CALCIUM OXIDE

Commonly found in food additives, fungicides and insecticides, sewage treatments, glass, lubricants, building materials (plaster, mortar, bricks, cement and stucco), paper groups, and non-ferrous smelting and refining techniques (OHM/TADS , 1994).
It is also used in the manufacture of steel, magnesium, and aluminum (Wands, 1981), as a laboratory agent to absorb calcium dioxide, and as a dehydrating agent (Sittig, 1991).
Additionally, it is used in dehairing hides and in the clarification of cane and beet sugar juice (Sittig, 1991).

MEDICAL USES -

Calcium oxide has been used experimentally in root canal dental procedures as an antibacterial medication (Cavalleri et al, 1990).
A paste, containing calcium oxide and sodium hydroxide and known as London paste, has been used as an escharotic (S Sweetman , 2002).

FORMS

White or grayish white lumps or crystals which may be crushed or ground to a powder. Commercial calcium oxide may have a yellow or brown tint (Budavari, 1996).
BY-PRODUCT - Calcium reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide (Budavari, 1996).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Calcium oxide is an alkaline irritant that becomes an alkaline corrosive material (calcium hydroxide) after reacting with water. It is commonly found in food additives, fungicides and insecticides, sewage treatments, glass, lubricants, building materials (plaster, mortar, bricks, cement and stucco), paper groups, and non-ferrous smelting and refining techniques.

TOXICOLOGY: As an alkaline corrosive, calcium oxide may cause liquefaction necrosis. It can saponify the fats in the cell membrane, destroying the cell and allowing deep penetration into mucosal tissue. In gastrointestinal tissue, an initial inflammatory phase may be followed by tissue necrosis (sometimes resulting in perforation), then granulation and finally stricture formation.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure is unusual; calcium oxide is generally available for industrial use only.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Limited data regarding specific human toxicity following calcium oxide exposure is available. The following effects could be expected to occur, based on exposure data of other alkaline corrosives.
MILD TO MODERATE ORAL TOXICITY: Patients with mild ingestions may only develop irritation or grade I (superficial hyperemia and edema) burns of the oropharynx, esophagus or stomach; acute or chronic complications are unlikely. Patients with moderate toxicity may develop grade II burns (superficial blisters, erosions and ulcerations) and are at risk for subsequent stricture formation, particularly esophageal. Some patients (particularly young children) may develop upper airway edema.

Alkaline corrosive ingestion may produce burns to the oropharynx, upper airway, esophagus and occasionally stomach. Spontaneous vomiting may occur. The absence of visible oral burns does NOT reliably exclude the presence of esophageal burns. The presence of stridor, vomiting, drooling, and abdominal pain are associated with serious esophageal injury in most cases.
PREDICTIVE: The grade of mucosal injury at endoscopy is the strongest predictive factor for the occurrence of systemic and GI complications and mortality.

SEVERE ORAL TOXICITY: May develop deep burns and necrosis of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Complications often include perforation (esophageal, gastric, rarely duodenal), fistula formation (tracheoesophageal, aortoesophageal), and gastrointestinal bleeding. Hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea and, rarely, fever may develop. Stricture formation (esophageal, less often oral or gastric) is likely to develop long term. Esophageal carcinoma is another long term complication. Upper airway edema is common and often life threatening. Severe toxicity is generally limited to deliberate ingestions in adults in the US, because alkaline products available in the home are generally of low concentration.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Mild exposure may cause cough and bronchospasm. Severe inhalation may cause upper airway edema and burns, stridor, and rarely acute lung injury.
OCULAR EXPOSURE: Ocular exposure can produce severe conjunctival irritation and chemosis, corneal epithelial defects, limbal ischemia, permanent visual loss and in severe cases perforation.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: Mild exposure causes irritation and partial thickness burns. Prolonged exposure or high concentration products can cause full thickness burns.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death.
Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases.
Reaction with water may generate much heat which will increase the concentration of fumes in the air.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

TOXICOLOGY: As an alkaline corrosive, calcium oxide may cause liquefaction necrosis. It can saponify the fats in the cell membrane, destroying the cell and allowing deep penetration into mucosal tissue. In gastrointestinal tissue, an initial inflammatory phase may be followed by tissue necrosis (sometimes resulting in perforation), then granulation and finally stricture formation.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure is unusual; calcium oxide is generally available for industrial use only. Limited data regarding specific human toxicity following calcium oxide exposure is available. The following effects could be expected to occur, based on exposure data of other alkaline corrosives.
MILD TO MODERATE ORAL TOXICITY: Patients with mild ingestions may only develop irritation or grade I (superficial hyperemia and edema) burns of the oropharynx, esophagus or stomach; acute or chronic complications are unlikely. Patients with moderate toxicity may develop grade II burns (superficial blisters, erosions and ulcerations) and are at risk for subsequent stricture formation, particularly esophageal. Some patients (particularly young children) may develop upper airway edema.

Alkaline corrosive ingestion may produce burns to the oropharynx, upper airway, esophagus and occasionally stomach. Spontaneous vomiting may occur. The absence of visible oral burns does NOT reliably exclude the presence of esophageal burns. The presence of stridor, vomiting, drooling, and abdominal pain are associated with serious esophageal injury in most cases.
PREDICTIVE: The grade of mucosal injury at endoscopy is the strongest predictive factor for the occurrence of systemic and GI complications and mortality.

SEVERE ORAL TOXICITY: May develop deep burns and necrosis of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Complications often include perforation (esophageal, gastric, rarely duodenal), fistula formation (tracheoesophageal, aortoesophageal), and gastrointestinal bleeding. Hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea and, rarely, fever may develop. Stricture formation (esophageal, less often oral or gastric) is likely to develop long term. Esophageal carcinoma is another long term complication. Upper airway edema is common and often life threatening. Severe toxicity is generally limited to deliberate ingestions in adults in the US, because alkaline products available in the home are generally of low concentration.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Mild exposure may cause cough and bronchospasm. Severe inhalation may cause upper airway edema and burns, stridor, and rarely acute lung injury.
OCULAR EXPOSURE: Ocular exposure can produce severe conjunctival irritation and chemosis, corneal epithelial defects, limbal ischemia, permanent visual loss and in severe cases perforation.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: Mild exposure causes irritation and partial thickness burns. Prolonged exposure or high concentration products can cause full thickness burns.

CARDIOVASCULAR

HYPOVOLEMIA: Stroke and minute cardiac volumes reduced to 30% of normal are associated with impaired non-peripheral circulation and microcirculation resulting in shock (Luzhnikov & Kostomarova, 1976; Luzhnikov & Kostomarova, 1978).

DERMATOLOGIC

BURNS: Calcium oxide reacts with perspiration, skin moisture, or water to produce calcium hydroxide, pH 12.4 to 12.5. Immediate discomfort may not be noticed; severe burns are frequently the result of prolonged exposure (Stewart, 1985).
ULCER OF NOSE: Nasal ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum have been attributed to inhalation of calcium oxide dust (OSHA, 1990).
DERMATITIS: Extreme dryness and cracking of the skin may occur with topical exposure. Dermatitis with desquamation and vesicular rash is common (Sittig, 1991).

GASTROINTESTINAL

CHEMICAL BURN: Gastric burns can occur from ingestion of caustics (Gorman et al, 1989; Previtera et al, 1990).

HEENT

EYE ULCERATION and PERFORATION: Ulceration and perforation can occur and may be delayed about a week after an initial burn from alkalies (Bernardino & Lawson, 1977; Potts, 1996).
IRRITATION OF EYE: Severe irritation of the eyes may occur from calcium oxide dust or particles (OSHA, 1990; HSDB , 2002).
NOSE ULCERATION and PERFORATION: Exposure to the dust may result in nasal ulceration and perforation of the septum (OSHA, 1990; Hathaway et al, 1996).
ESOPHAGEAL BURNS and ULCERATION may follow ingestion of calcium oxide or other alkaline corrosives (Crain et al, 1984; Gorman et al, 1989).

RESPIRATORY

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Inhalation of dry cement dust (contains calcium oxide and other chemicals) was associated with acute respiratory irritation, progressing to respiratory insufficiency in one case. Cough, dyspnea, sore throat and wheezing were present (Turchen et al, 1993).
INJURY OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT: Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract is not uncommon after exposure to the dust (Sittig, 1991; OSHA, 1990). Inflammation of the supraglottis and tracheobronchial regions occurred in a case exposed during an explosion of an acidic industrial waste slurry to which calcium oxide crystals had been added (Bonatucci et al, 1984).
PNEUMONIA: Pneumonia may result from exposure (S Sweetman , 2002; Sittig, 1991; OSHA, 1990).
IRRITATION OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT: Inhalation of calcium oxide dust can result in upper respiratory and pulmonary irritation, with a sensation of chest tightness and pain, dyspnea and coughing (OSHA, 1990).
EMPHYSEMA: CHRONIC EXPOSURE: Chronic exposure to cement has been associated in some studies with emphysema, bronchitis, restrictive lung disease and other effects (Kalacic, 1973a; Kalacic, 1973b; Doig, 1955; Oleru, 1984). The contribution of substances other than calcium oxide in the cement to the reported health effects cannot be ruled out.

VITAL SIGNS

INCREASED RESPIRATORY RATE: Increased respiratory rate, depth of inspirations and minute volume have been reported in exposed workers (Lemyasev, 1964). Dyspnea may be present (OSHA, 1990).
BLOOD PRESSURE: Ingestion of other alkalies has resulted in hypotension or shock when significant esophageal or gastric ulcerations, perforations and blood loss were present (Dreisbach & Robertson, 1987; Previtera et al, 1990).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Inflammation of the respiratory tract and ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum have been attributed to inhalation of lime dust, although the major complaints in workers exposed to lime have been irritation of the skin and eyes (ACGIH, 1991).

Workers exposed to lime dust at a total level of 1.2 mg/m(3) had impaired mucociliary clearance, determined by the saccharin test. Mucociliary function improved once levels were controlled to 0.1 mg/m(3) (Toren et al, 1996).

One French article mentioned disorders of the blood resulting from exposure to calcium oxide (De Peyronnet, 1971), but this has not been confirmed in other studies. There is one unconfirmed case report of hepatic and pulmonary granulomas in a worker exposed to PORTLAND CEMENT, which contains calcium oxide (Pimenthel & Menezes, 1978).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

Activated charcoal, lavage, and neutralization are contraindicated.
Residual perioral alkali should be rinsed with milk or water.

GASTRIC/MUCOSAL DECONTAMINATION

MUCOSAL DECONTAMINATION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. The exact ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting. Patients should not be forced to drink after ingestion of an acid, nor should they be allowed to drink larger volumes since this may induce vomiting, and thereby re-exposure of the injured tissues to the corrosive acid. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion.
GASTRIC DECONTAMINATION: Ipecac contraindicated. Activated charcoal is not recommended as it may interfere with endoscopy and will not reduce injury to GI mucosa. Consider insertion of a small, flexible nasogastric or orogastric tube to suction gastric contents after recent large ingestion of a strong acid; the risk of further mucosal injury or iatrogenic esophageal perforation must be weighed against potential benefits of removing any remaining acid from the stomach.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL

The following information is for corrosives-alkaline.
INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
Administer oxygen, determine blood gases and obtain a chest x-ray.
If pulmonary edema is present, consider positive end expiratory pressure ventilation and steroids.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

Exposed eyes should be irrigated with copious amounts of water for at least 30 minutes. An examination should always be performed.
Ophthalmologic consultation should be obtained.

ORAL EXPOSURE

The use of diluents is controversial. Residual perioral alkali should be rinsed with milk or water. Activated charcoal is not indicated.
Neutralization is contraindicated.
Gastric lavage should be avoided. Patient should be NPO following dilution until after surgical consultation.
Esophagoscopy should be performed 12 to 24 hours post-ingestion to assess severity where history indicates a definite ingestion of a caustic agent or where stridor, dysphagia or drooling are present.

Esophagoscopy is not indicated for asymptomatic bleach, ammonia (household), and non-phosphate detergents.
The esophagoscope should not be passed beyond the first circumferential burn for fear of perforation. A flexible tube is usually preferred.
Second or third degree burns have been reported in 9% to 22% of asymptomatic patients.

Although controversial, consider with caution administration of pharmacologic doses of steroids (1 mg/kg prednisone) where deep or circumferential esophageal burns are detected on esophagoscopy. Continue therapy for 3 weeks then taper if burns are found or esophagoscopy is not performed.
Antibiotics should be used only for specific indications of infection.
Consider performing a barium swallow at 10 days to 3 weeks following initial burn to assess severity of esophageal damage.
Dilation may be necessary when there is evidence of esophageal strictures. Intervals between dilatations per appropriate surgical consult.
Intraposition of the colon may be necessary if dilatation fails to provide an adequate sized esophagus. Some surgeons prefer a gastric tube to colonic intraposition.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
INHALATION - Dust concentrations in air of 25 mg/m(3) are considered immediately dangerous to life or health (NIOSH, 1994).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CASE REPORTS

Strong nasal irritation resulted from exposure to a mixture of dusts containing calcium oxide in the range of 25 mg/m(3), but levels of 9 to 10 mg/m(3) produced no observable irritation (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1305-78-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Calcium oxide
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Calcium oxide
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS1305-78-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1305-78-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Calcium oxide

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 2 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr
Molecular Weight: 56.08

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS1305-78-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1305-78-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Calcium oxide
REL:

TWA: 2 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 25 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS1305-78-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Calcium oxide
Table Z-1 for Calcium oxide:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS1305-78-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS1305-78-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS1305-78-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS1305-78-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS1305-78-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS1305-78-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS1305-78-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS1305-78-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Calcium oxide (CaO)

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1910 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Calcium oxide

Symbol(s): A

A: material that is subject to the requirements of 49 CFR 172.101 only when offered or intended for transportation by aircraft, unless the material is a hazardous substance or a hazardous waste. A shipping description entry preceded by an "A" may be used to describe a material for other modes of transportation provided all applicable requirements for the entry are met.

Hazard class or Division: 8

8: Corrosive material. See 49 CFR section 173.136 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1910
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8

8: Corrosive.

Special Provisions: IB8, IP3

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP3: Flexible IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or must be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 154
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1910 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Calcium oxide
UN Number: 1910

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS1305-78-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Where possible, enclose operations and use local exhaust ventilation at the site of chemical release. If local exhaust ventilation or enclosure is not used, respirators should be worn.
Post hazard and warning information in the work area. In addition, as part of an ongoing education and training effort, communicate all information on the health and safety hazards of calcium oxide to potentially exposed workers (NJFS , 1994).
Do not eat, smoke, or drink where calcium oxide is handled, processed, or stored, since the chemical can be swallowed. Wash hands carefully before eating or smoking.

HANDLING

Wear protective work clothing.

Wash thoroughly immediately after exposure to calcium oxide and at the end of the workshift.

Wear dust-proof goggles and face shield when working with powders or dust, unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn (NJFS , 1994).

Use a vacuum or a wet method to reduce dust during clean-up. Do not dry sweep (NJFS , 1994).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Keep tightly closed and dry (Budavari, 1989).
Calcium oxide crystals or powder should be stored in plastic bottles as opposed to glass (Bretherick, 1990).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store in a cool, dry, well ventilated location (NFPA, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Protect against physical damage and store away from moisture (OHM/TADS , 1994).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 1305-78-8.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Vapors may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars etc.).
- Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.
Calcium oxide is nonflammable, but will support combustion by liberation of oxygen, especially in the presence of organic materials (AAR, 1987).
Mixtures of calcium oxide with ethanol may ignite if heated and thus can cause an air-vapor explosion (Lewis, 1992).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS1305-78-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

CO2 (except for Cyanides), dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS1305-78-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

No information on the combustion toxicity of calcium oxide was found in available references at the time of this review.

EXPLOSION HAZARD

The powdered oxide may react explosively with water (Lewis, 1992).

Mixtures of calcium oxide with ethanol may ignite if heated and thus can cause an air-vapor explosion (Lewis, 1992).

Calcium oxide swells when moist and may burst containers (HSDB , 1992).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Dust inhalation may cause tightness and pain in chest, coughing, and difficulty in breathing (OSHA, 1990).

Mixtures of calcium oxide with ethanol may ignite if heated and thus can cause an air-vapor explosion (Lewis, 1992).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Calcium oxide crumbles on exposure to moist air (Sax & Lewis, 1987).

It readily absorbs carbon dioxide and water from air, becoming air-slaked (Budavari, 1989).

Calcium oxide is nonflammable, but will support combustion by liberation of oxygen, especially in the presence of organic materials (AAR, 1987).

Mixtures of calcium oxide with ethanol may ignite if heated and thus can cause an air-vapor explosion (Lewis, 1992).

Crystalline calcium oxide reacts imperceptibly slowly with water, but the powdered material reacts with explosive violence after a few minutes delay (Bretherick, 1990).

Calcium oxide swells when moist and may burst containers (HSDB , 1992).

Calcium oxide has an incandescent reaction with liquid HF (Lewis, 1992).

Calcium oxide is incompatible with phosphorus(V) oxide (Lewis, 1992).

When a mixture of boric oxide and calcium oxide in any proportion is projected into fused calcium chloride, the mass becomes incandescent (NFPA, 1991).

Calcium oxide has a violent reaction with the following (Lewis, 1992):

(B2O3 + CaCl2)
Interhalogens (eg, boron trifluoride, chlorine trifluoride)
F2
HF
P2O5 + heat
Water

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS1305-78-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS1305-78-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Calcium oxide
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 5
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 5
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 5
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 25
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS1305-78-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS1305-78-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 25 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1992).
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - LAND SPILL (AAR, 1987)
- Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand, or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

This compound may be dangerous if it enters water intakes. Notify local health and wildlife officials as well as operators of nearby water intakes (CHRIS , 1992).

Workers may be exposed to dust and hazardous gases during the production of lime (HSDB, 2003).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- No information on the environmental kinetics of calcium oxide was found in available references at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

WATER

Harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations (CHRIS , 1992).
Aquatic toxicity (CHRIS , 1992):

toxic effect, 92 ppm, 7 hours, trout, fresh water
TLm, 240 ppm, 24 hours, mosquito fish, fresh water

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

56.08

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Calcium oxide has been described as odorless, cubic, white crystals; white or grayish-white lumps; or granular powder, with a bitter alkaline taste (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1992; CHRIS , 1994; OHM/TADS , 1994).

Commercial material sometimes has a yellowish or brownish tint, due to iron (Budavari, 1996).
Properly stored lime of commerce contains 90% to 95% free calcium oxide (Budavari, 1996).

Approximately 12.5 (HSDB , 2002).

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

3.32-3.35 g/cm(3) (Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

2572 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

BOILING POINT

2850 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Calcium oxide is soluble in water, forming calcium hydroxide and generating a large quantity of heat.
1 g/835 mL (at 25 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1981)
1 g/1670 mL (at 100 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1981)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Calcium oxide is soluble in glycerol. It is practically insoluble in alcohol (Budavari, 1996).

OTHER

Calcium oxide is soluble in acids and sugar solutions (Budavari, 1996).

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents