CADMIUM CHLORIDE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

STCC NUMBER

4962505

MOLECULAR FORMULA

Cd-Cl2

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

154-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(HSDB , 1992; RTECS , 1992)

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Cadmium chloride is poisonous by ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intravenous, and possibly other routes.

Human systemic effects via ingestion include acute pulmonary edema, hypermotility, and diarrhea.

Cadmium chloride is a confirmed human carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data. It causes experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. It is a human mutagen.

The following information is for CADMIUM.

ACUTE TOXICITY most notably occurs after cadmium ingestion or inhalation of cadmium fumes. Poisoning from inhalation is relatively rare but dangerous. Initial signs/symptoms of cadmium poisoning resemble initial symptoms of the flu.
CHRONIC EXPOSURE - Long term exposure to cadmium can produce proteinuria, kidney damage, and chronic obstructive lung disease. Toxicity is usually a product of chronic industrial exposure, although acute and subchronic exposure insults these organs as well.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL -

The following information is for Cadmium Compounds in general.
INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
TREATMENT - Severe pulmonary edema may ensue. Treatment of inhalation toxicity should include recommendations listed in the oral exposure section when appropriate.

EYE EXPOSURE

EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

ORAL EXPOSURE

Prehospital gastrointestinal decontamination (activated charcoal) can be considered for large ingestions in which there will be a delay to definitive health care, but the poison center should be consulted first.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ACUTE

The lowest published lethal dose for a woman via the oral route is 3 g/kg cadmium chloride (RTECS , 1992).

CASE REPORTS

Ingestion of 150 g of cadmium chloride in a 17 year-old-girl resulted in acute vomiting, facial edema, hypotension, acidosis, and respiratory arrest, followed by pulmonary edema and oliguria over 24 hours, and death 30 hours post-ingestion (Buckler et al, 1986).

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

INHALATION - Exposure to probably less than 2500 min x mg/m(3) of cadmium oxide fumes or cadmium chloride aerosol is probably fatal (Friberg et al, 1985). 500 min x mg/m(3) is dangerous.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE

The following information is for CADMIUM -

ACUTE INGESTION of as little as 10 mg of inorganic cadmium has caused severe symptoms.
CHRONIC - Long term daily oral intake of more than 1 mg of cadmium may result in severe bone disease (Friberg et al, 1985).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS10108-64-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Cadmium chloride

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 2 ; Listed as: Cadmium and its compounds (as inhalable dusts/aerosols): Cadmium chloride

Category 2 : Substances that are considered to be carcinogenic for man because sufficient data from long-term animal studies or limited evidence from animal studies substantiated by evidence from epidemiological studies indicate that they can make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Limited data from animal studies can be supported by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man and by results of in vitro tests and short-term animal studies.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS10108-64-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 1992 Sax & Lewis, 1989)
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)CHICKEN:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GERBIL:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (SKIN)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS10108-64-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS10108-64-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS10108-64-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS10108-64-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS10108-64-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS10108-64-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Cadmium chloride
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS10108-64-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS10108-64-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS10108-64-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS10108-64-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS10108-64-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS10108-64-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Cadmium chloride (CdCl2)

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS10108-64-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

CADMIUM COMPOUNDS should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated place, out of sunlight, and away from areas of fire hazard (HSDB , 1992)

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 10108-64-2.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
Cadmium chloride is noncombustible (HSDB , 1992).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS10108-64-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS10108-64-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, cadmium chloride emits very toxic fumes of chloride and cadmium (Sax & Lewis, 1992).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Mixtures of cadmium chloride and potassium produce a strong explosion on impact (NFPA, 1991).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, cadmium chloride emits very toxic fumes of chloride and cadmium (Sax & Lewis, 1992).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Cadmium chloride is rapidly attacked by bromine trifluoride (NFPA, 1991).

Mixtures of cadmium chloride and potassium produce a strong explosion on impact (NFPA, 1991).

When heated to decomposition, cadmium chloride emits very toxic fumes of chloride and cadmium (Sax & Lewis, 1992).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS10108-64-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS10108-64-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Cadmium chloride
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.00815
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.0489
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 0.5
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 14.7
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS10108-64-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS10108-64-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1992).
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - LAND SPILL (AAR, 1987)
- Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material.
- Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - WATER SPILL (AAR, 1987)
- Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).
- Add ferric chloride (FeCl3).
- Adjust pH to neutral (pH = 7).
- Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.
BIOREMEDIATION: Bacterial biomass, generated by growing Bacillus circulans in liquid medium containing glucose as the carbon source, was used to remove copper and cadmium ions from an aqueous solution. A concentration of about 1.5 grams of biomass (dry weight) per liter removed 44% of the cadmium from solution containing 492 parts per million. It was found that pH has a pronounced effect on the capacity of the organism to accumulate metal (Sahoo et al, 1992).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Cadmium chloride may appear in surface waters as a result of run-off from industrial processes and from the incineration of plastics, in which cadmium chloride is used as a stabilizer and pigment (HSDB , 1992).

May be dangerous if it enters water intakes. Notify local health and wildlife officials and operators of nearby water intakes (CHRIS , 1992).

In laboratory tests using synthetic river water it was determined that cadmium was bound in sulfide minerals under post-oxic conditions (Wallmann, 1992).

SOILS: Cadmium was found to accumulate more in silty-loam soils than in sandy soils (Reboredo, 1992).

PLANTS: More cadmium was present in the leaves than in the roots, in 75% of plants studied. This result is an indication of the facile mobility of cadmium in the environment (Reboredo, 1992).

LICHENS: Terrestrial lichens were evaluated over a 640,000 km(2) area of northern Quebec, Canada and found to contain cadmium, lead, mercury in average concentrations of 0.171, 4.09 and 0.09 micrograms per gram. The mercury level was related to the percent of three lichen species typical of wind-exposed habitat. The concentration of cadmium, lead and mercury was generally higher in the northwest quarter of the test area (Crete et al, 1992).

RAINBOW TROUT: Some heavy metals form hydrophobic complexes with xanthates which will have the potential to facilitate metal uptake by fish. This research study showed that cadmium was accumulated in rainbow trout at higher levels when in the xanthanate complex form in water then when in the uncomplexed ionic form (Block & Glynn, 1992).

MAYFLIES: The cadmium and mercury contents of burrowing mayflies was assessed in a longitudinal pattern along the upper Mississippi river between Little Falls, Minnesota and St. Louis, Missouri. Samples were collected at 34 sites and produced a composite cadmium concentration, based on dry weight, between 7 and 219 ng/g in females and <7 to 265 ng/g in males. The study concluded that male and female mayfly samples should be analyzed separately for the best results. (Dukershein et al, 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- No information on the environmental kinetics of cadmium chloride was found in available references at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

WATER

Cadmium chloride bioconcentrates in fish and aquatic organisms (HSDB , 1992).

ECOTOXICITY VALUES (HSDB , 1992):

LC50, Japanese quail, 14 days old, oral, 2584 ppm/5 days
LC50, Ring-necked pheasant, 10 days old, oral, 767 ppm/5 days
LC50, Mallard duck, 10 days old, oral, greater than 5000 ppm (no mortality to 1580 ppm; 8% at 5000 ppm)
The following values are for CADMIUM:

LC50, Tubifex tubifex (tubificid worm), 320,000 mcg/L/48 hours in water hardness of 224 mg/L CaCO3, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Physa integra (snail), 10.4 mcg/L/28 days in water hardness of 44 to 58 mg/L CaCO3, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Daphnia magna (cladoceran), 14 to 17 mcg/L/72 hours in water hardness of 163 mg/L CaCO3, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Daphnia magna (cladoceran), 5 mcg/L/96 hours in water hardness of 130 mg/L CaCO3; 670 mcg/L/20 days in water hardness of 200 mg/L CaCO3; conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Daphnia pulex (cladoceran), 104 to 127 mcg/L/48 hours in water hardness of 110 mg/L CaCO3, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Ephemerella sp (may fly), less than 3.0 mcg/L/28 days in water hardness of 44 to 48 mg/L CaCO3, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Tanytarsus dissimilis (midge), 3.8 mcg/L/10 days in water hardness of 47 mg/L CaCO3, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Oncorhynchus kisutch (coho salmon, juvenile), 2.0 mcg/L/217 hours in water hardness of 22 mg/L CaCO3; (adult) 3.7 mcg/L/215 hours in water hardness of 22 mg/L CaCO3; conditions of bioassay not specified
EC50, Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout embryo, larva), 140 mcg/L/28 days in water hardness of 104 mg/L CaCO3, toxic effect: death and deformity, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout), 10 to 30 mcg/L/10 days in water hardness of 125 mg/L CaCO3 and water temperature of 18 degrees C; 30 mcg/L/10 days in water hardness of 125 mg/L CaCO3 and water temperature of 12 degrees C; 10 to 30 mcg/L/10 days in water hardness of 125 mg/L CaCO3 and water temperature of 6 degrees C; 16.6 mcg/L/8 days in water hardness of 82 mg/L CaCO3 and water temperature of 15 degrees C; conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout larva), 700 mcg/L/7 days in water hardness of 89 to 107 mg/L CaCO3; 1590 mcg/L/7 days in water hardness of 89 to 107 mg/L CaCO3 (after 24 days acclimated to 5.9 mcg/L), conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow), 80.8 mcg/L/96 hours in water hardness of 63 mg/L CaCO3; 40.9 mcg/L/96 hours in water hardness of 55 mg/L CaCO3; conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Menidia menidia (Atlantic silverside larva), 1600 and 2200 mcg/L/48 hours in 20 g/kg salinity; 12,000 mcg/L/48 hours in 30 g/kg salinity; 13,000 mcg/L/48 hours in 20 g/kg salinity, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50 Menidia menidia (Atlantic silverside) less than 160 mcg/L/19 days in 12 g/kg salinity; 540 mcg/L/19 days in 20 g/kg salinity; 970 mcg/L/19 days in 30 g/kg salinity, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Fundulus heteroclitus (larva), 32,000 mcg/L/48 hours in 20 g/kg salinity; 7800 mcg/L/48 hours in 30 g/kg salinity; adult 60,000 mcg/L/48 hours in 20 g/kg salinity; 43,000 mcg/L/48 hours in 30 g/kg salinity, conditions of bioassay not specified
EC50, Ambystoma opacum (marbled salamander, embryo, larva), 150 mcg/L/8 days in water hardness of 99 mg/L CaCO3, toxic effect: death and deformity, conditions of bioassay not specified
EC50, Gastrophyrne carolinesis (narrow-mouthed toad, embryo larva), 40 mcg/L/7 days in water hardness of 195 mg/L CaCO3, toxic effect: death and deformity, conditions of bioassay not specified
EC50, Micropterus salmoides (large mouth bass, embryo), 1640 mcg/L/8 days in water hardness of 99 mg/L CaCO3, toxic effect: death and deformity, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Palaemonetes pugio (grass shrimp), 300 mcg/L/42 days, conditions of bioassay not specified
EC50, Laminana saccharina (kelp), 860 mcg/L/8 days, toxic effect: growth rate, conditions of bioassay not specified
EC50, Chlorella vulgaris (green algae), 3700 mcg/L/96 hours in water hardness of 50 mg/L CaCO3, toxic effect: growth inhibition, conditions of bioassay not specified
EC50, Carassius auratus (goldfish, embryo, larva), 170 mcg/L/7 days in water hardness of 195 mg/L CaCO3, toxic effect: death and deformity, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow), 16,000 mcg/L/3.7 hours in water hardness of 254 to 271 mg/L CaCO3, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow larva), 200 mcg/L/7 days in water hardness of 89 to 107 mg/L CaCO3; 540 mcg/L/7 days in water hardness of 89 to 107 mg/L CaCO3, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Palaemonetes pugio (grass shrimp), 50 mcg/L/21 days in 20 g/kg salinity, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Mysidopsis bahia (mysid), 1 mcg/L/17 days in 15 to 23 g/kg salinity, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster), 50 mcg/L/23 days, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50 Neanthes arenaceodentata (polychaete worm), 3000 mcg/L/28 days; Capitella capitata (polychaete worm), 630 mcg/L/28 days, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow), 114 mcg/L/96 hours in water hardness of 62 mg/L CaCO3; 80.8 mcg/L/96 hours in water hardness of 63 mg/L CaCO3; 135 mcg/L/96 hours in water hardness of 66 mg/L CaCO3; 120 mcg/L/96 hours in water hardness of 65 mg/L CaCO3, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Mysidopsis bahia (mysid), 60 mcg/L/8 days; 28 mcg/L/16 days in 30 g/kg salinity, conditions of bioassay not specified
EC50, Thalassiosira pseudonana (diatom), 160 mcg/L/96 hours, toxic effect: growth rate; Skeletonema costatum (diatom), 175 mcg/L/96 hours, toxic effect: growth rate, conditions of bioassay not specified

BIOACCUMULATION: A research study showed that cadmium accumulated in aquatic plants and was transferred to insects which fed on the plants. Analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy showed the plant roots accumulated the highest amount of cadmium. The transfer mechanism was from contaminated water to plants then to the insects (Jamil & Hussain, 1992).

BARYTELPHUSA GUERINI: Cadmium chloride at a concentration of 0.6 ppm had toxic effects on the freshwater field crab, Barytelphusa guerini. The cadmium chloride reduced the oxygen uptake in the crab, reduced the AchE activity, and inhibited the glycolytic metabolism of the crab (Reddy & Venugopal, 1993).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

183.32

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

ODOR: Odorless (HSDB , 1992)

COLOR

Colorless (Sax & Lewis, 1992, Budavari, 1989)
White (Sax & Lewis, 1987) AAR, 1987)

Cadmium chloride has been described as hygroscopic, hexagonal or rhombohedral crystals (Budavari, 1989) Sax & Lewis, 1992).

3.5-5.0 (HSDB , 1992)

VAPOR PRESSURE

10 mmHg (at 656 degrees C) (Sax & Lewis, 1992)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

4.05 g/cm(3) (Budavari, 1989)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

568 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

BOILING POINT

960 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

FLASH POINT

No information found at the time of this review.

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

- No information found at the time of this review.

UPPER

- No information found at the time of this review.

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Cadmium chloride is freely soluble in water (Budavari, 1989)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Cadmium chloride is soluble in acetone; slightly soluble in methanol and ethanol; and practically insoluble in ether (Budavari, 1989).

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents