CALCIUM CYANAMIDE

Calcium cyanamide is used in dicyandiamide, melamine, calcium cyanide, and nitrogen product manufacturing; as a desulfurizing agent in the iron and steel industry; and in the process of iron or steel manufacturing, refining, and hardening (Sittig, 1991; Lewis, 1997; Budavari, 1996; ACGIH, 1991). Historically, it has been used as an antihelmintic agent in veterinary medicine (Budavari, 1996).
Calcium cyanamide also is used as a fertilizer, defoliant, herbicide, and pesticide (Budavari, 1996) HSDB, 1999; (Lewis, 1997). However, ACGIH (1991) refers to the compound as no longer being used in this manner.
In the past, calcium cyanamide citrate was utilized in the United Kingdom as a deterrent medication in the treatment of alcoholism under the trade names Abstem and Temposil (Rodger, 1962; Gosselin et al, 1984). It is currently used as an alcohol deterrent in areas of Europe and Asia (Ajima et al, 1997) Rios-Hernandez et al, 1992).

FORMS

Commercial calcium cyanamide is a crystalline substance which contains trace amounts of calcium carbide (which may produce acetylene in production vessels or containers); and contaminants such as calcium hydroxide; carbon; calcium oxide; calcium carbonate; and sulfides, oxides, and nitrides of silicon, iron, and aluminum (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996).
Pure calcium cyanamide exists as sparkling crystals, hexagonal in shape, and belonging to the rhombohedral system (Budavari, 1996).
Calcium cyanamide can be obtained in the following grade (Lewis, 1997):

21% Nitrogen Industrial Fertilizer

SOURCES

Calcium cyanamide is produced by first burning limestone with coal. The calcium oxide that results reacts in a furnace with amorphous carbon to form calcium carbide. The calcium carbide is then heated in an electric furnace through which pure nitrogen is passed. Uncombined calcium carbide is then removed by leaching (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Calcium cyanamide is an irritant of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Dermal ulceration or sensitization may occur with repeated exposure. Respiratory tract irritation with pneumonitis or pulmonary edema may occur. Esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation may occur if agricultural or industrial products are ingested.

When ingested with ethanol a characteristic vasomotor response similar to that seen with disulfiram may occur. This reaction includes flushing of the face, upper body, and arms with nausea and vomiting, a sensation of fatigue, chest discomfort, dyspnea, headache, and shivering. Cardiovascular collapse may occur rarely.

Cyanide ion is NOT released following systemic absorption of calcium cyanamide.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with vapors, substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death.
May produce corrosive solutions on contact with water.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED

Due to potential esophageal or gastrointestinal irritant effects, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, wipe from skin immediately; flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID -

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately flush the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, and vasomotor system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Ingestion may result in significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns, and EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.
Immediate dilution with milk or water may be beneficial in ingestions.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Do not induce emesis.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
Carefully observe patients with ingestion exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

A lethal oral dose in man was reported to be 571 mg/kg body weight of calcium cyanamide (ACGIH, 1991).

A fatal oral dose for an adult human has been estimated by Lewis (1996) to be about 20 to 30 grams and by Hathaway (1996) to be 40 to 50 grams.

A patient who was given a 100 milligram "test dose" of calcium cyanamide and then drank ethanol was found dead about 1 hour later (Rodger, 1962).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Inhalation of presumably high levels of calcium cyanamide dust has caused headache, tachypnea, hypotension, and pulmonary edema in humans (Hathaway, 1996). Other reactions to the compound include erythema of the upper body, face, and arms, nausea, fatigue, dyspnea, vomiting, oppression of the chest, shivering, and, in serious cases, circulatory collapse (Sittig, 1991).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS156-62-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Calcium cyanamide

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Calcium cyanamide
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS156-62-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1991 Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 1999
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)CAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS156-62-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Calcium cyanamide

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye and URT irr
Molecular Weight: 80.11

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS156-62-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS156-62-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Calcium cyanamide
REL:

TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS156-62-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS156-62-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS156-62-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Calcium cyanamide
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS156-62-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS156-62-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS156-62-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS156-62-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Calcium cyanamide
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS156-62-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS156-62-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Cyanamide, calcium salt (1:1)

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1403 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Calcium cyanamide with more than 0.1 percent of calcium carbide

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.3

4.3: Dangerous when wet material. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1403
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.3

4.3: Dangerous When Wet.

Special Provisions: A1, A19, IB8, IP4, T1, TP33

A1: Single packagings are not permitted on passenger aircraft.
A19: Combination packagings consisting of outer fiber drums or plywood drums, with inner plastic packagings, are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 151
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 52

52: Stow "separated from" acids.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1403 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Calcium cyanamide with more than 0.1% of calcium carbide
UN Number: 1403

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS156-62-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Cyanamide
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): [blank cell]

([blank cell]) Sufficient information was not available for a severity rating to be assigned.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 1

(1) Materials which are normally stable, but which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures, or which may react with water with some release of energy, but not violently.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: W

W: Water Reactive. Denotes materials that are water reactive. These compounds undergo rapid energy releases on contact with water.

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Personnel should take precautions when loading and charging, avoid all flame and ignition sources, and use only nonsparking tools and explosion-proof equipment (OHM/TADS , 1999).

Process equipment should be designed so that the acetylene formed during processing can be disposed in a safe manner (OHM/TADS , 1999).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

A silo type of bin that is naturally ventilated is suggested for storage of the compound (e.g., steel bins with a 60-degree taper on the bottom for release of the material) (OHM/TADS , 1999).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

The stability of calcium cyanamide can be maintained for several months if stored in a dry, well-ventilated location (OHM/TADS , 1999).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For normal handling operations, application of waterproof barrier creams may provide protection in addition to protective clothing (Sittig, 1991). Complete clothing changes after showering should be done after working with this material. A full-face dust-respirator should be worn in areas of heavy dust concentration (Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Appropriate eye protection should be worn when working with this chemical (NIOSH , 1999).

Employers should provide eyewash fountains in areas where workers may be exposed to calcium cyanamide (NIOSH , 1999).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 156-62-7.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Produce flammable gases on contact with water.
- May ignite on contact with water or moist air.
- Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water.
- May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
- Some are transported in highly flammable liquids.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
Calcium cyanamide in pure form is not volatile or combustible. However, the commercial form of the compound, which contains calcium carbide, does pose a fire hazard, as it produces acetylene in process or storage vessels, and emits ammonia and acetylene gases upon contact with water (Budavari, 1996; Sittig, 1991; Budavari, 1996).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS156-62-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Cyanamide
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT USE WATER or FOAM.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or sand.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

DRY sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime or withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

LITHIUM OR MAGNESIUM FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Magnesium Fires:

DRY sand, sodium chloride powder, graphite powder or Met-L-X® powder.

Lithium Fires:

DRY sand, sodium chloride powder, graphite powder, copper powder or Lith-X® powder.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS156-62-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Cyanamide
Extinguishing Method(s): 2

2: "Water or foam may cause frothing" refers to a situation where materials with a flash point above 212 degrees F (100 degrees C) are burning. Potentially violent frothing can be dangerous to fire fighters near the burning liquid. However, when highly viscous liquids are burning, fire fighters can intentionally cause frothing on the liquid surface to prevent further introduction of oxygen.

Pure calcium cyanamide does not burn, so a fire extinguishing agent that is suitable for the type of surrounding fire is recommended (AAR, 1996).

Avoid using water on the material itself (AAR, 1996).

Cool affected containers by applying flooding quantities of water from as far a distance as possible (AAR, 1996).

Do not extinguish fires with water or foam. Use dry chemical, soda ash, or lime for small fires and allow large fires to burn out (OHM/TADS , 1999).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Explosions may occur during handling or storage of commercial grade calcium cyanamide due to release of acetylene from the calcium carbide content (up to 2%) (Urben, 1995).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Inhalation of high levels of dust has caused headache, tachypnea, hypotension, and pulmonary edema (Hathaway, 1996).

Calcium cyanamide is a primary mucous membrane irritant. Extended exposures can produce chronic rhinitis and perforation of the nasal septum (Sittig, 1991).

Lewis (1996) classifies calcium cyanamide as a poison by inhalation.

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Calcium cyanamide decomposes in water and liberates ammonia and acetylene gas, which is explosive (Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1996).

Calcium cyanamide in pure form is not volatile, but it presents a fire hazard when combined with calcium carbide (produces acetylene in process or storage vessels) (Budavari, 1996).

The compound emits toxic fumes of NOx and cyanide when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

In water or alkaline solutions, calcium cyanamide may polymerize to dicyanamide (NIOSH , 1999).

"Many metal derivatives of nitrogenous systems containing one or more bonds linking nitrogen to a metal (usually, but not exclusively, a heavy metal) show explosive instability" (Urben, 1995).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate the area before entry.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS156-62-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS156-62-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Calcium cyanamide
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.5
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 75
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 500
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS156-62-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS156-62-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.
POWDER SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading and keep powder dry.
- DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Personnel cleaning up a calcium cyanamide spill must wear personal protective clothing. Ventilate the spill area and remove all ignition sources. Carefully collect spilled material and place in a sealed container for later disposal or reclamation. Use vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or other similar material to absorb liquid containing the compound (Sittig, 1991).
To isolate and contain a spill, construct clay/bentonite swales or dams, interceptor trenches, or impoundments (OHM/TADS , 1999).
Seek professional help to assess the situation. After containment measures are implemented and before fullscale decontamination, conduct bench scale and pilot scale tests (OHM/TADS , 1999).
LAND SPILLS (AAR, 1996)
- Construct a holding area to contain spills by digging a pit, pond, or lagoon. Use soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete to dike surface flow. To prevent solids from dissolving in fire fighting water or rain, cover with plastic sheeting.
WATER SPILLS (AAR, 1996)
- Use oil spill control booms or natural barriers to contain spills. Trap material on the bottom using natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers. Use suction hoses to remove trapped material.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Dike for later disposal; do not apply water unless directed to do so.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Treatments for water contaminated with the compound include powdered activated carbon, granular carbon filtration, bentonite sorption, aeration, evaporation, biodegradation, and chemical oxidation (OHM/TADS , 1999).
Treatments for contaminated soils include well point collection and treatment of leachates (as for contaminated waters), bentonite/cement ground injection to immobilize solids, physical removal, and placement into lined pits outfitted with leachate collection systems and domed covers (OHM/TADS , 1999).
Package product residues and sorbent media in 17H epoxy-lined drums and dispose at an EPA disposal site. Use organic polyester resin for encapsulation or silicate fixation. Consult with environmental engineers and regulatory officials regarding all disposal procedures (OHM/TADS , 1999).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Calcium cyanamide was directly released to the environment through its past use as a fertilizer, defoliant, herbicide, and pesticide (NTP, 2003).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Half-life of calcium cyanamide in air: High: 32 hours (1.3 days); Low: 3.2 hours. Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon estimated photooxidation half-life of hydrogen cyanamide in air" (Howard, 1991).
Photooxidation half-life: High: 32 hours (1.3 days); Low: 3.2 hours. Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon estimated rate constant for the vapor phase reaction of hydrogen cyanamide with hydroxyl radicals in air" (Howard, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Surface water half-life: High: 672 hours (4 weeks); Low: 168 hours (1 week). Comment: Scientific judgement based upon estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life" (Howard, 1991).
- Ground water half-life: High: 1344 hours (8 weeks); Low: 336 hours (2 weeks). Comment: Scientific judgement based upon estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life" (Howard, 1991).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Half-life of calcium cyanamide in soil: High: 672 hours (4 weeks); Low: 168 hours (1 week). Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life" (Howard, 1991).
- Urea, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate are formed when calcium cyanamide reacts with soil. Under usual conditions, the decomposition rate is a few days; however, this rate is affected by the amount of soil moisture and acidity (HSDB, 1999).
- A soil conditioner consisting of fused magnesium phosphate and calcium cyanamide raised the soil pH from acidic to neutral, increased aldrin and dieldrin absorption to crops, and promoted oxidation from aldrin to dieldrin (HSDB, 1999).

BIODEGRADATION

Aqueous biodegradation (unacclimated)/aerobic half-life: High: 672 hours (4 weeks); Low: 168 hours (1 week). Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon acclimated aerobic screening test data for hydrocyanic acid" (Howard, 1991).

Aqueous biodegradation (unacclimated)/anaerobic half-life: High: 2688 hours (16 weeks); Low: 672 hours (4 weeks). Comment: Scientific judgement based upon estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life" (Howard, 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

80.11

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

The pure material occurs as a glistening, rhombohedral, hexagonal, moisture-sensitive, colorless crystalline or powder solid (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).

Clayton & Clayton (1994) describes the substance as a "white crystalline solid."

Commercial grades of calcium cyanamide occur as shiny, grayish-black, lumpy powders (Budavari, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0 mmHg (approximate) (NIOSH , 1999)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

2.29 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

2.29 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

2.3 g/cm(3) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1.083 g/cm(3) (Lewis, 1997)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

2444 degrees F (NIOSH , 1999)

MELTING POINT

1340 degrees C (approximate) (Ashford, 1994; (Budavari, 1996)
1300 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)

BOILING POINT

This material sublimes:

above 1500 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)
below 1150 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)
above 1150 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1997)

FLASH POINT

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1999)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1999)

UPPER

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1999)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Calcium cyanamide is practically insoluble in water (Budavari, 1996).
Calcium cyanamide undergoes a partial hydrolysis to calcium hydrogen cyanamide, which is soluble and a source of cyanamide ions (Budavari, 1996).
Calcium cyanamide in pure form decomposes in water and liberates ammonia. In its commercial grade, the compound decomposes in water, liberating ammonia and acetylene (ACGIH, 1991). The acetylene emitted constitutes a fire and explosion hazard (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1996).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Calcium cyanamide cannot be dissolved in any known solvent without undergoing decomposition (Budavari, 1996).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

HEAT OF FUSION

1.29 cal/g (Budavari, 1996)

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phorate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008q. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dcc8&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Propargyl Alcohol (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec91&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Silane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d523&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Strontium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sulfuryl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec7a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tear Gas (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008s. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e551&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

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