BUTANOL

Butanol is used as an industrial solvent or cosolvent for fats, resins, gums, waxes, lacquer thinners, coatings, paints, and inks, as an extractant for minerals, antibiotics, hormones, vitamins, hops, and vegetable oils, and as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of lacquers, rayons, herbicides, detergents, and other butyl compounds (Ashford, 1994) Baselt, 1997; (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Harbison, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Raffle et al, 1994; Snyder, 1992).

FORMS

It is a colorless, volatile, highly refractive liquid which burns with a strongly luminous flame. Its odor has been described as like fusel oil but weaker, as rancid, and as vinous (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998; Snyder, 1992; Verschueren, 1983).

SOURCES

Butanol is produced by the hydrogenation of n-butyraldehyde or crotonaldehyde, by the addition of propylene and synthesis gas, and by the fractionation of oxygenates. It occurs in natural sources such as peppermint oil, some teas, apple aromas, and the bacteria strains Clostridium butylicum, and Clostridium acetobutylicum (Ashford, 1994; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Harbison, 1998; Howard, 1990; Lewis, 1997).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

The main routes of occupational exposure are inhalation and skin and eye contact. Exposure to vapors for short periods irritates eyes, nose, throat and mucous membranes and produces respiratory inflammation, headaches and dizziness. Burning, red eyes with corneal inflammation, blurred vision, tearing, light sensitivity and keratitis can result, as well as dry cracked skin and dermatoid eczematoid dermatitis.

Central nervous system depression can result from exposure to high concentrations. Extended exposure can produce hearing impairment, with auditory nerve damage and vestibular injury. Butanol may be absorbed through the skin.

Human exposure also occurs through ingestion. Alcohol intoxication and narcosis with drowsiness, ataxia, confusion, delirium, paralysis, muscle weakness, nausea and vomiting and possibly coma can result. Butanol is poisonous intravenously.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Butanol is an irritant of the throat, eyes, and skin (ILO, 1983). It causes tearing, blurred vision, and inflammation of the cornea (HSDB). The lowest exposure producing irritant effects has been reported to be approximately 50 ppm, with exposures to greater than 200 ppm resulting in a decreased blood count (ILO, 1983).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Subchronic or chronic occupational butanol exposures have been associated with cough, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, damage to the auditory nerve (with some hearing loss), and vestibular injury (HSDB). Butanol has been reported to produce severe vertigo, diagnosed as Meniere's disease (Seitz, 1972). This pattern of symptoms is consistent with its action as a CNS depressant; however, the severity of the vertigo and damage to the auditory nerve may be specific rather than general effects.

In a Russian study, 0.1 mg/m(3) was the no effect level to prevent neurological effects in humans (Bankov & Hacaturjan, 1973). As this corresponds to only 0.03 ppm, it may be questionable if this value is correct.

Butanol has caused EEG changes in mice (pp 16-22). A possible cause for concern is accumulation of butanol in a metabolic study in rats (Rumyantsev, 1975). Whether it can accumulate in humans as a result of chronic exposure is not known.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for central nervous system depression, DO NOT induce emesis.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
Acute human exposure to butanol causes irritation to the eyes, mucous membranes, and to the skin. Other symptoms of high exposure may include symptoms which appear to be alcohol intoxication such as dizziness, headaches, and drowsiness (CNS depression). Sometimes, hearing may be affected as well as the ability of the eye to adapt to light (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1998; Raffle et al, 1994; Snyder, 1992).
Butanol vapor may be a more potent CNS depressant than ethanol or isopropanol (Baselt, 1997).
Exposure to 25 ppm for 3-5 minutes resulted in mild irritation of the nose and throat. Exposure to concentrations greater than 50 ppm resulted in complaints of eye, nose, and throat irritation, headache and vertigo, and dermatitis on the fingers and hands. Exposure to 200 ppm or more resulted in severe eye irritation including a burning sensation, blurred vision, lachrymation, and photophobia; however, exposures to less than 100 ppm appear to have no systemic effects (Baselt, 1997; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Harbison, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

CHRONIC

Chronic exposure may result in increased sensitization to butanol's irritating effects, but no chronic effects have been associated with butanol exposure (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Harbison, 1998) Snyder, 1994).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS71-36-3 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: n-Butanol
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: n-Butanol

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: n-Butyl alcohol
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS71-36-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 1x10(-1) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 2000
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 mg/L = 330 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.33 ppm (Verschueren, 1983)
1 ppm = 3.03 mg/m(3) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Verschueren, 1983)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS71-36-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

n-Butanol

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 20 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye and URT irr
Molecular Weight: 74.12

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS71-36-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS71-36-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: n-Butyl alcohol
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling: 50 ppm (150 mg/m(3))
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 1400 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

[10%LEL]: The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

OSHA PEL Values for CAS71-36-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: n-Butyl alcohol
Table Z-1 for n-Butyl alcohol:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 100

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 300

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS71-36-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS71-36-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: n-Butyl alcohol
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information: The following spent non-halogenated solvents and the still bottoms from the recovery of these solvents. (F003)
Listed as: 1-Butanol
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:
Listed as: n-Butyl alcohol
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS71-36-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS71-36-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: 1-Butanol
P or U series number: U031
Footnote:
Listed as: n-Butyl alcohol
P or U series number: U031
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS71-36-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS71-36-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: n-Butyl alcohol
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS71-36-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS71-36-3 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 1-Butanol

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1120 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Butanols

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1120
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: IB2, T4, TP1, TP29

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
TP29: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 1.5 bar (150.0 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 1.5 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous materials, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Butanols

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1120
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: B1, IB3, T2, TP1

B1: If the material has a flash point at or above 38 °C (100 °F) and below 93 °C (200 °F), then the bulk packaging requirements of sxn. 173.241 of this subchapter are applicable. If the material has a flash point of less than 38 °C (100 °F), then the bulk packaging requirements of sxn. 173.242 of this subchapter are applicable.
IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T2: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1120 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Butanols
UN Number: 1120

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS71-36-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Butyl Alcohol
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Butanol is moderately toxic through skin contact and is a severe skin and eye irritant. Wear appropriate protective clothing including gloves and eye protection when handling butanol. Wash skin thoroughly if it comes in contact with butanol. Butanol is also a flammable liquid; remove clothing promptly if it becomes wet to avoid fire hazard (Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

HANDLING

Wear appropriate protective clothing including gloves and eye protection when handling butanol. Ideally, use spark-resistant tools when working around butanol (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Preserve in tight containers and keep from excessive heat (HSDB , 2000).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Butanol should be stored in a cool, dry, unlighted place away from ignition sources (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991). Material should be kept away from explosives, oxidizing materials, organic peroxides, poisons and radioactive materials (ITI, 1995).
Spark-resistant construction electrical equipment should be used (ITI, 1995).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Butanol is incompatible with strong oxidizers, strong acids, halogens, caustics, alkali metals, aliphatic amines, and isocyanates (Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Contact lenses should not be worn when working with n-butanol (NIOSH , 2000).

Broken packages containing this chemical should not be handled unless appropriate personal protection clothing is worn (AAR, 1998).
Butanol is moderately toxic through skin contact and is a severe skin and eye irritant. Wear appropriate protective clothing including gloves and eye protection when handling butanol. Wash skin thoroughly if it comes in contact with butanol. Butanol is also a flammable liquid; remove clothing promptly if it becomes wet to avoid fire hazard (Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent injury from splashes or vapors (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 71-36-3.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

National Safety Wear

Nation splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natprene splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Nattuf splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe V

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe VI

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Premier, Magnaprene

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natchem Splash Suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Paracril+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natweb splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natwork splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 3

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.002
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.002
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.002
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.6
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.6
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.05
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.002
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.002
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyurethane

National Safety Wear

Natflex splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natsoft splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Iron Eagle, Eagle

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

National Safety Wear

Natcide splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natcon splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natpro splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

American, Scrim, DuraScrim, PVC Polyester, Double-Ply PVC, PVC Film

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Webdri, Safetyflex, Electra, ElectraBrite

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Natural Rubber

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

North -- Safety 4H

Neoprene series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Neoprene III

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Nitrile+PVC

Onguard Industries

Heartland

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane+PVC

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Polyblend

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Superpoly

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane Blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyvinyl Chloride

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

North -- Safety 4H

PVC Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Supreme

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Two Stage Injection Molded, Better Grade, General Purpose, Workbrutes

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Two Stage Injection Molded, Premier

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Rubber

North -- Safety 4H

Rubber Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Rubber blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Bluemax

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polymax

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Standard

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Butyl II 874R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Butyl/Neoprene

Comasec Safety, Inc

Butyl+Plus

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Latex

Memphis Glove Company

5290 Series Flock-Lined Latex

Degradation Rating: 4 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 142
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Astro-Flex

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 12
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Black Max

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Flexigum

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Jelly Fish

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 12
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Montgomery Safety Products

Natural Rubber

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 15
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 1823

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 30 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

N5 Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Astro-Prene

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 360
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stanzoil/NL-34

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99.40%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Memphis Glove Company

5410S Series Flock-Lined Neoprene

Degradation Rating: 4 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 185
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

6912 Neomax Neoprene

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Montgomery Safety Products

Neoprene

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <10
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Stanzoil 531

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >360
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 125
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 130
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.65
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Playtex

123 Argus

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 35
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 6
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial CR Glove #827

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial Glove #834

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial HD Glove #103

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Utility Glove #835

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 7005

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 13
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 36
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 24
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 33
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 4
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 24
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 33
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 198
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.4
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Comatril

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

FlexiMax

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Flexiproof

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

SoloUltra/980 (8 mil)

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 49.6
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 12.2
Notes: 99.40%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

SoloUltra/997

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 40.7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 11.5
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Marigold Industrial

315F

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

326Y

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 16
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

368R

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 50
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CO7B

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 79
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CR30

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

G12T

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 16
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

ME104

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 43
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

U263B/G

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:173 / CAN:459

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 20
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:414 / CAN:454

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Memphis Glove Company

5320 Series Flock-Lined Nitrile

Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

9750 Series Predator Nitrile

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Montgomery Safety Products

M-Tech

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Niprotect/Exam 997

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 40.7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 11.5
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Niprotect CC 529

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 40.7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 11.5
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Niprotect PF/999

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 40.7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 11.5
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

SoloUltra

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 40.7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 11.5
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 155
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 3
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Best Manufacturing

Black Knight 7712R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 102
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 24
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Blockbuster LP

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Comastar

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Lion Paw

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Normal

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Presti

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Yellow Jacket

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Yellow Submarine

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Memphis Glove Company

6400 Actifresh Green PVC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
Degradation Rating: 3 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 78
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Polyvinyl Chloride/Nitrile

Comasec Safety, Inc

Multi+plus

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: tested in accordance with ASTM F739
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Viton/Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Best Viton 892

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
Comasec Safety, Inc 8 Niblick Road Box 1219 Enfield, CT 06083-1219 USA Phone: (860) 741-2207 Fax: (860) 741-0881 Toll-Free: (800) 333-0219 Website: http://www.comasecsafety.com Email: info@comasecsafety.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products 18550 NE Riverside Parkway Portland, OR 97230 USA Phone: (800) 557-7246 Fax: (800) 558-0188 Toll-Free: (800) 557-7246 Website: http://www.lacrosserainfair.com Email: info@lacrossesafety.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
Marigold Industrial 3585 Engineering Drive Suite 200 Box 926090 Norcross, GA 30092 USA Phone: (800) 733-0987 Fax: (800) 786-4564 Toll-Free: (800) 733-0987 Website: http://www.marigoldindustrial.com
Memphis Glove Company 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (901) 795-0672 Fax: (901) 794-7622 Toll-Free: (800) 955-6887 Website: http://www.memphisglove.com
Montgomery Safety Products 1117 Marion Avenue, SW Canton, OH 44707 USA Phone: (800) 562-0600 Toll-Free: (800) 562-0600 Website: http://www.montgomerysafety.com Email: gloves@montgomerysafety.com
National Safety Wear 9 High Street Miora, NY 12957 USA Phone: (800) 833-7270 Fax: (518) 529-7401 Toll-Free: (800) 833-7270 Website: http://www.natwear.com Email: sales@natwear.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
Onguard Industries 1850 Clark Road Havre de Grace, MD 21078 USA Phone: (410) 272-2000 Fax: (800) 304-2282 Toll-Free: (800) 365-2282 Website: http://www.onguardindustries.com Email: support@onguardindustries.com
Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com
Playtex 300 Nyala Farms Road Westport, CT 06880 USA
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com
Servus (Norcross Safety Products) 1136 Second St Rock Island, IL 61202 USA Phone: (800) 777-9021 Fax: (800) 267-6809 Toll-Free: (800) 777-9021 Website: http://www.servusproducts.com Email: info@nspusa.com
Tingley Rubber Corporation One Cragwood Road PO Box 100 South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA Phone: (800) 631-5498 Fax: (866) 757-9239 Toll-Free: (800) 631-5498 Website: http://www.tingleyrubber.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
This compound is a moderate fire risk. It is not highly reactive and shows no adverse reaction during a fire (AAR, 1998; ITI, 1995).
- If butanol is on fire or involved in a fire, do not extinguish the fire unless the leak can be stopped. Apply water from as far away as possible; use flooding quantities of water to cool containers. Solid streams of water may be ineffective; use flooding quantities of water as fog. Use alcohol foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide to extinguish the fire (AAR, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).
- Water should be applied from as far a distance as possible (AAR, 1998)

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS71-36-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Butyl Alcohol
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane or nitroethane.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS71-36-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Butyl Alcohol
Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.
5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.

Moderate fire risk; not highly reactive, no adverse reaction takes place in fire (ITI, 1995).

Alcohol foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide may be used to extinguish fires involving this compound (AAR, 1998; Sittig, 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Toxic gases and vapors (such as carbon monoxide) may be released in a fire involving butanol (HSDB, 2004).
- Butanol emits acrid smoke and fumes when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Vapors may explode if ignited in an enclosed area (CHRIS , 2000).

Fire and explosion may occur when butanol comes into contact with strong oxidizers (HSDB, 2004).
Butanol is a flammable liquid and is moderately explosive. Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away from areas where butanol is used, handled, or stored (AAR, 1998; Lewis, 1996).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Vapor has irritating characteristics: Vapors may cause a slight, temporary smarting of the eyes or respiratory system if present in high concentrations (CHRIS , 2000).

Toxic vapors and gases(such as carbon monoxide) can be released in a fire involving this compound (HSDB, 2004).
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes (Lewis, 1996).
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation (HSDB, 2004).
Butanol vapors cause irritation to the eyes, mucous membranes, and to the skin. Other symptoms of high exposure may include symptoms which appear to be alcohol intoxication such as dizziness, headaches, and drowsiness (CNS depression) (Lewis, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Raffle et al, 1994; Snyder, 1992).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Toxic vapors and gases (such as carbon monoxide) can be released in a fire involving this compound (HSDB, 2004).

Acrid smoke and fumes are produced when butanol is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).
Due to its flash point, butanol forms explosive mixtures with air (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Butanol will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings (HSDB, 2004; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It will burn with a strongly luminous flame (Budavari, 1996).

In an enclosed area, vapors may explode if ignited (CHRIS , 2000).

Fire and explosion may occur upon contact with strong oxidizers (HSDB, 2004).

Butanol, used a solvent in a autoclave preparation at 100 degrees C, severely attacked the aluminum gasket, liberating hydrogen which caused a sharp rise in pressure (Bretherick, 1990).

Butanol is incompatible with strong oxidizers, strong acids, halogens, caustics, alkali metals, aliphatic amines, and isocyanates (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

It may react with aluminum above 49 degrees C (120 degrees F) (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS71-36-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS71-36-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Butyl alcohol, n-; (n-Butanol)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 20
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 20
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 50
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 1400
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS71-36-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS71-36-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 1400 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

([10%LEL]) The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
If butanol is not on fire and is not involved in a fire, keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away from the area. Keep spilled butanol out of water sources and sewers; build dikes to contain the spilled butanol as necessary. Attempt to stop the leak only if it can be done without risk to personnel. Knock down vapors with water spray. Absorb the spill with a non-reactive absorbent material and place in vapor-tight containers for disposal (AAR, 1998; Sittig, 1991).
If butanol is spilled on land, dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or other holding area to contain the spill. Stop the surface flow by building dikes of soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb spilled butanol with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents (AAR, 1998).
If butanol is spilled on water, use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit the travel of the spill. Remove trapped butanol with suction hoses (AAR, 1998).
If butanol is spilled in air, use water vapor to knock down the vapors (AAR, 1998).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

BIOREMEDIATION

The reported removal rates in secondary treatment of butanol range from 31%-99% based on data from acclimated semi-continuous and continuous flow conditions (Howard et al, 1991).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Liquid butanol may be incinerated. Absorbent used to clean up spilled butanol may be deposited in an approved landfill (Sittig, 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Butanol primarily enters the environment as a result of its production and use in industrial processes. It occurs in natural sources such as peppermint oil, some teas, apple aromas, and the bacteria strains Clostridium butylicum, and Clostridium acetobutylicum (Howard, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In the atmosphere, butanol is degraded by the reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with a rate constant of 6 x 10(-10) cm(3)/molecule sec (Howard, 1990).
The reported half life of butanol in the air ranges from 8.8 hours to 87.7 hours (3.7 days) based on the photooxidation half life (Howard et al, 1991).
The rate constant for butanol and hydroxyl radicals reaction is 8.3X10(-12) cm(3)/molecules/sec. At an atmospheric hydroxyl radical concentration of 5X10(+5) molecules/cm(3), the half-life is expected to be 46 hours (HSDB, 2004).
The half-life of butanol in air is estimated to be 46 hours (HSDB, 2004).
In the atmosphere, the half-life for vapor phase reaction for butanol with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals was estimated to be 46 hours (HSDB, 2004).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- In water, butanol is removed by biodegradation and by volatilization to some extent. Butanol does not absorb to sediments or suspended particles and it does not significantly bioconcentrate (Howard, 1990).
- The reported half life of butanol in surface water ranges from 24 hours (1 day) to 168 hours (7 days) based on unacclimated freshwater grab sample data (Howard et al, 1991).
- In water, n-butanol is expected to biodegrade. Volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1m/sec, wind velocity 3 m/sec) is estimated to be 2 days. A volatilization half-life of 29 days is estimated from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing at 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity 0.05 m/sec). (HSDB, 2004).
- The volatilization of n-butanol to volatilize depends upon the temperature, turbulence, current velocity, wind speed, and the depth of the water bodies (HSDB , 2000).
- This compound is not expected to strongly bind to suspended sediments (HSDB , 2000).
- Bioconcentration is not a significant fate process (HSDB, 2004).
- The rate of the reaction between hydroxyl radicals and n-butanol in water is 2.2X10+9 L/mol sec. Assuming an hydroxyl radical concentration of 1X10-17 M in water, this corresponds to a half-life of about 1 year (HSDB , 2000).
- The reported photooxidation half life in water ranges from 2602 hours (108 days) to 104,000 hours (11.9 years) based on measured rate data for hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution (Howard et al, 1991).
GROUND WATER
- The reported half life of butanol in groundwater ranges from 48 hours (2 days) to 1296 hours (54 days) based on estimated aqueous anaerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- In soils, butanol is removed by volatilization from the surface, by biodegradation, and by leaching into groundwater (Howard, 1990).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Butanol will volatilize from surface soil and water. Volatilization from water bodies is influenced by temperature, turbulence, water velocity, wind speed, and water depth. Adsorption to sediment or suspended matter is not important. It is mobile in soil, based on an estimated organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) of 71.6, and will leach to groundwater. Butanol will rapidly degrade in water systems. Biodegradation also occurs in soil. Butanol vapors in the atmosphere degrade by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2000; Howard, 1990).

BIODEGRADATION

Butanol is reported to be successfully biodegraded in river water, in batch systems, and with adapted, activated sludge (Howard, 1990).

The reported aerobic half life of butanol ranges from 24 hours (1 day) to 168 hours (7 days) based on unacclimated freshwater grab sample data and aqueous screening test data (Howard et al, 1991).
The reported anaerobic half life of butanol ranges from 96 hours (4 days) to 1296 hours (54 days) based on acclimated anaerobic screening test data and aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Based on the low log octanol/water partition coefficient, butanol is not expected to bioconcentrate (Howard, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY VALUES (OHM/TADS , 2000):

LC100 - CREEK CHUB: 1400 mg/L for 24H
LC100 - GOLDFISH: 20 mg/L for 15-96H
LC100 - FISH: 1400 mg/L for 24H
LC100 - GOLDFISH: 1000 mg/L for 24H
LC100 - GOLDFISH: 250 mg/L for 7-20H
LC100 - FISH: 400 mg/L for 1H
LC100 - MINNOW: 29 mg/L for 24H

ECOTOXICITY VALUES (HSDB, 2004):

LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 1730 mg/L for 96H -- (95% confidence limit 1630-1840 mg/L); age 33 days old; water hardness 47.7 mg/L (CaCO3); temp 24.7 deg C; pH 7.64; dissolved oxygen 6.3 mg/L, alkalinity 45.5 mg/L (CaCO3); Static bioassay
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 1950, 1950, 1950, 1950, & 1910 mg/L at 1, 24, 48, 72, & 96H, respectively -- 18 to 22 deg C; static bioassay in Lake Superior water
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 1940, 1940, 1940, 1940, & 1940 mg/L at 1, 24, 48, 72, & 96H, respectively -- 18 to 22 deg C; static bioassay in reconstituted water
Toxicity Threshold (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) - GREEN ALGAE (Scenedesmus quadricauda): 875 mg/L
Toxicity Threshold (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) - ALGAE (Microcystis aeruginosa): 100 mg/L
Toxicity Threshold (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) - PROTOZOA (Uronema parduczi Chatton-Lwoff): 8.0 mg/L
Toxicity Threshold (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) - PROTOZOA (Entosiphon sulcatum): 55 mg/L
Toxic Dose - ALGAE (Chlorella pyrenoidosa): 8,500 mg/L
EC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 1510 mg/L for 96H -- age 33 days old; water hardness 47.7 mg/L (CaCO3); temp 24.7 deg C; pH 7.64; dissolved oxygen 6.3 mg/L; alkalinity 45.5 mg/L (CaCO3); Static bioassay
EC50 - DAPHNID (Daphnia magna): 2337 mg/L for 24H -- lost ability to swim
EC50 - DAPHNID (Daphnia magna): 1983 mg/L for 48H -- lost ability to swim

Dangerous to aquatic life in high concentrations (CHRIS , 1991).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

74.12 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Butanol is a watery, colorless liquid with an alcohol odor (CHRIS , 2000).

harsh fuel oil odor with a banana smell, similar to amyl alcohol (HSDB , 2000)
It has a dry, burning, banana-like, or fuel-oil taste (HSDB , 2000).
Butanol is a colorless, volatile, highly refractive liquid which burns with a strongly luminous flame. Its odor has been described as like fusel oil but weaker, as rancid, and as vinous (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998; Snyder, 1992; Verschueren, 1983).

VAPOR PRESSURE

4.4 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

5.5 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996; Snyder, 1992)

6 mmHg (Harbison, 1998)

6.5 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Verschueren, 1983)

7.024 mmHg (Howard, 1990)

10 mmHg (at 10 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.80978 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)
LIQUID: 0.810 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; Verschueren, 1983)
LIQUID: 0.8109 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.81 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)

SATURATED VAPOR DENSITY

0.00145 lb/ft(3) (at 75 degrees F) (HSDB , 2000)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-89 degrees C (Lewis, 1997a)
-90 degrees C(Howard, 1990a)

MELTING POINT

-89.5 degrees C(Howard, 1990a)
-89.9 degrees C(Verschueren, 1983a)
-90 degrees C (Ashford, 1994a; Budavari, 1996a; Clayton & Clayton, 1994a)

BOILING POINT

117-118 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

117-119 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

117.2 degrees C (Howard, 1990; Snyder, 1992)

117.4 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)

117.7 degrees C (Lewis, 1997; Verschueren, 1983)

118 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

A solution of 63% butanol and 37% water boils continuously at 92 degrees F (Budavari, 1996).

FLASH POINT

37 degrees C (closed cup) (NFPA, 1997)

35 degrees C; 95 degrees F (Lewis, 1997)

36-38 degrees C (Snyder, 1992)

52 degrees C (TCC) (Ashford, 1994)

95-100 degrees F (Lewis, 1996)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

365 degrees C; 689 degrees F (Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.4% (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1996)

UPPER

11.2% (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1996)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Butanol is moderately soluble in water (Lewis, 1996):

7.3% (at 25 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
74 g/kg (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)
77,000 mg/L (Howard, 1990; Verschueren, 1983)
9.1 mL/100 mL (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; Snyder, 1992)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Butanol is miscible with most organic solvents, including alcohol and ether (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997).

>10% in acetone, benzene, ether, and ethanol (Snyder, 1992)

OTHER

The solubility of naphthalene in butanol (at 40 degrees C) is 0.116 mole fraction (observed) and 0.111 mole fraction (estimated) (HSDB , 2000).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 0.88 (Howard, 1990; Verschueren, 1983)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

7.0x10(-6) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

5.57 x 10(-6) atm-m(3)/mole (Howard, 1990)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

75 (Prism) (Sadtler Reference Number) (HSDB , 2000)
10,934 (Grating) (Sadtler Reference Number) (HSDB , 2000)
4807 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2000)

MASS

86 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data) (HSDB , 2000)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

CRITICAL PRESSURE

43.6 atm (HSDB , 2000)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

289.8 degrees C (HSDB , 2000)

DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT

0.025 m(2)/hr in air (at 0 degrees C and 1 atm) (HSDB , 2000)

DIPOLE MOMENT

1.66 (gas) (at 20 degrees C in benzene) (HSDB , 2000)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

639.53 kg cal/g mol wt (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

HEAT OF FUSION

29.93 cal/g; 125.23 J/g; 9282 J/mol (HSDB , 2000)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

10.01 eV (HSDB , 2000)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

56 dynes/cm; 0.056 N/m (at 27 degrees C) (est) (HSDB , 2000)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents