000 ppm (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (ORAL) JAPANESE QUAIL, Coturnix japonica: >10,000 ppm for 5D, 98% AI, technical grade (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (ORAL) JAPANESE QUAIL, Coturnix japonica: >10,000 ppm for 5D, commercial formulation, 50% AI (Sevin 50) (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 (ORAL) JAPANESE QUAIL, Coturnix japonica: >10,000 ppm for 5D, commercial formulation as carbaryl-zineb (3.0% carbaryl AI and 5.2% zineb AI) (HSDB, 2004)
LDLo - (subQ) CHICKEN: 2 g/kg (RTECS, 2002)
LD50 - (ORAL) PIGEON: 1000-3000 mg/kg, 85% pure compound (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2002)
LD50 - (ORAL) WILD BIRD: 56 mg/kg (RTECS, 2002)
LD50 - (ORAL) MALLARD, Young: >2179 mg/kg (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LD50 - (ORAL) CANADA GOOSE: 1790 mg/kg, 50% pure compound (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2002)
LD50 - (NOT REPORTED) WATERFOWL: 2170 mg/kg (CHRIS, 2002)
LD50 - (ORAL) PHEASANT, Male, 3 month old: >2000 mg/kg, 95% pure compound (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2002)
LD50 - (ORAL) PHEASANT, Female, 3-4 month old: 707 mg/kg (HSDB, 2004)
LD50 - (ORAL) QUAIL, Coturnix, Male, 2 month old: 2290 mg/kg, 85% pure compound (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2002)
LD50 - (ORAL) JAPANESE QUAIL: 2230 mg/kg (Hartley & Kidd, 1990)
LD50 - (ORAL) SHARP-TAILED GROUSE, Female, 3-12 month old: 780-1700 mg/kg, 95% pure compound (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2002)

TOXICITY VALUES FOR AMPHIBIANS:

LD50 - (ORAL) BULLFROG, Male: >4000 mg/kg; 50% pure compound (HSDB, 2004)

TOXICITY VALUES FOR FISH:

EC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW, Pimephales promelas, 29 days old: 5.29 mg/L for 96H, 25.8 deg C, 6.7 mg/L dissolved oxygen, 45.4 mg/L CaCO3 water hardness, 43.4 mg/L CaCO3 alkalinity, pH 7.7, flow-through bioassay, 99% purity (HSDB, 2004)
EC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW, Pimephales promelas, 28 days old: 6.40 mg/L for 96H, 24.5 deg C, 7.0 mg/L dissolved oxygen, 44.1 mg/L CaCO3 water hardness, 44.9 mg/L CaCO3 alkalinity, pH 7.7, flow-through bioassay, 99% purity (HSDB, 2004)
EC50 - (WATER) SHINER PERCH: 3.9 ppm for 24H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC - (WATER) CATFISH: 32.5 ppm for 24H (HSDB, 2004)
LC - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 14 ppm for 48H, 50% wettable powder (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 28 ppm for 48H, technical grade (Meister, 2001; (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC - (WATER) KILLIFISH: 1.6 ppm for 48H -- 50% lethality, salt water (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC - (WATER) SPOT, Juvenile: 1 ppm for 24H - 60% lethality (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) ATLANTIC SALMON, 0.4 gram: 4500 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) CHINOOK SALMON, Fingerling: 2400 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) COHO SALMON, 0.5 gram: 1.3 ppm for 96H, continuous flow (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) COHO SALMON: 0.76 ppm for 96H, static bioassay (OHM/TADS , 2002; Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) COHO SALMON, 1.0 gram: 4340 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) SALMON, Onchorhynchus keta, Juvenile: 2500 ppb for 96H; static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) BROOK TROUT, 1.15 gram: 1.07 ppm for 96H, continuous flow (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) BROOK TROUT, 2.04 gram: 1.45 ppm for 96H, continuous flow (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) BROOK TROUT, 0.8 gram: 2100 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) BROOK TROUT, 1.3 gram: 4500 mcg/L for 96H, 49% pure compound, oil dispersion, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) BROWN TROUT: 2.0 ppm for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) BROWN TROUT: 1.95 ppm for 96H, static bioassay (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) BROWN TROUT: 1.5 ppm for 48H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) BROWN TROUT, 0.6 gram: 6300 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) CUTTHROAT TROUT, 0.37 gram: 1.5 ppm for 96H, continuous flow (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) CUTTHROAT TROUT, 1.3 gram: 2.2 ppm for 96H, continuous flow (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) CUTTHROAT TROUT, 0.5 gram: 7100 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) LAKE TROUT, 1.7 gram: 690 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT: 3.4 ppm for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT, 1.24 gram: 1.47 ppm for 96H, continuous flow (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT: 4.38 mg/L for 96H (Hartley & Kidd, 1990; Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT: 4.34 ppm for 96H, static bioassay (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT, 1.5 gram: 1950 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT: 1.3 mg/L for 96H (Tomlin, 2000)
LC50 - (WATER) TROUT, Salmo gairdneri: 1.4 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL, 1.2 gram: 6.8 mg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (Hartley & Kidd, 1990; HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 3.4 ppm for 24H (OHM/TADS , 2002; Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 2.5 ppm for 48H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 2.0 ppm for 96H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 6.76 ppm for 96H, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL, 0.7 gram: 39,000 mcg/L for 96H; 49% pure compound, oil dispersion, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 10 mg/L for 96H (Tomlin, 2000)
LC50 - (WATER) CARP, 0.6 gram: 5.28 ppm for 96H, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2002; Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) CARP, Cyprinus carpio: 13 mg/L for 24H, static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) CARP, Cyprinus carpio: 12 mg/L for 48H, static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) CARP, Cyprinus carpio: 13 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) CARP, Cyprinus carpio: 10 mg/L for 72H, static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) MOSQUITOFISH, Gambusia affinis: 40 mg/L for 24H; static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) MOSQUITOFISH, Gambusia affinis: 35 mg/L for 48H; static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) MOSQUITOFISH, Gambusia affinis: 32 mg/L for 96H; static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) MOSQUITOFISH, Gambusia affinis: 204 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW, Pimephales promelas: 6.7-10 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW: 13.0 ppm for 96H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW: 14.96 ppm for 96H, static bioassay (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW, 0.8 gram: 14,600 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW, Pimephales promelas, 29 days old: 6.67 mg/L for 96H, 25.8 deg C, 6.7 mg/L dissolved oxygen, 45.4 mg/L CaCO3 water hardness, 43.4 mg/L CaCO3 alkalinity, pH 7.7, flow-through bioassay, 99% purity (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW, Pimephales promelas, 28 days old: 8.93 mg/L for 96H, 26.0 deg C, 6.7 mg/L dissolved oxygen, 45.4 mg/L CaCO3 water hardness, 43.4 mg/L CaCO3 alkalinity, pH 7.7, flow-through bioassay, 99% purity (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW, Pimephales promelas, 28 days old: 7.47 mg/L for 96H, 26.0 deg C, 6.7 mg/L dissolved oxygen, 45.4 mg/L CaCO3 water hardness, 43.4 mg/L CaCO3 alkalinity, pH 7.7, flow-through bioassay, 99% purity (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW, Pimephales promelas, 28 days old: 10.4 mg/L for 96H, 24.5 deg C, 7.0 mg/L dissolved oxygen, 44.1 mg/L CaCO3 water hardness, 44.9 mg/L CaCO3 alkalinity, pH 7.7, flow-through bioassay, 99% purity (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW, Pimephales promelas, 31 days old: 9.47 mg/L for 96H, 24.2 deg C, 7.0 mg/L dissolved oxygen, 43.8 mg/L CaCO3 water hardness, 41.5 mg/L CaCO3 alkalinity, pH 7.7, flow-through bioassay, 99% purity (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW, Pimephales promelas, 31 days old: 6.42 mg/L for 96H, 24.2 deg C, 7.0 mg/L dissolved oxygen, 43.8 mg/L CaCO3 water hardness, 41.5 mg/L CaCO3 alkalinity, pH 7.7, flow-through bioassay, 99% purity (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW: 2.2 mg/L for 96H (Tomlin, 2000)
LC50 - (WATER) STICKLEBACK: 6.7 ppm for 24H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) STICKLEBACK, Gasterosteus aculeatus: 3990 ppb for 96H; static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) STICKLEBACK, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Juvenile: 6700 ppb for 24H; static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) YELLOW PERCH: 0.75 ppm for 96H, static bioassay (OHM/TADS , 2002; Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) YELLOW PERCH, 0.6 gram: 5100 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) SHINER PERCH, Cymatogaster aggregata, Juvenile: 3900 ppb for 24H; static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) GREEN SUNFISH, 1.1 gram: 11.2 mg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) GOLDFISH, 0.9 gram: 13.2 ppm for 96H, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2002; Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) BLACK BULLHEAD, 1.2 gram: 20 ppm for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2002; Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) CATFISH, Clarius batrachus: 47-108 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) CHANNEL CATFISH, 1.5 gram: 15.8 ppm for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2002; Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) LONGNOSE KILLIFISH: 1.75 ppm for 24H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) HARLEQUIN FISH: 3.4 ppm for 24H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) STRIPED BASS: 1.96 ppm (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) LARGEMOUTH BASS, 0.9 gram: 6.4 mg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) BLACK CRAPPIE, 1.0 gram: 2600 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) SOLE, Parophyrs vetulus, Juvenile: 4100 ppb for 24H; static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
TLM - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 28.0 ppm (OHM/TADS , 2002)
TLM - (WATER) COHO SALMON: 0.99 ppm for 48H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
TLM - (WATER) COHO SALMON: 0.997 ppm for 96H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
TLM - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT: 1.35 ppm for 48H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
TLM - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT: 1.35 ppm for 96H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 5.3 ppm for 48H, soft water (OHM/TADS , 2002)
TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 5.6 ppm for 96H, soft water (OHM/TADS , 2002)
TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 11.0 ppm for 96H, soft water (OHM/TADS , 2002)
TLM - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW, 9 days old: 6.7 ppm for 96H, 25.8 degrees C, 6.7 mg/L dissolved oxygen, 45.4 mg/L CaCO3 water hardness, 43.4 mg/L CaCO3 alkalinity, pH 7.7, flow-through bioassay, 99% pure compound (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2002)
TLM - (WATER) STICKLEBACK: 6.7 ppm for 24H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
TLM - (WATER) STICKLEBACK: 10.45 ppm for 48H (OHM/TADS , 2002)

TOXICITY VALUES FOR CRUSTACEANS, INSECTS, MOLLUSCS AND GASTROPODS:

EC50 - (WATER) MUD SHRIMP: 0.4 ppm for 24H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
EC50 - (WATER) DUNGENESS CRAB: 0.6 ppm for 24H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
EC50 - (WATER) COCKLE CLAM: 7.3 ppm for 24H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
TC - (WATER) MARINE PLANKTON: 0.1-10 ppm - death or no growth (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC - (WATER) WILD LARVAE: 0.4 ppm for 0.08H; flowing water -- 47% lethality (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC - (WATER) INVERTEBRATE FISH FOOD: 0.25 lb/acre, river bioassay -- 50-97% lethality (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) DAPHNIA: 0.006 mg/L for 48H (Tomlin, 2000)
LC50 - (WATER) WHITE MULLET: 4.25 ppm for 24H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) HARD CLAM, Eggs: 3.82 ppm for 48H, laboratory conditions (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) HARD CLAM, Larvae: > 2.5 ppm for 336H, laboratory conditions (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) OYSTER, Eggs: 3 ppm for 48H, laboratory conditions (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) OYSTER, Larvae: 3 ppm for 336H, laboratory conditions (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) EASTERN OYSTER, Crassostrea virginica: 2.7 mg/L for 48H (Tomlin, 2000)
LC50 - (WATER) GRASS SHRIMP: 0.038 ppm for 24H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) MYSID SHRIMP, Mysidopsis bahia: 5.7 mcg/L for 96H (Tomlin, 2000)
LC50 - (WATER) CRUSTACEANS, Asellus, Mature: 280 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) CRUSTACEANS, Gammarus pulex: 0.029 ppm for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) CRUSTACEANS, Gammarus lacustris, Mature: 22 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) CRUSTACEANS, Gammarus fasciatus, Mature: 26 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) CRUSTACEANS, Palaemon macrodactylus: 12 ppb for 96H, static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) CRUSTACEANS, Palaemon macrodactylus: 7 ppb for 96H, flow-through bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) CRUSTACEANS, Upogebia pugettensis: 40 ppb for 48H, static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) CRUSTACEANS, Callianassa californiensis: 30 ppb for 48H, static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) CRUSTACEANS, Callianassa californiensis, Adult: 130 ppb for 48H, static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) MOLLUSCS, Crassostrea virginica, Eggs: 3000 ppb for 48H, static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) MOLLUSCS, Clinocadium nutalli, Adult: 7300 ppb for 24H, static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) MOLLUSCS, Clinocadium nutalli, Juvenile: 3850 ppb for 96H, static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) GASTROPOD, Lymnaea stagnalis: 21 ppm for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) MOLLUSCS, Melanopsis dufouri: 10-15 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) INSECT, Acroneuria lycorias: 2.2 mcg/L for 30D (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) INSECT, Hydropsyche bettoni: 2.7 mcg/L for 30D (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) INSECT, Chaoborus, Larvae: 0.3 ppm for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) INSECT, Cloeon: 0.48 ppm for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) INSECT, Chironomus riparius, Fourth instar larvae: 104 ppb for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) INSECT, Pteronarcys dorsata: 23 mcg/L for 30D (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) INSECT, Procambarus, Earl instar: 1900 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) INSECT, Palaemonetes, Mature: 5.6 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) INSECT, Pteronarcella, Naiad: 1.7 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) INSECT, Pteronarcys, Second yr class: 4.8 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) INSECT, Claassenia, Second yr class: 5.6 mcg/L for 96H 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) INSECT, Skwala, Naiad: 3.6 mcg/L for 96H, 99.5% pure technical material, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) INSECT, Skwala, First class instar: 9.2 mcg/L for 96H, 49% pure compound, oil dispersion, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (FOOD) BEE: 3.8-4.5 ppm for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LD50 - (TOPICAL) BEE: 1 mcg/bee (Tomlin, 2000)
LD50 - (UNREPORTED) RICE-FIELD SPIDER, Oedothorax insecticeps: 840 ppm (Verschueren, 2001)
TLM - (WATER) BROWN SHRIMP: 0.027 ppm for 48H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
TLM - (WATER) WHITE SHRIMP: 0.013 ppm for 48H (OHM/TADS , 2002)

TOXICITY VALUES FOR FRESHWATER PROTOZOANS:

LC50 - (WATER) PROTOZOA, Paramecium multimicronucleatum: 28 ppm for 24H; static plate assay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) PROTOZOA, Paramecium multimicronucleatum: 34 ppm for 17H; static plate assay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) PROTOZOA, Paramecium multimicronucleatum: 46 ppm for 13H; static plate assay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) PROTOZOA, Paramecium multimicronucleatum: 65 ppm for 9H; static plate assay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) Paramecium multimicronucleatum: 105 ppm for 7H; static plate assay (HSDB, 2004)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

201.22

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Carbaryl is a white or grayish (depending on purity), odorless, crystalline solid (ACGIH, 2001; Budavari, 2000).

When spilled in water, the solid form of carbaryl will sink, whereas carbaryl solution may float at the surface (CHRIS , 2002).

It is stable under neutral and weakly acidic conditions. In alkaline media, it is hydrolyzed to 1-naphthol (Hartley & Kidd, 1990).

The half-life at pH 7 is 12 days, and 3.2 hours at pH 9 (Tomlin, 2000).

It is non-corrosive (Hartley & Kidd, 1990).

It is stable to heat, light, and acids (Budavari, 2000).

Unstable above 70 degrees C (HSDB , 2002).

VAPOR PRESSURE

1.17x10(-6) to 3.1x10(-7) mmHg (at 24-25 degrees C) (IPCS, 1993)

<4x10(-5) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; Harbison, 1998; NIOSH , 2002)

1.36x10(-6) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1991)

3.97x10(-5) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

<0.005 mmHg (at 26 degrees C) (EPA, 1988; Verschueren, 2001)

2x10(-3) mmHg (at 40 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001; Meister, 2001)

5.3X10(-5) hPa (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)

4.1X10(-2) mPa (at 23.5 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001; Tomlin, 2000)

<665 mPa (at 26 degrees C) (Hartley & Kidd, 1990)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.232 (at 20/20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001; Budavari, 2000; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; Lewis, 2000; Meister, 2001; OHM/TADS , 2002)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.23 g/mL (Lewis, 2001)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.232 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Tomlin, 2000)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

293 degrees F (NIOSH , 2002)
142 degrees C; 288 degrees F; 415 Kelvin (CHRIS , 2002; Pohanish, 2002)

MELTING POINT

142 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2002; Lewis, 2000; Meister, 2001; Tomlin, 2000)
145 degrees C (ACGIH, 2001)

BOILING POINT

Decomposes on distillation (Howard, 1991)

Decomposes at its boiling point (HSDB , 2002)

FLASH POINT

193 degrees C (IPCS, 1993)

380 degrees F (EPA, 1988)

Not flammable (CHRIS , 2002)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

Not Applicable

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Not flammable (CHRIS , 2002)

UPPER

Not flammable (CHRIS , 2002)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

32 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1991)
120 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001; Tomlin, 2000)
1000 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2002)
40 mg/L (at 30 degrees C)(IPCS, 1993; Meister, 2001)
120 mg/L (at 30 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; Verschueren, 2001)
0.01% by weight (Harbison, 1998)
Insoluble in water (Lewis, 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Carbaryl is moderately soluble in acetone, cyclohexanone, dimethylformamide, and isophorone (ACGIH, 2001; Budavari, 2000).
It is soluble in diethyl ether, ethanol, and petroleum ether (HSDB , 2002).
It is freely soluble in chloroform; readily soluble in moat polar organic solvents (HSDB , 2002).
Acetone: 200-300 g/kg (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; Tomlin, 2000)
Cyclohexanone: 200-250 g/kg (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; Tomlin, 2000)
Dimethylformamide: 400-450 g/kg (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001; Hartley & Kidd, 1990)
Dimethyl sulfoxide: 400-450 g/kg (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; Tomlin, 2000)
Isopropanol: 100 g/kg (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; Tomlin, 2000)
Xylene: 100 g/kg (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; Tomlin, 2000)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Log Kow = 2.36 (Howard, 1991)

Log Kow = 1.59-2.3 (IPCS, 1993)

Log Poct = 2.3 (Verschueren, 2001)

Log P = 1.59 (Tomlin, 2000)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

1.28x10(-8) atm-m(3)/mol (at 20 degrees C) (estimated) (Howard, 1991)

8.8x10(-8) atm-m(3)/mole (HSDB , 2002)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

MASS

1193 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base) (HSDB , 2002)
INTENSE MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS: 144 M/z (100%); 115 M/z (37%); 145 M/z (14%) (HSDB , 2002)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 7th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 2001.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

Adrianova MM & Alekseev IV: The carcinogenic properties of the pesticides, Sevin, maneb, ziram and zineb (Russian). Vopr Pitaniya 1970; 29:71-74.

Ahmed FE: Chem-Biol Interact 1977; 19:369-374.

Alaspaa AO, Kuisma MJ, Hoppu K, et al: Out-of-hospital administration of activated charcoal by emergency medical services. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45:207-12.

Amer SM, Fahmy MA, & Donya SM: Cytogenetic effect of some insecticides in mouse spleen. J Appl Toxicol 1996; 16:1-3.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.

Ashford R: Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, Wavelength Publications Ltd, London, England, 2001.

Baselt RC: Biological Monitoring Methods for Industrial Chemicals, 3rd ed, Chemical Toxicology Institute, Foster City, CA, 1997.

Baselt RC: Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 5th ed, Chemical Toxicology Institute, Foster City, CA, 2000.

Bernard JB: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1972; 22:318.

Blecvins RD, Lee M, & Regan JD: Mutagenicity screening of five methyl carbamate insecticides and their nitroso derivatives using mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Mutat Res 1977; 56:1-6.

Branch RA & Jacqz E: Subacute neurotoxicity following long-term exposure to carbaryl. Am J Med 1986a; 80:659-664.

Budavari S: The Merck Index, 12th ed. on CD-ROM. Version 12:3a. Chapman & Hall/CRCnetBASE. Whitehouse Station, NJ. 2000.

Burgess JL, Kirk M, Borron SW, et al: Emergency department hazardous materials protocol for contaminated patients. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2):205-212.

CHRIS : CHRIS Hazardous Chemical Data. US Department of Transportation, US Coast Guard. Washington, DC (Internet Version). Edition expires 11/30/2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

CHRIS: CHRIS Hazardous Chemical Data. US Department of Transportation, US Coast Guard. Washington, DC (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

Cambon C: Biochem Pharmacol 1978; 27:2647-2648.

Carpenter CP: Agric Foof Chem 1961; 9:30-39.

Choudhury C, Ray AK, & Bhattacharya S: Non-lethal concentrations of pesticide impair ovarian function in the freshwater perch, anabas testudineus. Environ Biol Fish 1993; 36:319-324.

Collins TFX: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1971; 19:202-216.

Cranmer MF: Neurotoxicology 1986; 7:247-332.

DFG: List of MAK and BAT Values 2002, Report No. 38, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 2002.

Dagnone D, Matsui D, & Rieder MJ: Assessment of the palatability of vehicles for activated charcoal in pediatric volunteers. Pediatr Emerg Care 2002; 18:19-21.

Declume C & Bernard P: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1977; 39:451-460.

Denorscia RM & Lodge JR: J Anim Sci 1973; 37:243-244.

Dickoff DJ, Gerber O, & Turovsky Z: Delayed neurotoxicity after ingestion of carbamate pesticide. Neurology 1987; 37:1229-1231.

Dieringer CS: Pharmacologist 1973; 15:226.

Dikshith TSS: Environ Res 1976; 12:161-170.

Dougherty WJ: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1971; 19:365.

EPA: Pesticide Fact Handbook, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1988.

EPA: Search results for Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Chemicals. US Environmental Protection Agency, Substance Registry System, U.S. EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.epa.gov/srs/.

ERG: Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident, U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Washington, DC, 2004.

EXTOXNET: Extension Toxicology Network Pesticide Information Profiles: Carbaryl. Extension Toxicology Network (EXTOXNET), Oregon State University. Corvallis, OR, USA. 1996. Available from URL: http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/carbaryl.htm.

Elespuru R: Nature 1974; 247:386-387.

George TL, Mcewen LC, & Fowler A: Effects of a carbaryl bait treatment on nontarget wildlife. Environ Entomol 1992; 21:1239-1247.

Gladenko I: Veterinariya (Moscow) 1970; 47:91-93.

Guenther Skokan E, Junkins EP, & Corneli HM: Taste test: children rate flavoring agents used with activated charcoal. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001; 155:683-686.

HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 2004; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

Harbison RD: Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 5th ed, Mosby-Year Books, St. Louis, MO, 1998.

Hartley D & Kidd H: The Agrochemicals Handbook, 2nd ed, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Nottingham, England, 1990.

Hastings FL, Werner RA, & Shea PJ: Persistance of carbaryl within boreal, temperate, and Mediterranean ecosystems. Journal of Economic Entomology 1998; 91(3):665-670.

Hathaway GJ, Proctor NH, & Hughes JP: Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, 3rd ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1991.

Hathaway GJ, Proctor NH, & Hughes JP: Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, 4th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1996.

Howard PH: Handbook of Environmental fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals: Pesticides, III, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1991.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: 1,3-Butadiene, Ethylene Oxide and Vinyl Halides (Vinyl Fluoride, Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Bromide), 97, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2008.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, 88, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2006.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Household Use of Solid Fuels and High-temperature Frying, 95, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010a.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines, 89, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2007.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures, 92, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010.

IARC: List of all agents, mixtures and exposures evaluated to date - IARC Monographs: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, Volumes 1-88, 1972-PRESENT. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, FranceAvailable from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/monoeval/crthall.html. As accessed Oct 07, 2004.

IARC: Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenicity of Chemicals to Humans. Carbaryl, CAS No.: 63-25-2. 1972-PRESENT (Multivolume work). International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. 1976. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol12/carbaryl.html. As accessed Accessed September 26, 2002.

ICAO: Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, 2003-2004. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2002.

IPCS: Environmental Health Criteria 153, Carbaryl, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1994.

IPCS: Health and Safety Guide No. 78, Carbaryl, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1993.

IRIS: Integrated Risk Information System. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

Imming RJ: Woodard Res Caop, Herndon, VA, 1969, pp 25.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: list of classifications, volumes 1-116. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Lyon, France. 2016. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/latest_classif.php. As accessed 2016-08-24.

International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. 2015. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/. As accessed 2015-08-06.

Jaszczuk E & Syrowatka T: Rocz Pansw Zakl Hig 1980; 31:305-311.

Jaszczuk E, Syrowatka T, & Cybulski J: Mutagenic activity of propoxur, carbaryl and their nitroso derivatives: induction of reversion in Salmonella typhimurium. Rocz Pansw Zakl Hig 1979; 30:81-88.

Kazarnovskaya ML & Vasilos AF: Zdravookhranenie 1977; 20:14-16.

Kitagawa K: J Toxicol Sci 1977; 2:52-60.

Krylova TV: Zool Zh 1975; 54:1874-1879.

Kuo WS & Regan RW: Degradation of carbaryl and 1-naphthol by spent mushroom compost microorganisms. Water Sci Technol 1992; 26:2081-2084.

Lechner DMW & Abdel-Rahman MS: J Toxicol Environ Health 1984; 14:267-278.

Lewis RJ: Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 14th ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, NY, 2001.

Lewis RJ: Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 10th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 2000.

Maibach HI et al: Paper Pres. Symp Sulla Prevenzione Delle Dermatosi Professionali (May 26), 1970.

Mandzhgaladze RN & Vashakidze VI: Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi Ssr 1972; 65:485-488.

Meister RT: Farm Chemicals Handbook, 88, Meister Publishing Co, Willoughby, OH, 2001.

Moutschen-Dahman J: Mutat Res 1976; 38:122-123.

Murray FJ: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1979; 51:81-89.

NFPA: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13th ed., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2002.

NIOSH : Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 1, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2001.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 2, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2002.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 3, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2003.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 4, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2004.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Butylene Oxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648083cdbb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Dibromoethane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802796db&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 2-Ethylhexyl Chloroformate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037904e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Acrylonitrile (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648028e6a3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Adamsite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Agent BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ad507&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Allyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039d9ee&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Arsenic Trioxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480220305&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Automotive Gasoline Unleaded (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cc17&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Biphenyl (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1b7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bis-Chloromethyl Ether (BCME) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648022db11&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Boron Tribromide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae1d3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromine Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039732a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromoacetone (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187bf&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Calcium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae328&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Sulfide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037ff26&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Chlorobenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803a52bb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Cyanogen (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187fe&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Dimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbf3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Diphenylchloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091884e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Phosphorodichloridate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480920347&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809203e7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hexafluoropropylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1f5&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Malathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809639df&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Mercury Vapor (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a087&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Isothiocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a03&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a57&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802a4985&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methylchlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5f4&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c646&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN1 CAS Reg. No. 538-07-8) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN2 CAS Reg. No. 51-75-2) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN3 CAS Reg. No. 555-77-1) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Tetroxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091855b&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Trifluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008o. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e32&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perchloryl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e268&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perfluoroisobutylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008p. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dd58&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020cc0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phorate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008q. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dcc8&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene (Draft-Revised). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a08a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene Oxime (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26d&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Propargyl Alcohol (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec91&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Silane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d523&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Strontium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sulfuryl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec7a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tear Gas (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008s. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e551&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tellurium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e2a1&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tert-Octyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008r. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5c7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tetramethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-17.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7d608&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethylacetyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008t. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5cc&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Zinc Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for n-Butyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064808f9591&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, 2007.

National Research Council : Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 5, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2007.

National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 6, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2008.

National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 7, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2009.

National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 8, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2010.

OHM/TADS : Oil and Hazardous Materials/Technical Assistance Data System. US Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

OSHA: Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Personal Protective Equipment for General Industry, 59, OSHA, Washington, DC, 2000, pp 16334-16364.

Oenfelt A & Klasterska I: Mutat Res 1984; 125:269-274.

Olefir AI: Vrach Delo 1973; 8:137-140.

Omirov RY: Probl Gig Organ Zdravookhr Uzb 1973; 1:110-113.

Orlova NV & Zhalbe EP: Vopr Pitan 1968; 27:49-55.

Orlova NV: Ig Primen Toksikol Pestits Klin Otravienii 1970; 8:208-211.

Pant N, Shankar R, & Srivastava SP: Spermatotoxic effects of carbaryl in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 1996; 15:736-738.

Pesatori AC, Sontag JM, & Lubin JH: Cohort mortality and nested case-control study of lung cancer among structural pest control workers in Florida (United States). Cancer Cause Control 1994; 5:310-318.

Pohanish RP & Greene SA: Rapid Guide to Chemical Incompatibilities, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1997.

Pohanish RP: Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 4th ed, Noyes Publications / William Andrew Publishing, Norwich, NY, 2002.

Przezdziecki Z & Komorowska-Malewska W: Mater Mauk Krajowego Zjazdu Endokrynol Pol 8th, 1974.

RTECS : Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

RTECS: Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

Robens JF: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1969; 15:152-163.

Rybakova MN: Gig Sanit 1968; 33:27-31.

Rybakova NN: Gig Sanit 1966; 31:402-407.

Sabharwal PS & Lockard JM: In Vitru 1979; 15:172-173.

Santolucito JA: Ind Med Surg 1970; 39:315.

Shilova SA: Zool ZH 1973; 52:1008-1012.

Shtenberg AI & Orlova NV: Vestn Akad Med Nauk Ssr 1970; 25:72-76.

Shtenberg AI & Rybakova MN: Food Cosmet Toxicol 1968; 6:461-467.

Shukla Y, Antony M, & Mehrotra NK: Carcinogenic and cocarcinogenic studies with carbaryl following topical exposure in mice. Cancer Lett 1992; 62:133-140.

Siebert D & Eisenbrand G: Mutat Res 1974; 22:122-126.

Sinha RR & Sinha SP: Comp Physiol Ecol 1983; 8:87-89.

Smalley HE: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1968; 13:392-403.

Smalley HE: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1969; 14:409-419.

Smirnov AA: Biol Nauki 1971; 14:29-33.

Spiller HA & Rogers GC: Evaluation of administration of activated charcoal in the home. Pediatrics 2002; 108:E100.

Syrowatka T: Mater Ses Nauk Inst Ochr Rosl (Poznan) 1980; 20:223-238.

Thakore S & Murphy N: The potential role of prehospital administration of activated charcoal. Emerg Med J 2002; 19:63-65.

Thomas JA: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1974; 28:142-145.

Tomlin CDS: The Pesticide Manual, 12th ed, British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, UK, 2000.

Tos-Luty S: Bromatol Chem Toksykol 1974; 7:57-62.

Trifonova TK: Veterinariya (Moscow) 1978; 4:73-75.

Triolo AJ: Report. Iss EPA/600/1-78/066; Order No PB-290322, 1978.

Tsaregorodtseva GN & Talanov GA: Tr Vses Nauchno-Issled Inst Vet Sanit 1973; 47:150-155.

U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management: Protective Action Criteria (PAC) with AEGLs, ERPGs, & TEELs: Rev. 26 for chemicals of concern. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.hss.doe.gov/HealthSafety/WSHP/Chem_Safety/teel.html. As accessed 2011-06-27.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project : 11th Report on Carcinogens. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/INDEXA5E1.HTM?objectid=32BA9724-F1F6-975E-7FCE50709CB4C932. As accessed 2011-06-27.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification species, container residues, and spill residues thereof. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities 2010b; 40CFR(261.33, e-f):77-.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2011. Available from URL: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm?fuseaction=iris.showSubstanceList&list_type=date. As accessed 2011-06-21.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of Radionuclides. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010a. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: The list of extremely hazardous substances and their threshold planning quantities (CAS Number Order). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010c. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-part355.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.

U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Part 1910 - Occupational safety and health standards (continued) Occupational Safety, and Health Administration's (OSHA) list of highly hazardous chemicals, toxics and reactives. Subpart Z - toxic and hazardous substances. CFR 2010 2010; Vol6(SEC1910):7-.

U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA): Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals. 29 CFR 2010 2010; 29(1910.119):348-.

United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Vinyl Acetate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6af&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

Vashakidze VI: Sb Tr Nauchno-Issled Inst Gig Tr Profzabol, Tiflis 1976; 15:103-110.

Verschueren K: Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 4th ed. CD-ROM version. Wiley-Interscience. Hoboken, NJ. 2001.

Whorton MD: J Toxicol Environ Health 1979; 5:929-941.

Wojciechowski JP: Environ Res 1982; 29:48-53.

Wyrobek AJ: Environ Health Persp 1981; 40:255-265.

Yasuda K: Ganka Rinsho Iho 1976; 70:637-646.

FeedBack

CARBARYL

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents