CADMIUM STEARATE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C36-H70-O4.Cd

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

154-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(RTECS , 1990; HSDB , 1990)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Cadmium stearate is used as a lubricant and stabilizer in plastics (HSDB , 1993).

FORMS

Cadmium stearate is a white powder solid which has negligible water solubility (HSDB , 1993).

SOURCES

It is a soap formed from cadmium chloride and sodium stearate.
Cadmium stearate is the most acutely toxic of the heavy metal stearates (Tarasenko et al, 1976). The CADMIUM OXIDE degradation product may be inhaled in fumes from burned or heat-cut materials containing cadmium stearate.
The clinical effects are compiled from the properties of cadmium compounds in general. Because it can liberate cadmium chloride (HSDB , 1993) or cadmium oxide, cadmium stearate can potentially cause any or all of the toxic effects of cadmium compounds. Effects which have been documented specifically for cadmium stearate are noted.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Cadmium stearate can liberate cadmium oxide upon heating or burning, and is capable of causing acute or chronic cadmium poisoning. All of the clinical effects discussed below have not necessarily been documented to occur with cadmium stearate. Acute toxicity most notably occurs after cadmium ingestion or inhalation of cadmium fumes. Poisoning from inhalation is relatively rare but dangerous, having a mortality rate of about 15 percent. Initial signs/symptoms of cadmium poisoning resemble initial symptoms of the flu. Chronic exposure to cadmium compounds can cause cumulative toxicity, with the kidney and skeleton being the critical organs.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Cadmium stearate has caused systemic effects in humans exposed by inhalation (Sax & Lewis, 1989). It is also toxic by the oral exposure route (EPA, 1985). Toxicity by other routes of exposure for either cadmium stearate or cadmium in general has not been documented in humans.

Eye irritation may occur upon exposure to cadmium fumes, but no permanent eye injuries have been reported (Grant, 1986). Salivation, dry mouth, and a metallic taste have been reported. Facial, pharyngeal, and neck edema developed rapidly after a large-dose fatal ingestion (Buckler et al, 1986).

Cough, dyspnea, bronchitis, and pneumonitis have been noted (Tibbits & Milroy, 1980). A flu-like condition similar to metal fume fever (headache, vertigo, and shivering) may develop (Clayton & Clayton, 1981; Finkel, 1983). Respiratory irritation may progress over 1 to 4 days to pulmonary edema which may persist for months. Death may occur within one week. Nonlethal exposure may cause residual pulmonary fibrosis or pneumonitis with a persistent restrictive ventilatory defect (Barnhart & Rosenstock, 1984; Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

In experimental animals, a single intratracheal dose of 10 mg of cadmium stearate produced ulceration, pneumonia, hemorrhage, pneumosclerosis, and broncholithiasis after two months; emphysema, dilation of the large bronchi, accumulation of lymphocytes, diffuse pneumosclerosis, and small hemorrhagic areas were seen after four to six months (p 117).

Acute poisoning produces severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal and substernal pain, and gastroenteritis (Taylor et al, 1984). Laboratory studies in mice found a paralyzing effect of cadmium on peristalsis, leading to retention and increased absorption following ingestion (Andersen et al, 1986).

Acute cadmium chloride inhalation has produced immunosuppression in mice (Krzystyniak et al, 1987).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Loss of the sense of smell may occur after years of cadmium exposure. Yellow rings on the teeth were reported with chronic cadmium poisoning in early epidemiological studies; confirmation was not forthcoming in more recent studies (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

Workers exposed to cadmium stearate for a minimum of two years had changes on electrocardiograms (Shabalina, 1968). Coughing, chest pain, a burning sensation in the throat, and radiographic evidence of emphysema have been reported (Hardy & Skinner, 1947; Shabalina, 1968; Davison et al, 1988).

Abnormal liver function tests, glycosuria, and aminoaciduria can result from chronic poisoning (Clayton & Clayton, 1981; Shaikh & Smith, 1984; Takebayashi et al, 1987).

The kidney is the main target organ following long-term cadmium exposure, with renal tubular dysfunction, proteinuria, glomerular dysfunction, disturbances of calcium metabolism, and renal stone formation. The critical level of cadmium found in the renal cortex with chronic toxicity is 100 to 400 mg/kg (Baselt & Cravey, 1989). Renal tubulopathy was reported at autopsy in 4 patients with chronic cadmium intoxication (Takebayashi et al, 1987).

Workers in cadmium stearate production, electroplating, and hard soldering had elevated levels of zinc in the blood, erythrocytes, and serum, which correlated with blood cadmium levels (Kraus et al, 1988). Hypochromic anemia resistant to iron therapy results from chronic exposure to cadmium oxide dust and fume. An exposure period of 5 to 30 years is usually required for anemia to develop (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

Chronic cadmium poisoning (Itai-Itai disease) results in lumbar pain and leg myalgia. Osteomalacia-induced bone pain is common in ribs, spine, and femurs. Bony deformities result in a waddling gait. Multiple fractures may follow slight trauma (Takebayashi et al, 1987).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

TREATMENT OVERVIEW

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
Severe pulmonary edema may ensue.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Activated charcoal has no proven benefit in cadmium poisoning, but may be considered (Adult - 60 to 100 g; Child - 30 to 60 g).
CHELATION - Although not demonstrably efficacious, chelation therapy may be of benefit immediately following acute exposure. Administer CaNa2 EDTA 75 mg/kg/day deep IM or slow IV infusion given in 3 to 6 divided doses for up to 5 days. May be repeated for a second course after a minimum of two days drug holiday; each course should not exceed a total of 500 mg/kg body weight.
CAUTION - BAL must not be used with cadmium since the complex is nephrotoxic.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

Inhalation of as little as 4 mg cadmium may be fatal in adults. Several hundred milligrams may be fatal by the oral route (Baselt & Cravey, 1989).
Exposure to probably less than 2500 min x mg/m(3) of cadmium oxide fumes or cadmium chloride aerosol is probably fatal (Friberg et al, 1985); 500 min x mg/m(3) is dangerous.
Lethal oral doses of cadmium have ranged from 150 grams (Bernard & Lauwerys, 1984; Buckler et al, 1986).

Following oral ingestion, death results from shock due to fluid loss or acute renal failure and cardiopulmonary depression.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Acute ingestion of as little as 10 milligrams of inorganic cadmium has caused severe symptoms.
Long term daily oral intake of more than 1 milligram of cadmium may result in severe bone disease (Friberg et al, 1985).

OTHER

BIOLOGICAL MONITORING LEVELS -

Because there are other chemical and dietary sources of cadmium, analysis for cadmium in biological fluids of persons exposed to cadmium stearate would not necessarily correlate with exposure to this individual compound.
The critical measure is total cadmium in urine or blood. Urinary levels are representative of total body burden, and blood levels are more indicative of recent exposure and/or acute poisoning (Kjellstrom, 1979).
Workers in the manufacture of cadmium stearate, and in cadmium electroplating and hard soldering, had blood cadmium levels ranging from 1.0 to 23.7 mcg Cd/l blood (median 4.2 mcg/l), compared with levels of 0.3 to 4.1 mcg/l (median 1.6 mcg/l) in blood of unexposed persons (Kraus et al, 1988).
Proteinuria, especially presence of low-molecular-weight proteins, is the earliest sign of kidney involvement in chronic cadmium toxicity (Clayton & Clayton, 1981; Finkel, 1983).
Analysis of cadmium levels in hair may be useful for biological monitoring, but studies must be carefully controlled to take age and sex into account (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

CONCENTRATION LEVEL

The average workroom concentration of respirable cadmium should be less than 0.01 mg Cd/m(3) (ILO, 1998).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS2223-93-0 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Cadmium stearate

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS2223-93-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 1998
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS2223-93-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS2223-93-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS2223-93-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS2223-93-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS2223-93-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS2223-93-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS2223-93-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS2223-93-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS2223-93-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Cadmium Stearate
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 1000

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

1000/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): b

b: The calculated TPQ changed after technical review as described in a technical support document for the final rule, April 22, 1987.

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS2223-93-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS2223-93-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS2223-93-0 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Octadecanoic acid, cadmium salt

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS2223-93-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Keep drums tightly closed and do not store cadmium stearate near strong oxidizing agents (HSDB , 1990).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Provide local exhaust ventilation (HSDB , 1990)

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear full protective clothing when working in the vicinity of spills or leaks or when fighting fires (AAR, 1987).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Wear a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus when working in the vicinity of spills or leaks or when fighting fires (AAR, 1987).

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 2223-93-0.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
When heated to decomposition, cadmium stearate releases acrid smoke, and highly toxic fumes of cadmium and oxides of cadmium (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS2223-93-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS2223-93-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Choose an extinguishing agent suitable for fires in surrounding material (AAR, 1987).

Water may be used in flooding quantities as fog (AAR, 1987).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, cadmium stearate releases acrid smoke, and highly toxic fumes of cadmium and oxides of cadmium (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, cadmium stearate releases acrid smoke, and highly toxic fumes of cadmium and oxides of cadmium (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Potential for dust accumulation and ignition (HSDB , 1990)

REACTIVITY HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, Cadmium stearate releases acrid smoke, and highly toxic fumes of cadmium (Lewis, 1996).

Potential for dust accumulation and ignition (HSDB , 1990).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

Downwind evacuation should be considered if this material is involved in a fire or if a large discharge has occurred (AAR, 1987).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS2223-93-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS2223-93-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Cadmium stearate (Octadecanoic acid, cadmium salt)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.0303
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.182
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 13
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 54.6
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS2223-93-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; 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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS2223-93-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
DECONTAMINATION OF SPILLS
- Precipitate from solution as sulfides, drying and return to supplier for recovery is recommended (Sittig, 1985)
- Controlled incineration with scrubber for metallic oxides (HSDB , 1990)
Water spray may be used to reduce or knock down vapors (AAR, 1987).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Isolate and ventilate the area. Keep sources of fire away. Wear rubber or neoprene gloves and overshoes and an approved respirator. Get fire-fighting equipment ready. Contain any liquid spill around the edge and absorb with Zorb-All(R), soil, sweeping compound, sawdust, dry sand or similar material. Dispose of absorbed or dry material in disposable containers (Ford, 1989; EPA, 1975b).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Isolate and ventilate the area. Keep sources of fire away. Wear rubber or neoprene gloves and overshoes and approved personal protection equipment. Get fire-fighting equipment ready (Ford, 1989).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

No information found at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- No evidence was found indicating that photolysis is an important mechanism in determining the fate of cadmium compounds in aquatic environments (HSDB , 1990)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

LC50 RAINBOW TROUT: 6.0 mcg/L/96h (HSDB , 1990)

Permissible Concentration in Water:

To protect saltwater aquatic life, 4.5 micrograms per liter as a 24-hour average, never to exceed 59.0 micrograms per liter.
To protect human health, 10 micrograms per liter (USEPA and WHO) (Sittig, 1985)

The generally permitted limiting concentrations of cadmium in foodstuffs are of the order of 0.05 to 5 milligrams per kilogram foodstuff (HSDB , 1990).

BIOACCUMULATION: Research study showed that cadmium accumulated in aquatic plants and was transferred to insects which fed on the plants. Analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy showed the plant roots accumulated the highest amount of cadmium. The transfer mechanism was from contaminated water to plants then to the insects (Jamil & Hussain, 1992).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

681.48 (Lewis, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Cadmium stearate is a white powder material, with a slight fatty odor (HSDB , 1990).

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.21 g/cm(3) (HSDB , 1990)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Negligible solubility in water (HSDB , 1990).

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