CAPROLACTAM

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

-IDENTIFICATION

SYNONYMS

2H-AZEPIN-2-ONE, HEXAHYDRO
A1030
AKULON
AKULON M 2W
ALKAMID
AMILAN CM 1001
AMILAN CM 1011
AMILAN CM 1001C
AMILAN CM 1001G
6-AMINOCAPROIC ACID LACTAM
AMINOCAPROIC LACTAM
6-AMINOHEXANOIC ACID CYCLIC LACTAM
A1030NO
ATM 2(NYLON)
1-AZA-2-CYCLOHEPTANONE
2-AZACYCLOHEPTANONE
2H-AZEPIN-2-ONE, HEXAHYDRO-
2H-AZEPIN-7-ONE, HEXAHYDRO-
BONAMID
CAPRAN 80
CAPRAN 77C
EPSILON-CAPROLACTAM
OMEGA-CAPROLACTAM
6-CAPROLACTAM
CAPROLACTAM
CAPROLACTAM MONOMER
CAPROLATTAME (French)
6-CAPROLACTAN
CAPROLON B
CAPROLON V
CAPRON
CAPRON 8250
CAPRON 8252
CAPRON 8253
CAPRON 8256
CAPRON 8257
CAPRON B
CAPRON GR 8256
CAPRON GR 8258
CAPRON PK4
CHEMLON
CM 1001
CM 1011
CM 1031
CM 1041
CYCLOHEXANONE ISO-OXIME
DANAMID
DULL 704
DURETHAN BK
DURETHAN BK 30S
DURETHAN BKV 30H
DURETHAN BKV 55H
EPISYLON-KAPROLAKTAM (Polish)
ERTALON 6SA
EXTROM 6N
GRILON
HEXAHYDRO-2-AZEPINONE
HEXAHYDRO-2H-AZEPIN-2-ONE
HEXAMETHYLENIMINE, 2-OXO-
6-HEXANELACTAM
HEXANOIC ACID, 6-AMINO-, CYCLIC LACTAM
HEXANOIC ACID, 6-AMINO-, LACTAM
HEXANOLACTAM
HEXANONE ISOXIME
HEXANONISOXIM (German)
1,6-HEXOLACTAM
ITAMID
ITAMID 250
ITAMIDE 25
ITAMIDE 35
ITAMIDE 250
ITAMIDE 350
ITAMIDE 250G
ITAMIDE S
e-KAPROLAKTAM (Czech)
KAPROLIT
KAPROLIT B
KAPROLON
KAPROLON B
KAPROMINE
KAPRON
KAPRON A
KAPRON B
2-KETOHEXAMETHYLENEIMINE
2-KETOHEXAMETHYLENIMINE
KS 30P
MARANYL F 114
MARANYL F 124
MARANYL F 500
METAMID
MIRAMID H 2
MIRAMID WM 55
NYLON A1035SF
NYLON CM 1031
NYLON X 1051
ORGAMIDE
ORGAMID RMNOCD
2-OXOHEXAMETHYLENEIMINE
2-OXOHEXAMETHYLENIMINE
PA 6
PA 6 (POLYMER)
2-PERHYDROAZEPINONE
PK 4
PKA
PLASKIN 8200
PLASKON 201
PLASKON 8201
PLASKON 8205
PLASKON 8207
PLASKON 8252
PLASKON 8202C
PLASKON 8201HS
PLASKON XP 607
POLYAMIDE PK 4
P 6 (POLYAMIDE)
RELON P
RENYL MV
SIPAS 60
SPENCER 401
SPENCER 601
STEELON
STILON
STYLON
TARLON X-A
TARLON XB
TARNAMID T
TARNAMID T 2
TARNAMID T 27
TNK 2G5
TORAYCA N 6
UBE 1022B
ULTRAMID B 3
ULTRAMID B 4
ULTRAMID B 5
ULTRAMID BMK
VIDLON
WIDLON
ZYTEL 211
2-OXOHEXSMETHYLENEIMINE
CM 1001 (MONOMER)
CM 1011 (MONOMER)
CM 1031 (MONOMER)
CM 1041 (MONOMER)
DULL 704 (MONOMER)
EPSYLON KAPROLAKTAM (POLISH)
KS 30P (MONOMER)
NYLON A1035SF (MONOMER)
NYLON CM 1031 (MONOMER)
NYLON X 1051 (MONOMER)
PA 6 (MONOMER)
PK 4 (MONOMER)
PKA (MONOMER)
POLYAMIDE PK 4 (MONOMER)
RELON P (MONOMER)

IDENTIFIERS

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER

105-60-2(Caprolactam)

NIOSH/RTECS NUMBER

CM 3675000

UN/NA NUMBER

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

DESIGNATIONS

BEILSTEIN HANDBOOK REFERENCE:5-21-06-00444
BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NUMBER:0106934

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C6-H11-N-O

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

134-FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(HSDB , 2000; RTECS , 1996)RTECS, 2000

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Caprolactam is used in the production of synthetic fibers (i.e., nylon 6), plastics, coatings, platicizers, paint vehicles, and polyurethanes, as a polymer solvent, and as an isocyanate blocking agent (ACGIH, 1991) Ashford, 1994; (Budavari, 1996) Hathaway et al, 1996; (IARC, 1986; Lewis, 1997).
Polymers produced from caprolactam are used in the manufacture of tire cords, bristles, film coatings, synthetic leather, clothing, carpeting, packaging films, plasticizers, paint vehicles, and plastics (Greene et al, 1979; Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Caprolactam is also used as a cross-linking agent for polyurethanes, in the synthesis of the amino acid, lysine, and as a solvent for high molecular weight polymers (Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991; Budavari, 1996).

FORMS

Caprolactam is available commercially as a liquid or solid in solution with a grade of purity of 99 percent (CHRIS, 2000). It is usually supplied and shipped in a molten form, although users may elect to receive it in a flaked form (Ferguson & Wheeler, 1973).
Reducing agents and mechanical admixtures may be present as impurities in caprolactam at up to 0.00075 percent (IRPTC, 1985).
Common impurities are adipic acid, sodium sulfate, and ammonium sulfate (Kontoyannis et al, 1995).
It may be a white crystalline solid, flakes, or a hygroscopic, clear to milky-white solution. Its characteristic odor has been described as disagreeable or unpleasant (AAR, 1998; (ACGIH, 1991) Ashford, 1994; (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997).
Commercial formulations exist in both molten and flake forms (IARC, 1986; Lewis, 1997).

SOURCES

Caprolactam is a major production chemical. The production of caprolactam monomer in the USA exceeds one billion pounds annually (Greene et al, 1979).
Plants manufacturing and using caprolactam represent the principal sources for release of vapors and aerosols into the environment. Caprolactam may also enter the environment in waste streams discharged to bodies of water (IRPTC, 1985).
Caprolactam may be present as residual monomer at about 10% in polymer melts (Ferguson & Wheeler, 1973).
Caprolactam may leach out of polyamide fiber-based clothing under conditions similar to exposure to perspiration, due to its high water solubility (IARC, 1986).
Caprolactam can be emitted from new carpets (Pleil & Whiton, 1990).
Caprolactam may be produced by the reaction of benzoic acid + hydrogen + nitrosyl hydrogen sulphate, by cyclohexanone oxime + ammonia + oleum, also known as Beckmann rearrangement, and by several different catalyzed Beckmann rearrangement processes (Ashford, 1994; (IARC, 1986; Lewis, 1997).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Caprolactam exposure causes eye, skin, and mucous membrane irritation and skin sensitization. Respiratory tract irritation and coughing may occur after inhalation exposure. Respiratory sensitization with bronchospasm was demonstrated in one group of occupationally exposed workers.

One worker developed dermatitis, seizures, fever, and leukocytosis after caprolactam exposure. Caprolactam is rarely a convulsant.
Direct contact with the hot liquid can cause burns of the eyes and skin. Prolonged skin contact can cause dermal burns, especially if the liquid is spilled into footwear.
Contact dermatitis and eczema have been noted in chronically exposed workers. Hypersensitivity dermal reactions may occur. Skin that is severely affected may peel, but seldom blisters. The nails may become brittle.

A group of workers exposed to caprolactam, cyclohexanone, and dinil had an increased incidence of dyspermia. Complications of pregnancy, oligodysmenorrhea, and hypermenorrhea have been noted.

Seizures and liver and kidney injuries developed in experimental animals, with respiratory stimulation and mild hypotension resulting from large oral doses. No evidence of carcinogenicity was found in experimental animals.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
SKIN EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and wash the skin with water. If symptoms occur after washing, get medical attention immediately.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, liver, and kidneys (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
Respiratory tract irritation, if severe, can progress to pulmonary edema which may be delayed in onset up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

PYRIDOXINE

Caprolactam has been shown to be a GABA antagonist in experimental animals (Kerr et al, 1976). Pyridoxine was efficacious in preventing seizures and tremors in experimental animals poisoned with other GABA antagonists (Sax, 1986). Its use could be considered if caprolactam-exposed humans develop seizures which do not respond to standard therapy.
No dosing recommendations for pyridoxine treatment of seizures in poisoning with caprolactam have been made. The following doses are extrapolated from those recommended for seizure therapy in hydrazine poisoning.
DOSE - 25 milligrams per kilogram, one-third administered intramuscularly and the remaining two-thirds given intravenously over 3 hours (Kirklin et al, 1976; Frierson, 1965).
CONTINUING SEIZURES - For continuing seizures, increase the dose by 25 mg/kg intravenously every 5 to 10 minutes to a maximum of 300 mg/kg. Administer no more pyridoxine than necessary to stop seizures. Other symptoms cannot be expected to respond to pyridoxine administration.
CAUTIONS - Pyridoxine doses of 0.2 to 5 grams daily for 2 to 40 months have caused ataxia and severe sensory nervous system dysfunction (Schaumburg et al, 1983; Parry & Bredesen, 1985; Berger & Schaumburg, 1984; Dalton, 1985). A mixed sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy has been described in one patient with hydrazine poisoning who received 10 grams of pyridoxine intravenously (Harati & Niakan, 1986). The maximum nontoxic pyridoxine dose is not known.

Monitor vital signs including blood pressure carefully. Both hypertension and hypotension have been noted in experimental animals exposed to caprolactam.

HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
If workers develop hypersensitivity dermatitis, preclusion of further contact with caprolactam may be required.
There are no reported human cases of systemic poisoning from dermal contact with caprolactam. If systemic poisoning is present or suspected:

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of potential serious esophageal irritation or burns or seizures, DO NOT induce emesis.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

PYRIDOXINE

Caprolactam has been shown to be a GABA antagonist in experimental animals (Kerr et al, 1976). Pyridoxine was efficacious in preventing seizures and tremors in experimental animals poisoned with other GABA antagonists (Sax, 1986). Its use could be considered if caprolactam-exposed humans develop seizures which do not respond to standard therapy.
No dosing recommendations for pyridoxine treatment of seizures in poisoning with caprolactam have been made. The following doses are extrapolated from those recommended for seizure therapy in hydrazine poisoning.
DOSE - 25 milligrams per kilogram, one-third administered intramuscularly and the remaining two-thirds given intravenously over 3 hours (Kirklin et al, 1976; Frierson, 1965).
CONTINUING SEIZURES - For continuing seizures, increase the dose by 25 mg/kg intravenously every 5 to 10 minutes to a maximum of 300 mg/kg. Administer no more pyridoxine than necessary to stop seizures. Other symptoms cannot be expected to respond to pyridoxine administration.
CAUTIONS - Pyridoxine doses of 0.2 to 5 grams daily for 2 to 40 months have caused ataxia and severe sensory nervous system dysfunction (Schaumburg et al, 1983; Parry & Bredesen, 1985; Berger & Schaumburg, 1984; Dalton, 1985). A mixed sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy has been described in one patient with hydrazine poisoning who received 10 grams of pyridoxine intravenously (Harati & Niakan, 1986). The maximum nontoxic pyridoxine dose is not known.

Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
Carefully observe patients with ingestion exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
Monitor vital signs including blood pressure carefully. Both hypertension and hypotension have been noted in experimental animals ingesting caprolactam.

HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
Workers exposed briefly to 100 ppm caprolactam vapor reported severe discomfort in the form of burning eyes, nose, and throat. Symptoms of irritation from caprolactam vapor exposure decrease as the concentration decreases: Transient nose and throat irritation are reported by some workers at 10 ppm but there was no eye irritation reported below 25 ppm. Additionally, deliberate test exposure to 53-521 mg/m(3) caprolactam vapor confirmed the irritating effects at higher concentrations as well as the decrease in reported effects as the exposure concentration decreases (ACGIH, 1991; Harbison, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996).
Negative reaction to caprolactam vapor appears to be related to concentration levels as well as to relative humidity. Workers reported distress at 10-100 ppm vapor when relative humidity was low, but did not report irritation until 14 ppm and distress until 100 ppm under conditions of high relative humidity (ACGIH, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
Caprolactam is irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes according to most sources, although ACGIH reports that there is no clear evidence for skin irritation (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996; IARC, 1986).

Chronic human exposure to airborne caprolactam vapor concentrations of 6-131 mg/m(3) for a period of 9 months to 13 years resulted in minor sensory irritation and skin peeling or fissuring. There was no clear evidence of effects on lung function or of systemic toxicity. However, workers exposed to 61 mg/m(3) (12 ppm) caprolactam dust reported a bitter taste, nervousness, nose bleeds, upper respiratory catarrh, and dry, splitting noses and lips (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS105-60-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A5 ; Listed as: Caprolactam

A5 :Not Suspected as a Human Carcinogen: The agent is not suspected to be a human carcinogen on the basis of properly conducted epidemiologic studies in humans. These studies have sufficiently long follow-up, reliable exposure histories, sufficiently high dose, and adequate statistical power to conclude that exposure to the agent does not convey a significant risk of cancer to humans; OR, the evidence suggesting a lack of carcinogenicity in experimental animals is supported by mechanistic data.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Caprolactam
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 4 ; Listed as: Caprolactam

4 : The agent (mixture) is probably not carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents or mixtures for which there is evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity in humans and in experimental animals. In some instances, agents or mixtures for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity in experimental animals, consistently and strongly supported by a broad range of other relevant data, may be classified in this group.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Caprolactam
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS105-60-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 5x10(-1) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: (RTECS, 2000)
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 mg/m(3) = 0.21 ppm (Verschueren, 1983)
1 ppm = 4.70 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 1983)
mg/m(3) = 4.63 x ppm (IARC, 1986)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS105-60-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Caprolactam

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 5 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A5
Codes: IFV
Definitions:

A5: Not Suspected as a Human Carcinogen: The agent is not suspected to be a human carcinogen on the basis of properly conducted epidemiologic studies in humans. These studies have sufficiently long follow-up, reliable exposure histories, sufficiently high dose, and adequate statistical power to conclude that exposure to the agent does not convey a significant risk of cancer to humans; OR, the evidence suggesting a lack of carcinogenicity in experimental animals is supported by mechanistic data.
IFV: Inhalable fraction and vapor.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr
Molecular Weight: 113.16

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS105-60-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS105-60-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Caprolactam
REL:

TWA: Dust: 1 mg/m(3), Vapor: 0.22 ppm (1 mg/m(3))
STEL: Dust: 3 mg/m(3), Vapor: 0.66 ppm (3 mg/m(3))
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS105-60-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS105-60-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS105-60-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS105-60-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS105-60-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS105-60-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS105-60-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS105-60-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS105-60-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 2H-Azepin-2-one, hexahydro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS105-60-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Caprolactam is irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. It is also moderately toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. Wear appropriate protective clothing to avoid contact (AAR, 1998; (Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

HANDLING

Personnel handling caprolactam should be trained on proper handling and storage procedures (Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store caprolactam in tightly closed containers (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store containers in a cool, well-ventilated area (Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Caprolactam is incompatible with strong oxidizers (Lewis, 1996) Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear appropriate protective clothing including gloves and goggles when handling caprolactam. Keep upwind and avoid breathing caprolactam vapors. Use copious amounts of water or soap and water to wash away caprolactam which contacts the skin (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

When working with solid caprolactam, wear dust-proof goggles; when working with liquid caprolactam, wear gas-proof goggles or full-face respirator to prevent eye irritation (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 105-60-2.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)
- Flammable/combustible material.
- May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
Caprolactam is an environmental hazard; keep runoff water from fire fighting efforts out of sewers and water sources (AAR, 1998).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS105-60-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Do not get water inside containers.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS105-60-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Caprolactam emits toxic fumes including oxides of nitrogen, when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991; CHRIS, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Caprolactam has a potentially explosive reaction with the combination of dinitrogen trioxide and acetic acid (Lewis, 1996).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Caprolactam emits toxic fumes including oxides of nitrogen, when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

In contact with strong oxidizers, caprolactam may cause fire and explosions (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Caprolactam has a potentially explosive reaction with the combination of dinitrogen trioxide and acetic acid (Lewis, 1996).

Caprolactam is subject to many reactions; it may be hydrolized, N-alkylated, O-alkylated, nitrosated, and halogenated (IARC, 1986).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.
Stay upwind.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS105-60-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS105-60-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Caprolactam (dust)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 1
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 3
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 20
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 20
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS105-60-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS105-60-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
If liquid caprolactam is not on fire and not involved in a fire, attempt to stop the leak if this can be done without undue risk to personnel. Restrict access to spill area to personnel wearing appropriate protective clothing. Ventilate the spill area. Keep spilled caprolactam out of water sources and sewers; build dikes to control the spill flow as necessary. Absorb spilled caprolactam with vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material and place it in containers which can be sealed (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991).
If liquid caprolactam is spilled on land, dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or other holding area to contain the spill. Stop surface flow by building dikes of soil. Sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb the spill with fly ash, cement powder, or other commercial sorbents (AAR, 1998).
If liquid caprolactam is spilled onto water, limit spill travel by using natural barriers or oil spill control booms. Remove the trapped caprolactam with suction hoses (AAR, 1998).
If liquid caprolactam is spilled into the air, knock down the vapors with water spray or mist (AAR, 1998).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Caprolactam may be disposed of by controlled incineration. Either scrubbers or thermal devices should be employed to remove evolved oxides of nitrogen from the effluent gas. Caprolactam can be recovered from still bottoms or nylon waste (Sittig, 1991).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Caprolactam primarily enters the environment as a result of its manufacture and use in industry. It may also enter the environment as a combustion product of nylons, plastics, paints, coatings, and floor polishes (Howard, 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In the atmosphere, caprolactam exists primarily as vapor. The reaction with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals degrades caprolactam with a half-life of 4.9 hours. Caprolactam may also be subject to wash-out based on its solubility (Howard, 1989).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- In water, caprolactam is primarily degraded by chemical and aerobic biodegradation. In natural water samples, the half-life of caprolactam ranged from 5-14 days, depending upon the microbial population size, nutrient availability, caprolactam concentration, and temperature. Caprolactam is not significantly removed by volatilization, bioaccumulation, or adsorption processes (Howard, 1989).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- In soil, caprolactam is degraded by microbial and chemical degradation processes with a degradation rate similar to the rate in water. Excess caprolactam may leach into ground water. It is not degraded by volatilization in soil (Howard, 1989).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Abiotic degradation appears to be an important process in the degradation of caprolactam. Tests with sterilized lake water for 3 weeks at 20 degrees C resulted in 35% degradation; tests with sterilized stream water for 3 weeks at 20 degrees C resulted in 50% degradation. Caprolactam is also removed by hydrolysis and by the reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (Howard, 1989).

BIODEGRADATION

Biodegradation is also an important process in the degradation of caprolactam. Grab samples and screening studies of surface waters consistently demonstrate good biodegradation of caprolactam in lake and stream waters (Howard, 1989).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Based on the measured log Kow of caprolactam, the bioconcentration factor of caprolactam is estimated to be <1 (Howard, 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Effects of low concentrations of caprolactam on aquatic life are unknown, but it may be dangerous if allowed to enter water intakes (CHRIS, 2000).

Local health and wildlife officials as well as operators of water intakes in the vicinity should be notified of water spills (CHRIS, 2000).

The permissible concentration in water is 1 mg/L for domestic purposes (Sittig, 1991).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

113.16 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Caprolactam is a white flaked or fused, hygroscopic crystalline solid with a mild, unpleasant odor (Lewis, 1996; ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997; CHRIS, 2000; IARC, 1986).

It is a liquid or solid in solution (CHRIS, 2000).

Caprolactam is a solid at ordinary pressures (Ferguson & Wheeler, 1973).

Reducing agents and mechanical admixtures may be present as impurities in caprolactam at up to 0.00075 percent (IRPTC, 1985).

VAPOR PRESSURE

3 mmHg (at 100 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)

6 mmHg (at 120 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996; ACGIH, 1991)

50 mmHg (at 180 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)

0.001 mmHg (at 20 degrees C)(Verschueren, 1983)

0.0019 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)

0.0035 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

LIQUID: 1.02 (at 75/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 1.05 g/mL (70 percent aqueous solution) (at 25/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997; Budavari, 1996)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 1.02 g/mL (at 75/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; IARC, 1986)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

SOLID: 1.02 kg/L (at 77 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

68 degrees C (154 degrees F) (CHRIS, 2000)

MELTING POINT

68-69 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)
70 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
69-71 degrees C (IARC, 1986)
69 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

BOILING POINT

100 degrees C (at 3 mmHg) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996)

180 degrees C (at 50 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997)

268 degrees C (515 degrees F) (at 760 mmHg) (CHRIS, 2000)

139 degrees C (at 12 mmHg) (Howard, 1989; Lewis, 1996)

266.9 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (IARC, 1986)

267 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

FLASH POINT

125 degrees C (257 degrees F) (open cup) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996)

230 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS, 2000)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.84% (CHRIS, 2000)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Caprolactam is freely water soluble and hygroscopic (ACGIH, 1991) Ashford, 1994; (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997).
Caprolactam is very soluble in water; it is infinitely miscible at its melting point (Ferguson & Wheeler, 1973).
5,250,000 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Caprolactam is soluble in oxygenated and chlorinated solvents, methanol, ethanol, ether, tetrahydrofufuryl alcohol, dimethylformamide, cyclohexene, and petroleum distillates and fractions (Ashford, 1994; (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log -0.19 (Howard, 1989)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

1228 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2000)

6-91 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data) (HSDB , 2000)

MASS

145 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base) (HSDB , 2000)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

SATURATION CONCENTRATION

6 mg/m(3) (at 20 degrees C) (IARC, 1986)

HEAT OF FUSION

29 cal/g (Lewis, 1997)

VISCOSITY

9 centipoises (at 78 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

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65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1991, pp 208-211.

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Brady AL, Stack HF, & Waters MD: The genetic toxicology of benzoin and caprolactam. Mutat Res 1989; 224:391-403.

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Brower RG, Matthay AM, & Morris A: Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Eng J Med 2000; 342:1301-1308.

Budavari S: The Merck Index, 11th ed, Merck & Co, Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, 1996, pp 287.

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CAPROLACTAM

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents