CAMPHOR

Camphor has been used as a topical anti-infective, rubefacient, and antipruritic agent (Sax & Lewis, 1989). It has been used as an aphrodisiac, abortifacient, contraceptive, cold remedy, central nervous system and cardiovascular stimulant, lactation suppressant, and antiseptic (Manoguerra, 2006; Rabl et al, 1997).
The American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs (1994) recommends that alternative therapeutic agents should be considered for all indications for camphor therapy - "no one" needs camphor (None Listed, 1994).
Camphor may be abused for its stimulant effects (Koeppel et al, 1982).
Camphor is still used rarely as a moth repellent in block or tablet form.
It is used in the manufacture of plastics, especially celluloid; in lacquers and varnishes; in explosives; in pyrotechnics; as a moth repellent; in embalming fluids; in the manufacture of cymene; as a preservative in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics; and in camphorated parachlorophenol and paregoric (O'Neil et al, 2006; Proctor et al, 1988).
Camphor is an excellent plasticizer for cellulose esters and ethers (O'Neil et al, 2006).

FORMS

Synthetic camphor is a colorless to white, translucent crystalline mass (O'Neil et al, 2006; Sax & Lewis, 1989).
Camphor has the form of rhombohedral crystals from alcohol and cubic crystals by melting and chilling. It also has a familiar characteristic, fragrant, and penetrating odor and a pungent, aromatic taste (O'Neil et al, 2006).
Camphor mothballs may be distinguished from naphthalene or paradichlorobenzene mothballs using a simple water test. Camphor mothballs will float in water, whereas naphthalene or paradichlorobenzene mothballs will sink in water (Koyama & Yamashita, 1991).
Camphor mothballs are oilier than naphthalene or paradichlorobenzene mothballs. Camphor moth repellents are radiolucent, whereas naphthalene mothballs are faintly radiopaque, and paradichlorobenzene mothballs are densely radiopaque. Upon placement in a covered test tube in a 140 degrees F (60 degrees C) water bath, paradichlorobenzene melts, whereas camphor and naphthalene do not (Kuffner, 2006).
All products containing camphor in oil or labeled camphorated oil, camphor oil, camphor liniment, or camphorated liniment have been taken off the US market (FDA, 1982). This does not include the camphor containing products such as Vicks Vaporub (4.8%), Vicks Vaposteam (6.2%) Camphophenique (11%), Absorbent Rub, etc. According to FDA regulations, as of 1982, nonprescription products may not contain greater than an 11% concentration of camphor.
Triaminic vapor patches were removed from the US market in June 2006, following reports of seizures in children after chewing on the patches (Ragucci et al, 2007).

SOURCES

The natural form, derived from the gum of the camphor tree, Cinnamonum camphora, is optically active; otherwise it and the synthetic material appear to be identical (O'Neil et al, 2006; Sax & Lewis, 1989). Today it is produced synthetically from turpentine (Manoguerra, 2006).
Camphor is an ingredient in liniments (0.3 to 20% camphor) and similar preparations designed to be applied externally for relief of muscular aches.
Camphorated oils or liniments have usually contained 20% camphor by weight in cottonseed oil and are still available in these strengths outside of the U.S.
Camphorated spirits (spirits of camphor) usually consist of 10% camphor by weight in isopropyl alcohol.
Vicks Vaporub, Vicks Vaposteam and Camphophenique are commonly-used products containing camphor.
Frequently, camphorated oils are mistaken for castor oil (Koeppel et al, 1982).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Camphor is used as a moth repellent, cold sore ointment, muscle cooling gel, anti-itch medication, and vapor-steam formulated cough suppressant. It is also used for industrial manufacture of plastics, embalming fluids, explosives, cosmetics, and varnishes. Over-the-counter products contain less than 11% camphor. Many herbal remedies and liniments contain camphor though the percentage is not well regulated.

PHARMACOLOGY: The pharmacologic mechanism of camphor is not clear. Topical camphor may provide some relief of pruritic conditions or cooling of sore muscles; however, safer and more pharmacologically effective medications are available.

TOXICOLOGY: Camphor acts as a CNS stimulant; the mechanism is not clear.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Toxicity from over-the-counter products is uncommon and severe toxicity is rare. Exposure to nonregulated products is rare but can produce severe toxicity.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Camphor may lead to nausea and vomiting. Seizures may be the first clinical sign of severe toxicity; however, seizures are usually self-limited.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Severe toxicity can result in delirium, visual hallucinations, cerebral edema, and status epilepticus. Systemic toxicity may include hypotension, tachycardia, respiratory failure and death.

WITH THERAPEUTIC USE

Headache, a feeling of warmth, and mild agitation can result from therapeutic uses of camphor. Asymptomatic transaminitis has been reported.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.
Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

Activated charcoal is not recommended for prehospital management of camphor ingestions.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Activated charcoal is not recommended for prehospital management of camphor ingestions.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

APNEA - Treat apnea with endotracheal intubation and ventilatory assistance as necessary.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

Probable human adult lethal dose of liquid camphor is reported to be 50 to 500 mg/kg. Clinically significant toxicity has not been reported with ingestions of less than 30 mg/kg and is uncommon with ingestions of less than 50 mg/kg (Gleason et al, 1976).
Median lethal dose in a review of 6 fatalities was 113 mg/kg (Geller et al, 1984).
CASE REPORT: A 63-year-old man presented to the emergency department (ED) with apnea and in cardiac arrest following inadvertent administration of 4 ounces of a vaporizer fluid containing 6.2% (7.4 g) of camphor into his PEG tube. The estimated dose of camphor administered was 81 mg/kg. The patient's medical history included a cerebral aneurysm, left hemiparesis, dysphagia, ventriculoperitoneal shunt, and seizures. Following resuscitative efforts in the ED, the patient's circulation returned after 10 minutes of asystole. An ECG revealed a heart rate of 63 bpm with sinus rhythm, a QRS complex of 101, a QTc interval of 458, and t-wave flattening. Following intubation and mechanical ventilation, the patient experienced 2 more episodes of cardiac arrest. A repeat ECG indicated prolongation of the QTc interval to 540. Over the next several days, the patient's condition continued to deteriorate following a hospital course complicated by aspiration pneumonitis, hypotension, acidosis, atrial fibrillation, hypovolemia, bilateral cerebellar massive infarcts, and myoclonic jerking. Eleven days post-exposure, the patient died following a family decision to withdraw life support (Goertemoeller et al, 2015).

PEDIATRIC

In infants, less than 1 g of ingested camphor may be fatal and less can produce toxic symptoms (Manoguerra, 2006; Varano, 1980).
A lethal dose of camphorated oil (as liniment) of about 5 mL (1 g camphor) was reported in a 19-month-old child (Smith & Margolis, 1954).
Death has been reported in a 6-month-old infant following chronic ingestion of camphor 3 g/kg total dose over a 5 month period (Jimenez et al, 1983).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

SUMMARY: Serious toxicity has not been reported below 30 mg/kg; however, ingestions at or above 30 mg/kg should be referred to an emergency department for evaluation. Exposures by any route resulting in moderate to severe toxicity (eg, convulsions, lethargy, ataxia, severe nausea and vomiting) should also be referred for evaluation (Manoguerra, 2006).

ADULT

Acute camphor poisoning secondary to tasting (or unintentional ingestion of small amounts i.e., less than a teaspoonful) of Vicks Vaporub, or similar products, is unlikely (Alsop, 1993).
No ill effects occurred following an oral ingestion of 200 mg of camphor with and without 10 mL of Tween 80 (Koeppel et al, 1988).
Psychomotor agitation and hallucinations occurred in 2 men following an ingestion of 6 to 10 g of camphor (Koeppel et al, 1982).
Major symptoms (syncope, cyanosis, hypotension, dysrhythmias, and mental status changes) were associated with a mean reported dose exposure of 152 mg/kg (range 59 to 475 mg/kg) (Geller et al, 1984).
CASE REPORT: Lahoud et al (1997) reported grand mal seizures within 5 to 10 minutes of ingestion of 4.75 g (68 mg/kg) of camphor by an adult (Lahoud et al, 1997).
CASE REPORT: A 52-year-old man developed nausea, abdominal pain, palpitations, headache, confusion, and 2 witnessed seizures after ingesting approximately 10 g of camphor crystals. With supportive care, the patient recovered without neurologic sequelae (MacKinney et al, 2015).

PEDIATRIC

Serious toxicity has not been reported below 30 mg/kg; however, ingestions at or above 30 mg/kg should be referred to an emergency department for evaluation. For a 10 kg child, this would require referral after ingestion of: 2.8 mL of a product containing 108 mg of camphor/mL (eg, campho-phenique), or 6.4 mL of an ointment with 4% camphor (eg, Vicks VapoRub Ointment) or 7.6 mL of a cream with 4% camphor (eg, BenGay Ultra Strength Cream) (Manoguerra, 2006).
Seizures, apparent within 20 minutes, occurred in a 3-year-old girl after ingestion of one teaspoonful (5 mL, 1.7 g) of 19% camphorated oil, and in a 15-month-old boy after ingestion of about 20 mL of 20% camphorated oil (Theis & Koren, 1995).
CASE REPORT: Seizures occurred in a 3-year-old girl approximately 45 minutes after ingesting at least one tablet containing 0.5 to 1 g of camphor. With supportive treatment, the patient recovered without sequelae (Michiels & Mazor, 2010).
CAMPHOR-PHENOL: Ingestion of 9.5 mL of Camphophenique(R) containing 1,026 mg of camphor and 446.5 mg of phenol, resulted in seizures in a 2-year-old child (Gibson et al, 1989).

MINIMUM SYMPTOMATIC EXPOSURE

In adults, 2 grams can produce toxic effect, although 20 grams may be compatible with survival. Twenty grams of Vicks Vaporub(R), 10 mL of Camphophenique(R) and 16 mL of Vicks Vaposteam(R) contain about 1 g of camphor.
Camphor dissolved in alcohol (camphorated spirits) is absorbed most readily, hence is more liable to induce toxic effects.
The smallest reported dose associated with mild toxicity was 500 mg (18.5 mg/kg) in a 6-year-old boy with mumps (Manoguerra, 2006).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS76-22-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Camphor, synthetic

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Camphor (synthetic)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS76-22-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- 400 mg/m(3) for 3H (RTECS, 2006)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- 3000 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 1310 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- 70 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)
LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)CAT:
- 400 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006; RTECS, 2006)
LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- 800 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)
LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- Infant, 70 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)
LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- 200 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)
LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- 2000 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)
LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- 900 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS76-22-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Camphor, synthetic

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 2 ppm
TLV-STEL: 3 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye and URT irr; anosmia
Molecular Weight: 152.23

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS76-22-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS76-22-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Camphor (synthetic)
REL:

TWA: 2 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 200 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS76-22-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Camphor, synthetic
Table Z-1 for Camphor, synthetic:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 2

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS76-22-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS76-22-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS76-22-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS76-22-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS76-22-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS76-22-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS76-22-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS76-22-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one, 1,7,7-trimethyl-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2717 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Camphor, synthetic

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.1

4.1: Flammable solid. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2717
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.1

4.1: Flammable Solid.

Special Provisions: A1, IB8, IP3, T1, TP33

A1: Single packagings are not permitted on passenger aircraft.
IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP3: Flexible IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or must be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2717 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Camphor, synthetic
UN Number: 2717

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS76-22-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Camphor
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 76-22-2.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- Flammable/combustible material.
- May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames.
- Some may burn rapidly with flare burning effect.
- Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
Camphor is flammable when exposed to heat or flame (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
Toxic gases and vapors, such as carbon monoxide, may be released in a fire involving camphor (ACGIH, 1991).
It can react with oxidizing materials (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS76-22-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Camphor
Flammability Rating: 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, sand, earth, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS76-22-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Camphor
Extinguishing Method(s): Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Toxic gases and vapors, such as carbon monoxide, may be released in a fire involving camphor (ACGIH, 1991).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Camphor vapor is explosive when exposed to heat or flame or CrO3 (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Camphor vapor is explosive when exposed to heat or flame or CrO3 (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Toxic gases and vapors, such as carbon monoxide, may be released in a fire involving camphor (ACGIH, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Camphor is incompatible with potassium permanaganate (Budavari, 1989).

Salts of any kind should not be added to camphor water (Budavari, 1989).

Camphor will react violently with chromic anhydride (HSDB , 1992).

Camphor can react with oxidizing materials (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Vapor is explosive when exposed to heat or flame or CrO3 (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Toxic gases and vapors, such as carbon monoxide, may be released in a fire involving camphor (ACGIH, 1991).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS76-22-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS76-22-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Camphor
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 2
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 19
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 30
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 200
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS76-22-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS76-22-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 200 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
No information on disposal guidelines for camphor was found in available references at the time of this review.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL DRY SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- Wet down with water and dike for later disposal.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

No information on the pollution hazard of camphor was found in available references at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- Camphor will be most tightly bound in soils with high organic content (OHM/TADS , 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information on the environmental toxicity of camphor was found in available references at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

152.23

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Translucent crystalline mass, blocks, or powdery masses, with characteristic penetrating aromatic odor and pungent aromatic taste. Produces a sensation of cold (International Programme on Chemical Safety INCHEM, 1989).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.18 torr (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.992 g/cm(3) (at 25/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

179.75 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

BOILING POINT

204 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

FLASH POINT

65.5 degrees C (closed cup) (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

871 degrees F (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

0.6% (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

UPPER

3.5% (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

1g/100 mL (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

1g/1 mL alcohol (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989)
1g/1 mL ether (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989)
1g/0.5 mL chloroform (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989)
1g/0.4 mL benzene (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989)
1g/0.4 mL acetone (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989)
1g/1.5 mL oil of turpentine (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989)
1g/0.5 mL glacial acetic acid (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents