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CALCIUM SULFATE

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) The hemihydrate form of calcium sulfate is most commonly referred to as plaster of Paris and the dihydrate form is generally referred to as gypsum.

Specific Substances

    A) CALCIUM SULFATE ANHYDROUS
    1) Karstenite
    2) Anhydrite
    3) Muriacite
    4) Anhydrous sulfate of lime
    5) Anhydrous gypsum
    6) CAS 7778-18-9
    CALCIUM SULFATE DIHYDRATE
    1) Calcium sulfate dihydrate
    2) CAS 10101-41-4
    3) C.I. 77231
    4) Precipitated calcium sulfate
    5) Native calcium sulfate
    6) Gypsum stone
    7) Alabaster
    8) Selenite
    9) Terra Alba
    10) Satinite
    11) Mineral white
    12) Satin spar
    13) Light spar
    14) Gypsum
    15) Annaline
    16) Calcium(II) Sulfate Dihydrate
    17) Land Plaster
    18) Magnesia White
    19) Satin-ite
    20) Sulfuric Acid, Calcium(2+) Salt, Dihydrate
    CALCIUM SULFATE HEMIHYDRATE
    1) Plaster of Paris
    2) Dried calcium sulfate
    3) Dried gypsum
    4) Annalin
    5) Gypsum Hemihydrate
    6) Hemihydrate Gypsum
    CALCIUM SULFATE ANHYDRITE
    1) Anhydrite
    2) Anhydrous Calcium Sulfate
    3) Anhydrous Gypsum
    4) Anhydrous Sulfate of Lime
    5) Calcium Salt of Sulfuric Acid
    6) Calcium Sulfate
    7) Calcium Sulfate (1:1)
    8) Calcium Sulphate
    9) Crysalba
    10) Drierite
    11) Gibs
    12) Karstenite
    13) Muriacite
    14) Natural Anhydrite
    15) Sulfuric Acid, Calcium Salt
    16) Sulfuric Acid, Calcium Salt (1:1)
    17) Sulfuric Acid, Calcium(2+) Salt
    18) Thiolite
    SYNONYM EXPLANATION
    1) The hemihydrate form of calcium sulfate is most commonly referred to as plaster of Paris and the dihydrate form is generally referred to as gypsum. However, calcium sulfate dihydrate and gypsum have different Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) registry numbers.
    2) Not all references differentiate between the three major forms of calcium sulfate. Whenever possible, it is noted in this document when data apply only to a specific form.
    SYNONYM REFERENCES
    1) (ACGIH, 2001a; Budavari, 1996; Hathaway et al, 1996a; HSDB, 2003; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 1997; RTECS, 2003; Pohanish, 2002)

    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) CaO4S (anhydrous)CaSO4 (anhydrous)Ca.O4S (anhydrous)Ca.H2-O4-S (anhydrous)CaH2SO4 (anhydrous)O4S.Ca.2H2O (dihydrate)CaSO4.2H2O (dihydrate)CaSO4 (O.5H2O) (hemihydrate)O4-S.Ca.1/2H2-O (hemihydrate) CaSO4.1/2 H2O (hemihydrate)

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) ANHYDRITE -
    a) Calcium sulfate anhydrite reacts with water to form plaster of Paris and gypsum(NIOSH, 2003) .
    b) Calcium sulfate is available in the following grades (Lewis, 1997):
    1) Technical
    2) Pure precipitated (as the dihydrate)
    3) FCC
    B) SOURCES
    1) ANHYDRITE - The insoluble anhydrous form can be produced by completely dehydrating gypsum at above 650 degrees C. Complete dehydration of gypsum at below 300 degrees C will produce the soluble anhydrous form (Budavari, 1996; ACGIH, 2001).
    2) HEMIHYDRATE -
    a) Calcium sulfate hemihydrate can be formed from the anhydrite by absorbing 6.6% of its weight of water. It can also be formed by heating gypsum (Budavari, 1996; ACGIH, 2001a).
    b) BETA-SEMIHYDRATE is present in plaster of Paris and has a low compression strength; the temperature rise during hardening is expected to be less than with the alpha-semihydrate (Hedeboe et al, 1982).
    c) ALPHA-SEMIHYDRATE is present in dental casting materials and generates more heat (Hedeboe et al, 1982).
    C) USES
    1) ANHYDRITE - Insoluble calcium sulfate is used in cement formulations and as a paper filler; soluble calcium sulfate is used as a drying agent (Budavari, 1996; Hathaway et al, 1996). (ACGIH, 2001)
    2) HEMIHYDRATE - The hemihydrate form of calcium sulfate is used for creating casts and moldings and is used in tiles, stucco, wall plaster, and wallboard (Hathaway et al, 1996a; Budavari, 1996; Ashford, 1994; ACGIH, 2001).
    3) DIHYDRATE - The dihydrate form of calcium sulfate is used in water and soil treatment, paints, enamels, paper, insecticide dusts, polishing powders, pharmaceuticals, and animal feed; in the manufacture of Portland cement, plaster of Paris, artificial marble, yeast, sulfuric acid, calcium carbide, ammonium sulfate, and polymers; and in the production of heavy chemicals. The food and pharmaceutical-grade is also used in foods as a source of calcium (Budavari, 1996; Hathaway et al, 1996a; ACGIH, 1991; Pohanish, 2002).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Calcium sulfate is irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Conjunctivitis, rhinitis, epistaxis, coughing, sneezing, pneumonia, and labored breathing may occur. The dental plaster form is a special form of the alpha-hemihydrate and has caused severe dermal burns. The beta-hemihydrate form does not have this property. If ingested, intestinal obstruction may occur if the material hardens, especially in the pyloric region.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Inhalation of the dust may be irritating to upper respiratory tract, and is considered a nuisance dust.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Thermal burns may occur during hardening.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) At the time of this review, no studies were found on the possible carcinogenic effects of calcium sulfate in humans.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Monitor serum electrolytes including calcium and phosphorus after large ingestions.
    B) If respiratory tract irritation is present, it may be useful to monitor pulmonary function tests.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) Immediate dilution with water is recommended. Depending on the amount ingested and the patient's clinical status, copious dilution with water is the main treatment option. Monitor the patient closely for gastrointestinal obstruction and injury.
    B) Surgical evaluation may be necessary if symptoms of obstruction occur.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) The minimum lethal human dose or maximum tolerated exposure to this agent have not been delineated.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Calcium sulfate is irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Conjunctivitis, rhinitis, epistaxis, coughing, sneezing, pneumonia, and labored breathing may occur. The dental plaster form is a special form of the alpha-hemihydrate and has caused severe dermal burns. The beta-hemihydrate form does not have this property. If ingested, intestinal obstruction may occur if the material hardens, especially in the pyloric region.

Heent

    3.4.3) EYES
    A) No adverse effects were reported after application to rabbit eyes (Grant & Schuman, 1993).
    B) Exposure to dust may irritate the eyes (Pohanish, 2002)

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Inhalation of the dust may be irritating to upper respiratory tract, and is considered a nuisance dust.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) INJURY OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
    1) Inhalation of the dust may be irritating to the upper respiratory tract, as with any other nuisance dust. Coughing, sneezing, and labored breathing may occur after excessive inhalation (Prod Info Material Safety Data Sheet, 1985; Pohanish, 2002).
    B) FIBROSIS OF LUNG
    1) Fibrosing alveolitis may occur following chronic inhalation of calcium sulfate dihydrate (Lewis, 2000)

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) PYLORIC STENOSIS
    1) Ingestion of a sufficient quantity could lead to mechanical obstruction of the gut, especially in the pyloric region (Gosselin et al, 1984; Pohanish, 2002).
    B) BEZOAR
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) Formation of a gastric bezoar has been reported following ingestion of plaster consisting of 98% to 100% calcium sulfate hemihydrate. Abdominal radiographs confirmed the diagnosis. Treatment may consist of either gastric irrigation or endoscopy, or surgical intervention, depending on the time interval between plaster ingestion and presentation to the emergency department (Johari & Eskandari, 2014)t.

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Thermal burns may occur during hardening.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) THERMAL BURN
    1) Maximal temperatures generated during hardening of ordinary plaster in usual mixtures with water are 42 degrees C; at 3:1 plaster/water ratio as high as 58 degrees C. Temperatures during dental plaster hardening can exceed 60 degrees C and have produced thermal burns (Hedeboe et al, 1982).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) LACK OF EFFECT
    1) Calcium sulfate was not teratogenic in rats, rabbits, or mice(Schardein, 2000)
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) FETAL DEVELOPMENT
    1) Calcium and sulfate are required for normal fetal development; the dietary requirement for calcium increases about 30% during pregnancy and lactation (Prod Info Product Literature for Suplical(TM) Dietary Calcium Supplement, 1986).

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7778-18-9 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    B) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS26499-65-0 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) At the time of this review, no studies were found on the possible carcinogenic effects of calcium sulfate in humans.
    3.21.4) ANIMAL STUDIES
    A) CARCINOMA
    1) Calcium sulfate dihydrate was carcinogenic after intraperitoneal administration in rats at doses of 450 mg/kg (Lewis, 1996).
    2) Three of twenty hamsters administered calcium sulfate fibers intratracheally and observed for 2 years developed rib, heart, and kidney tumors (Adachi et al, 1991).

Genotoxicity

    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the mutagenic or genotoxic potential of this agent.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Monitor serum electrolytes including calcium and phosphorus after large ingestions.
    B) If respiratory tract irritation is present, it may be useful to monitor pulmonary function tests.

Radiographic Studies

    A) CHEST RADIOGRAPH
    1) If respiratory tract irritation is present, monitor chest x-ray.
    B) ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPH
    1) Flat and upright abdominal radiographs may be useful if bowel obstruction is suspected after ingestion.

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) Monitor serum electrolytes including calcium and phosphorus after large ingestions.
    B) If respiratory tract irritation is present, it may be useful to monitor pulmonary function tests.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) DILUTION
    1) Drinking glycerin, gelatin solutions, or large volumes of water may delay hardening (Gosselin et al, 1984).
    2) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    3) Depending on the amount ingested and the patient's clinical status, copious dilution with water is the main treatment option. Monitor the patient closely for gastrointestinal obstruction and injury.
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) DILUTION
    1) Drinking glycerin, gelatin solutions, or large volumes of water may delay hardening (Gosselin et al, 1984).
    2) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    3) Depending on the amount ingested and the patient's clinical status, copious dilution with water is the main treatment option. Monitor the patient closely for gastrointestinal obstruction and injury.
    B) OBSTRUCTION
    1) Powdered gypsum (plaster of paris) is usually 90% to 100% calcium sulfate. Ingestion of a sufficient quantity could lead to mechanical obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract (bezoar) as the wetted plaster hardens (Johari & Eskandari, 2014). Obstruction is thought to be most probable at the pylorus (Gosselin et al, 1984). Plaster of Paris hardening produces heat (exothermic reaction). If a large amount is ingested, thermal mucosal damage is also possible as the plaster hardens.
    2) Depending on the time interval between plaster ingestion and presentation to the emergency department, treatment may consist of gastric irrigation or endoscopy if the time interval is short, or surgical intervention (ie, gastrotomy and plaster removal) if the time interval is delayed (Johari & Eskandari, 2014).
    C) FLUID/ELECTROLYTE BALANCE REGULATION
    1) Intravenous hydration may be necessary in patients with hypercalcemia.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Abstracts

Case Reports

    A) ADULT
    1) A 28-year-old man presented with hypercalcemia, lethargy, and polyuria after nearly drowning in a tank of drilling solution on an offshore oil rig. Within hours of swallowing and aspirating drilling fluid from the tank, his blood calcium level was 20 milligrams/deciliter. Calcium salts are used in drilling fluids, and, although the composition of the fluid the patient was exposed to was unknown, his medical history did not suggest any other etiology and recovery after this episode was complete (Fromm, 1991).

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) The minimum lethal human dose or maximum tolerated exposure to this agent have not been delineated.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7778-18-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Calcium sulfate
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 10 mg/m(3)
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
    2) Codes: I
    3) Definitions:
    a) I: Inhalable fraction; see Appendix C, paragraph A (of TLV booklet).
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Nasal symptoms
    d) Molecular Weight: 136.14
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS26499-65-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    C) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7778-18-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Calcium sulfate
    2) REL:
    a) TWA: 10 mg/m(3) (total) 5 mg/m(3) (resp)
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s):
    3) IDLH: Not Listed

    D) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS26499-65-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Plaster of Paris
    2) REL:
    a) TWA: 10 mg/m(3) (total) 5 mg/m(3) (resp)
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s):
    3) IDLH: Not Listed

    E) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7778-18-9 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Calcium sulfate
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Calcium sulfate
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    F) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS26499-65-0 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Plaster of Paris
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    G) OSHA PEL Values for CAS7778-18-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Listed as: Calcium sulfate (Total dust)
    2) Table Z-1 for Calcium sulfate (Total dust):
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm:
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 15
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed
    3) Listed as: Calcium sulfate (Respirable fraction)
    4) Table Z-1 for Calcium sulfate (Respirable fraction):
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm:
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 5
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed

    H) OSHA PEL Values for CAS26499-65-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Listed as: Plaster of Paris (Total dust)
    2) Table Z-1 for Plaster of Paris (Total dust):
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm:
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 15
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed
    3) Listed as: Plaster of Paris (Respirable fraction)
    4) Table Z-1 for Plaster of Paris (Respirable fraction):
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm:
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 5
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
    1) 194 g/m(3) for 10Y-I -- NOSE,PUL(Lewis, 2000)

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) ANHYDRITE: The pure anhydrous form of calcium sulfate is hygroscopic and exists as a colorless or white powder or as varied colored, odorless orthorhombic crystals (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996; ACGIH, 2001). Due to its high affinity for water, the soluble anhydrite will absorb 6.6% of its weight of water and thus form the stable hemihydrate(HSDB, 2003).
    B) HEMIHYDRATE: Calcium sulfate hemihydrate is a white or yellowish, finely divided, powder that is odorless and tasteless and loses water when heated above 163 degrees C(NIOSH, 2003; Budavari, 1996; Ashford, 1994; ACGIH, 2001).
    C) DIHYDRATE: The dihydrate form occurs in colorless, monoclinic, hygroscopic crystals or in lumps or powder (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2000).

Molecular Weight

    A) ANHYDRITE: 136.14
    B) HEMIHYDRATE: 145.14
    C) DIHYDRATE: 172.17

Other

    A) ODOR THRESHOLD
    1) odorless (ACGIH, 2001)

Animal Toxicology

Clinical Effects

    11.1.2) BOVINE/CATTLE
    A) Ingestion of feed containing gypsum or other sulfate salts was associated with the development of polioencephalomalacia in 18 of 21 herds of cattle. Manifestations included blindness, ataxia, tremors, seizures, and opisthotonus. Mortality was 5 to 10% of affected herds (Raisbeck, 1982).

References

General Bibliography

    1) 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
    2) 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
    3) 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
    4) 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
    5) 62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.
    6) 65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
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