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BUTYL VINYL ETHER

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Butyl vinyl ether is an alkene ether compound.

Specific Substances

    A) No Synonyms were found in group or single elements
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) C6-H12-O

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) There is very little information available about the potential human health effects of butyl vinyl ether. No human poisoning cases have been described.
    B) Butyl vinyl ether is mildly toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact.
    C) Ethers as a class of agents have anesthetic and irritant properties. Similar vinyl ethers (ethyl vinyl ether and isopropyl vinyl ether) have been shown to have anesthetic properties with CNS depression in experimental animals.
    D) Eye and dermal irritation may occur with exposure, and respiratory tract irritation may be predicted.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Eye, nose, and throat irritation may be seen.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Respiratory tract irritation has not been reported, but may be predicted from other irritant properties.
    B) Respiratory depression could be seen from anesthetic effects.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) Central nervous system depression could occur from anesthetic effects.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Skin irritation may be noted.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Monitor arterial blood gases and chest x-ray in patients with respiratory tract irritation.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.
    1) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    C) Observe for central nervous system depression. Monitor vital signs. Maintain airway patency and oxygenation.
    D) Observe for possible gastrointestinal irritation, abdominal pain, or bleeding.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    B) Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) The minimum lethal and maximum tolerated human exposures have not been delineated. Rats have survived 4 hour exposures to 8,000 parts per million.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) There is very little information available about the potential human health effects of butyl vinyl ether. No human poisoning cases have been described.
    B) Butyl vinyl ether is mildly toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact.
    C) Ethers as a class of agents have anesthetic and irritant properties. Similar vinyl ethers (ethyl vinyl ether and isopropyl vinyl ether) have been shown to have anesthetic properties with CNS depression in experimental animals.
    D) Eye and dermal irritation may occur with exposure, and respiratory tract irritation may be predicted.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Eye, nose, and throat irritation may be seen.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) CONJUNCTIVITIS - Eye irritation may occur from either direct contact or vapor exposure (Clayton & Clayton, 1982). Corneal damage may occur (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) MUCOSAL IRRITATION - Irritation of the mucosa of the nose and throat may be predicted from the other irritant properties of butyl vinyl ether (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
    3.4.6) THROAT
    A) MUCOSAL IRRITATION - Irritation of the mucosa of the nose and throat may be predicted from the other irritant properties of butyl vinyl ether (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Respiratory tract irritation has not been reported, but may be predicted from other irritant properties.
    B) Respiratory depression could be seen from anesthetic effects.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Respiratory tract irritation may be predicted from the other irritant properties of butyl vinyl ether (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
    B) ACUTE RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY
    1) Respiratory depression could result from potential anesthetic properties of butyl vinyl ether (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) Central nervous system depression could occur from anesthetic effects.
    3.7.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEFICIT
    1) Central nervous system depression could result from potential anesthetic properties of butyl vinyl ether (Finkel, 1983; Clayton & Clayton, 1982).

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Skin irritation may be noted.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) SKIN IRRITATION
    1) Irritation of exposed skin may occur (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the teratogenic potential of butyl vinyl ether.
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the possible effects of butyl vinyl ether exposure during pregnancy and lactation.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS111-34-2 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the carcinogenic potential of butyl vinyl ether.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Monitor arterial blood gases and chest x-ray in patients with respiratory tract irritation.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) ACID/BASE
    1) Monitor arterial blood gases in patients with respiratory tract irritation.
    4.1.4) OTHER
    A) OTHER
    1) PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS
    a) If respiratory tract irritation is present, it may be useful to monitor pulmonary function tests.

Radiographic Studies

    A) CHEST RADIOGRAPH
    1) Monitor chest x-ray in patients with respiratory tract irritation.

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Patient Disposition

    6.3.1) DISPOSITION/ORAL EXPOSURE
    6.3.1.1) ADMISSION CRITERIA/ORAL
    A) Because of the paucity of data on the toxicity of butyl vinyl ether to humans, symptomatic patients should be admitted to the hospital for observation until all symptoms have resolved.

Monitoring

    A) Monitor arterial blood gases and chest x-ray in patients with respiratory tract irritation.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) GENERAL -
    1) No human poisoning cases have been reported. Measures to decrease absorption might be beneficial in ingestions, but emesis should be avoided.
    B) INHALATION EXPOSURE -
    1) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    C) DERMAL EXPOSURE -
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    D) EYE EXPOSURE -
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    E) ORAL EXPOSURE -
    1) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    2) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    3) Observe for central nervous system depression. Monitor vital signs. Maintain airway patency and oxygenation.
    4) Observe for possible gastrointestinal irritation, abdominal pain, or bleeding.
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) INDUCED EMESIS SHOULD BE AVOIDED - because of potential anesthetic and esophageal irritant effects.
    B) GASTRIC LAVAGE
    1) INDICATIONS: Consider gastric lavage with a large-bore orogastric tube (ADULT: 36 to 40 French or 30 English gauge tube {external diameter 12 to 13.3 mm}; CHILD: 24 to 28 French {diameter 7.8 to 9.3 mm}) after a potentially life threatening ingestion if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 60 minutes).
    a) Consider lavage more than 60 minutes after ingestion of sustained-release formulations and substances known to form bezoars or concretions.
    2) PRECAUTIONS:
    a) SEIZURE CONTROL: Is mandatory prior to gastric lavage.
    b) AIRWAY PROTECTION: Place patients in the head down left lateral decubitus position, with suction available. Patients with depressed mental status should be intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube prior to lavage.
    3) LAVAGE FLUID:
    a) Use small aliquots of liquid. Lavage with 200 to 300 milliliters warm tap water (preferably 38 degrees Celsius) or saline per wash (in older children or adults) and 10 milliliters/kilogram body weight of normal saline in young children(Vale et al, 2004) and repeat until lavage return is clear.
    b) The volume of lavage return should approximate amount of fluid given to avoid fluid-electrolyte imbalance.
    c) CAUTION: Water should be avoided in young children because of the risk of electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication. Warm fluids avoid the risk of hypothermia in very young children and the elderly.
    4) COMPLICATIONS:
    a) Complications of gastric lavage have included: aspiration pneumonia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, mechanical injury to the throat, esophagus, or stomach, fluid and electrolyte imbalance (Vale, 1997). Combative patients may be at greater risk for complications (Caravati et al, 2001).
    b) Gastric lavage can cause significant morbidity; it should NOT be performed routinely in all poisoned patients (Vale, 1997).
    5) CONTRAINDICATIONS:
    a) Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness if patient is not intubated, following ingestion of corrosive substances, hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential), patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation, or trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/CATHARTIC
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) As butyl vinyl ether could theoretically produce irritant effects if ingested, observe for signs of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation, abdominal pain, or bleeding.
    B) AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
    1) Central nervous system depression might occur following ingestion. Maintain airway patency and oxygenation and monitor vital signs carefully.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
    1) Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required.
    2) Central nervous system depression might occur following inhalation. Maintain airway patency and oxygenation and monitor vital signs carefully.
    B) MONITORING OF PATIENT
    1) Monitor arterial blood gases and chest x-ray in patients with respiratory tract irritation.
    C) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    6.9.2) TREATMENT
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
    B) SKIN ABSORPTION
    1) Dermal absorption may occur (Lewis, 1992). Observe patients with skin exposure for possible systemic toxicity.
    C) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Enhanced Elimination

    A) EFFICACY
    1) No studies have addressed the use of extracorporeal elimination techniques in butyl vinyl ether poisoning.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) The minimum lethal and maximum tolerated human exposures have not been delineated. Rats have survived 4 hour exposures to 8,000 parts per million.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) More than 5 minutes inhalation exposure to concentrated vapor was fatal to rats (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).
    C) SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE
    1) The following information is for a related compound, ETHYL VINYL ETHER -
    a) Respiratory arrest occurred in mice following exposure to a 16% volume-to-volume solution of the similar agent, ethyl vinyl ether (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).
    b) Dogs administered 1.66 mL/kg of ethyl vinyl ether or 3.08 mL/kg of isopropyl vinyl ether died in respiratory arrest (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).
    c) Two to four out of six rats exposed to 16,000 ppm (1.6% volume-to-volume) of ethyl vinyl ether died in respiratory arrest (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) Rats have survived a 4 hour exposure to 8000 ppm of butyl vinyl ether (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).
    C) SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE
    1) The following information is for a related compound, ETHYL VINYL ETHER -
    a) Mice developed surgical anesthesia but survived following exposure to 6% volume-to-volume solution of ethyl vinyl ether (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).
    b) Dogs administered 0.56 mL/kg of ethyl vinyl ether or 0.50 mL/kg of isopropyl vinyl ether developed surgical anesthesia but survived (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS111-34-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS111-34-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS111-34-2 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS111-34-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) References: RTECS, 1992 Lewis, 1992
    1) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 10 g/kg

Pharmacology Toxicology

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) Butyl vinyl ether is a direct irritant of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, and may have general anesthetic properties (Clayton & Clayton, 1982; Finkel, 1983).

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Butyl vinyl ether is a liquid (Lewis, 1992).

Molecular Weight

    A) 100.18 (Lewis, 1992)

References

General Bibliography

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