BUTANE

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

-IDENTIFICATION

SYNONYMS

BUTANE
n-BUTANE
Butane gas
BUTANEN (Dutch)
BUTANI (Italian)
BUTYL HYDRIDE
DIETHYL
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
METHYLETHYLMETHANE
NORMAL BUTANE
TRIMETHYLMETHANE

IDENTIFIERS

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER

106-97-8(Butane)

NIOSH/RTECS NUMBER

EJ4200000

UN/NA NUMBER

1011-BUTANE AND BUTANE MIXTURES
1075-BUTANE OR LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS

STCC NUMBER

4905706 - Butane
4905702 - Butane (Waste, petroleum by-product)

DESIGNATIONS

IMO CLASSIFICATION:2.1

MOLECULAR FORMULA

H3C-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH3 C4H10

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

115-GASES - FLAMMABLE (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)(for UN/NA Numbers1011and1075)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1998; NIOSH , 2000; RTECS , 2000; Sittig, 1991)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Butane is used to make acetic acid, isobutane, aerosol propellant, ethylene, food additives, high octane fuel, synthetic rubbers, solvents, refrigerant, and as a producer gas (HSDB, 2000).
It is used in cigarette lighters (AAR, 1998a).
Butane is a feedstock in the plastics, rubber, and solvent industries (ACGIH, 1991a).
It is used as a process solvent (Ashford, 1994a).
Butane is used as a fuel for air conditioning, baking, boiler heating, cooking, refrigeration, space heating, and water heating. Butane is commonly used as a back-up for natural gas systems. It is also used in agriculture in crop drying, weed burning, orchard heating, and poultry brooding (CGA, 1999a).
Butane is a portable fuel that is used when pipeline natural gas is not available (CGA, 1999a).
As a propellant, butane can be used in insecticides, paints, perfumes, shampoos, and shaving creams (CGA, 1999a).
Butane can be substituted for fluorocarbons in making plastic foam (Sittig, 1991a).
Butane, used as a fuel additive, raises the octane level of gasoline. It is also used to make chemicals such as acetic acid and isobutane (Snyder, 1987a).

FORMS

Butane is a colorless gas with the odor of natural gas or gasoline (HSDB, 2000).
n-Butane is available in the following grades (Sax & Lewis, 1987):

Research: 99.99 mol %; Pure: 99 mol %; Technical: 95 mol %.
Also available in various mixtures with isobutane, pentanes, propane, and other hydrocarbon materials.

SOURCES

Butane is produced by refining petroleum streams and from natural gas (HSDB, 2000).
Butane is found in liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas (ACGIH, 1991a).
Butane is a component of cigarette smoke and vehicle exhaust (Baselt, 2000a).
Butane can be extracted from crude oil containing natural gas and petroleum refinery gases (CGA, 1999a).
Raw natural gas, and the paraffin portion of crude oil and natural gas, all contain butane (Howard, 1997).
Butane is removed from natural gas and petroleum streams by a process that includes adsorption, compression, cryogenic steps, expansion, fractionation, and refrigeration (Snyder, 1987b).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Inhalation exposure produces exhilaration, dizziness, headache, narcosis and drowsiness. Nausea, confusion, loss of fine motor coordination and loss of consciousness may also occur. It is an asphyxiant (due to oxygen displacement) and a central nervous system depressant. Contact with liquefied butane may produce burns or frostbite of the skin and eyes.

Occupational exposure has produced wheezing, epigastric and chest pain, hyperemia of the rhinopharynx, sinus tachycardia and extrasystole. Accidental inhalation of butane from a cigarette lighter was reported to cause throat irritation, weakness, malaise, dyspnea, tachypnea, productive cough, leukocytosis and pulmonary infiltrates in one case.

Voluntary exposure producing hypoxia or anoxia, with a "toxic confusional state" including mood disturbances and delusions, illusions, or hallucinations, has caused hemiparesis, ventricular fibrillation, encephalopathy and death.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning.
Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Butane is a possible CNS depressant, producing dizziness and sleepiness. At 10,000 ppm it produces drowsiness, but no apparent systemic effects (Clayton & Clayton, 1982; (ACGIH, 1986). A concentration of 5000 ppm has affected the heart in dogs, causing lower contractile force and other effects (HSDB). Butane is thought to decrease the myocardical threshold to epinephrine-induced arrhythmias.

To some extent CNS depressant effects cannot be distinguished from asphyxiant effects. When butane displaces oxygen from the breathing atmosphere to less than the critical level of 16%, it causes asphyxiation and death. It effects on the nervous system when combined with other CNS depressants may be additive or greater (Shugaev, 1967). Butane is metabolized to ISOBUTANOL and METHYL ETHYL KETONE in mice (Tsukamoto, 1985), but no studies were found on its metabolism in humans.

One case of hemiparesis has been reported following inhalation of butane gas from a canister (Gray & Lazarus, 1993).

Liquified butane may cause frostbite on contact with the skin or eyes (Clayton & Clayton, 1982; HSDB).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Human volunteers had no apparent effects from exposure to 1000 ppm of butane for 2 weeks, 8 hours per day (ACGIH, 1986). No other studies on chronic exposures were found at the time of this review.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas. If frostbite has NOT occurred, immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with soap and water.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
TARGET ORGAN - Central nervous system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.
Rescuers should wear appropriate respiratory protection when attempting to remove victims from areas with high air concentrations. Be aware of the serious fire and explosion hazard presented by butane during rescue attempts.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
Monitor arterial blood gases and chest x-ray in cases with significant exposure. Cardiac monitoring may be advisable in cases of significant exposure. Airway protection and maintenance may be required.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
If frostbite has occurred, DO NOT rub the affected areas. DO NOT flush the affected areas with water or attempt to remove clothing.
PREHOSPITAL

Rewarming of a localized area should only be considered if the risk of refreezing is unlikely. Avoid rubbing the frozen area which may cause further damage to the area (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010).

REWARMING

Do not institute rewarming unless complete rewarming can be assured; refreezing thawed tissue increases tissue damage. Place affected area in a water bath with a temperature of 40 to 42 degrees Celsius for 15 to 30 minutes until thawing is complete. The bath should be large enough to permit complete immersion of the injured part, avoiding contact with the sides of the bath. A whirlpool bath would be ideal. Some authors suggest a mild antibacterial (ie, chlorhexidine, hexachlorophene or povidone-iodine) be added to the bath water. Tissues should be thoroughly rewarmed and pliable; the skin will appear a red-purple color (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Correct systemic hypothermia which can cause cold diuresis due to suppression of antidiuretic hormone; consider IV fluids (Grieve et al, 2011).
Rewarming may be associated with increasing acute pain, requiring narcotic analgesics.
For severe frostbite, clinical trials have shown that pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, can enhance tissue viability by increasing blood flow and reducing platelet activity (Hallam et al, 2010).

WOUND CARE

Digits should be separated by sterile absorbent cotton; no constrictive dressings should be used. Protective dressings should be changed twice per day.
Perform twice daily hydrotherapy for 30 to 45 minutes in warm water at 40 degrees Celsius. This helps debride devitalized tissue and maintain range of motion. Keep the area warm and dry between treatments (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
The injured extremities should be elevated and should not be allowed to bear weight.
In patients at risk for infection of necrotic tissue, prophylactic antibiotics and tetanus toxoid have been recommended by some authors (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Non-tense clear blisters should be left intact due to the risk of infection; tense or hemorrhagic blisters may be carefully aspirated in a setting where aseptic technique is provided (Hallam et al, 2010).
Further surgical debridement should be delayed until mummification demarcation has occurred (60 to 90 days). Spontaneous amputation may occur.
Analgesics may be required during the rewarming phase; however, patients with severe pain should be evaluated for vasospasm.
IMAGING: Arteriography and noninvasive vascular techniques (e.g., plain radiography, laser Doppler studies, digital plethysmography, infrared thermography, isotope scanning), have been useful in evaluating the extent of vasospasm after thawing and assessing whether debridement is needed (Hallam et al, 2010). In cases of severe frostbite, Technetium 99 (triple phase scanning) and MRI angiography have been shown to be the most useful to assess injury and determine the extent or need for surgical debridement (Hallam et al, 2010).
TOPICAL THERAPY: Topical aloe vera may decrease tissue destruction and should be applied every 6 hours (Murphy et al, 2000).
IBUPROFEN THERAPY: Ibuprofen, a thromboxane inhibitor, may help limit inflammatory damage and reduce tissue loss (Grieve et al, 2011; Murphy et al, 2000). DOSE: 400 mg orally every 12 hours is recommended (Hallam et al, 2010).
THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY: Thrombolysis (intra-arterial or intravenous thrombolytic agents) may be beneficial in those patients at risk to lose a digit or a limb, if done within the first 24 hours of exposure. The use of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) to clear microvascular thromboses can restore arterial blood flow, but should be accompanied by close monitoring including angiography or technetium scanning to evaluate the injury and to evaluate the effects of t-PA administration. Potential risk of the procedure includes significant tissue edema that can lead to a rise in interstitial pressures resulting in compartment syndrome (Grieve et al, 2011).
CONTROVERSIAL: Adjunct pharmacological agents (ie, heparin, vasodilators, prostacyclins, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, dextran) are controversial and not routinely recommended. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, sympathectomy remains unclear (Grieve et al, 2011).
CHRONIC PAIN: Vasomotor dysfunction can produce chronic pain. Amitriptyline has been used in some patients; some patients may need a referral for pain management. Inability to tolerate the cold (in the affected area) has been observed following a single episode of frostbite (Hallam et al, 2010).
MORBIDITIES: Frostbite can produce localized osteoporosis and possible bone loss following a severe case. These events may take a year or more to develop. Children may be at greater risk to develop more severe events (ie, early arthritis) (Hallam et al, 2010).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
If contact with escaping gas may have caused frostbite of the eyes, DO NOT flush with water; early ophthalmologic consultation should be obtained.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Ingestion is unlikely; however, oral exposure might cause frostbite injury to the upper gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Administer oxygen and maintain airway as clinically indicated.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Voluntary inhalation of butane caused 38 deaths over a ten year period (Hathaway, 1996).
Butane exposure was involved in 38 out of 140 deaths associated with volatile substance abuse occurring in the U.K. from 1971 through 1981 (Anderson et al, 1982). Of these 38 deaths, 27 were due to gas lighter fuel, 4 were due to calor gas, 3 were due to butane gas containers, and 4 were due to unspecified causes.
Asphyxiation from abuse of material with the head in a plastic bag accounted for 11 of these 38 fatalities, and aspiration of gastric contents into the lungs was responsible for another 7.
Seventeen of these deaths were attributed to asphyxia without a plastic bag involved, and in three cases the cause of death was not known.

ANIMAL DATA

Forty percent of mice that inhaled 270,000 ppm of butane for two hours died. At a concentration of 310,000 ppm for two hours, 60% of the mice died. Butane concentrations of 200,000 to 250,000 ppm caused anasthesia and relaxation in dogs, prior to death (Snyder, 1987).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

A 1929 study found that inhalation exposure to 10,000 ppm butane for 10 minutes resulted in drowsiness without any other systemic effects (ACGIH, 1991) Hathaway, 1996; (Snyder, 1987).
Blood levels in 16 butane abusers were measured to be 2 - 60 mg/L (Baselt, 2000).
Workers chronically exposed to butane were not found to have carcinogenic, reproductive, or any other chronic effects (Harbison, 1998).
Volatile substance abuse with butane is common among teens and young adults. This intentional inhalation results in euphoria, hallucinations, irritability, seizures, vomiting, ventricular fibrillation, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmia, hemiparesis, cerebral infarction, amnesia, coma and death. A 16 year old girl suffered irritability and hallucinations as a result of inhaling 5 L of butane over a 3 month period and presumably 20 L over the course of a full year (Gray & Lazarus, 1993) Mathew et al., 1989; (O'Neill & McCarthy, 1999) Roberts et al., 1990; (Williams & Cole, 1998).
Exposure to moderate airborne concentrations does not produce irritant effects (ACGIH, 1986).
Tolerance to the CNS effects produced by deliberate butane inhalational abuse may develop, and a withdrawal syndrome consisting of sleep disturbances, irritability, shakiness, sweating, fleeting illusions, and nausea may occur (Evans & Raistrick, 1987).

ANIMAL DATA

Experiments with mice have shown that simultaneous exposures to butane and isobutane produced an additive narcotic effect (Snyder, 1987).
Rats exposed to 25 percent (weight/weight) concentrations each of n-butane, n-pentane, isobutane, and isopentane at concentrations ranging from 4 to 4,437 ppm for 6 hours daily, 5 days per week for 3 weeks did not produce any nephrotoxicity in rats (Halder et al, 1986).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS106-97-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases, Alkanes (C1-C4)
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Butane
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: n-Butane
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS106-97-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1991 Hathaway, 1996; RTECS, 2000 RTECS, 1989)
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)DOG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS106-97-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases, Alkanes (C1-C4)

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 1000 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Card sens; CNS impair
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Under Study

Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Under Study

Butane

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS106-97-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS106-97-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: n-Butane
REL:

TWA: 800 ppm (1900 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS106-97-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS106-97-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS106-97-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS106-97-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS106-97-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS106-97-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS106-97-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS106-97-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS106-97-8 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1011 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Butane see also Petroleum gases, liquefied

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.1

2.1: Flammable gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1011
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.1

2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions: 19, T50

19: For domestic transportation only, the identification number "UN1075" may be used in place of the identification number specified in column (4) of the sxn. 172.101 table. The identification number used must be consistent on package markings, shipping papers and emergency response information.
T50: Applicable liquefied compressed gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn. 173.313 of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 306
Non-bulk packaging: 304
Bulk packaging: 314, 315

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: 150 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1075 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Petroleum gases, liquefied or Liquefied petroleum gas

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.1

2.1: Flammable gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1075
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.1

2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions: T50

T50: Applicable liquefied compressed gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn. 173.313 of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 306
Non-bulk packaging: 304
Bulk packaging: 314, 315

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: 150 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1011 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Butane
UN Number: 1011

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1075 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Petroleum gases, liquefied
UN Number: 1075

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS106-97-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Butane
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 1

(1) Slightly toxic material. May cause irritation, but only minor residual injury even without treatment. Recognized innocuous materials when used with responsible care.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

All containers must be fitted with a safety relief device placed in direct contact with the vapor phase (CGA, 1999; HSDB , 2000).
Butane, in its liquefied form, is stored in large underground chambers and steel tanks (CGA, 1999).
Liquefied, compressed butane may be transported in cylinders, cargo tanks, portable tanks, and tank cars (CGA, 1999).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Liquid butane can be stored above or below ground. Underground storage consists of closed, insulated systems refrigerated by petroleum gas vapor or pits capped with metal domes (HSDB , 2000).
Recommendations on how to install butane storage are included in NFPA 58 and 59 (CGA, 1999).
Store butane in cold liquid form at atmospheric pressure (CGA, 1999).
Ventilate butane storage and handling areas according to fire and mechanical codes (CGA, 1999).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

Fire should be approached with caution (AAR, 1998). Do not breath vapors, touch liquid, or attempt to handle spilled material or broken containers without proper protective equipment (AAR, 1998) CHRIS, 1985).

Chemical protective gloves and goggles should be worn when handling this material (AAR, 1998).

Wear a self-contained breathing apparatus and safety goggles in hazardous materials incident situations (CHRIS, 2000).

Use of rubber gloves, safety glasses, and protective clothing has been suggested for normal handling procedures (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

Wearing a chemical cartridge mask has been suggested for normal handling procedures (Sittig, 1991).

Wear a self-contained breathing apparatus and safety goggles in hazardous materials incident situations (CHRIS, 2000).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 106-97-8.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

National Safety Wear

Nation splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natprene splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Nattuf splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe V

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe VI

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Premier, Magnaprene

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene+Latex

Neese Industries, Inc.

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

Neoprene+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natchem Splash Suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Paracril+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natweb splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natwork splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Polyurethane

National Safety Wear

Natflex splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natsoft splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neese Industries, Inc.

Polyurethane splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Iron Eagle, Eagle

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

National Safety Wear

Natcide splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natcon splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natpro splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neese Industries, Inc.

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

American, Scrim, DuraScrim, PVC Polyester, Double-Ply PVC, PVC Film

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Webdri, Safetyflex, Electra, ElectraBrite

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Natural Rubber

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

North -- Safety 4H

Neoprene series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Neoprene III

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Nitrile+PVC

Onguard Industries

Heartland

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane+PVC

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Polyblend

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Superpoly

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane Blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyvinyl Chloride

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

North -- Safety 4H

PVC Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Supreme

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Two Stage Injection Molded, Better Grade, General Purpose, Workbrutes

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Two Stage Injection Molded, Premier

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Rubber

North -- Safety 4H

Rubber Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Rubber blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Bluemax

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polymax

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Standard

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

GLOVES

Natural Rubber

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Neoprene

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Nitrile

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products 18550 NE Riverside Parkway Portland, OR 97230 USA Phone: (800) 557-7246 Fax: (800) 558-0188 Toll-Free: (800) 557-7246 Website: http://www.lacrosserainfair.com Email: info@lacrossesafety.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
National Safety Wear 9 High Street Miora, NY 12957 USA Phone: (800) 833-7270 Fax: (518) 529-7401 Toll-Free: (800) 833-7270 Website: http://www.natwear.com Email: sales@natwear.com
Neese Industries, Inc. 10646 Airline Hwy Gonzales, LA 70737 USA Phone: (225) 647-6553 Fax: (225) 644-3517 Toll-Free: (800) 535-8042 Website: http://www.neeseind.com Email: customerservice@neeseind.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
Onguard Industries 1850 Clark Road Havre de Grace, MD 21078 USA Phone: (410) 272-2000 Fax: (800) 304-2282 Toll-Free: (800) 365-2282 Website: http://www.onguardindustries.com Email: support@onguardindustries.com
Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com
Servus (Norcross Safety Products) 1136 Second St Rock Island, IL 61202 USA Phone: (800) 777-9021 Fax: (800) 267-6809 Toll-Free: (800) 777-9021 Website: http://www.servusproducts.com Email: info@nspusa.com
Tingley Rubber Corporation One Cragwood Road PO Box 100 South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA Phone: (800) 631-5498 Fax: (866) 757-9239 Toll-Free: (800) 631-5498 Website: http://www.tingleyrubber.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE.
- Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Will form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
Butane burns at a rate of 7.9 mm/min. It has an adiabatic flame temperature of 2435 degrees F. Its stoichiometric air to fuel ratio is 30.9 (CHRIS, 2000)
Butane is heavier than air. It is capable of traveling along the ground, potentially creating a fire hazard distant from storage and use areas. Butane can also displace oxygen and create a confined space (ILO, 1998).
Containers that are exposed to the heat of a fire should be cooled from the side with flooding quantities of water until well after the fire is extinguished (AAR, 1998) CHRIS, 2000).
Water should be applied from as far away as possible (AAR, 1998).
Water spray may also be used to protect personnel attempting to stop leaks or shut off flow of material (CHRIS, 2000).
Containers should be moved from the area of the fire and leaks stopped if this can be done without undue risk (AAR, 1998) CHRIS, 1985).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS106-97-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Butane
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.
CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049) and Deuterium (UN1957) burn with an invisible flame.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray or fog.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS106-97-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Butane
Extinguishing Method(s): 6

6: Flammable gas fires are only safe to extinguish once the gas flow has been turned off. Attempting to fight a gas fire without turning off the gas can cause formation of an explosive gas cloud.

Shooting holes in a liquefied petroleum gas tank (butane) may make the fire more serious. Do not try to move the tank because valves and other devices on the tank may be damaged (CGA, 1999).

Flammable gas storage tanks and lines should be checked with leak detectors according to a standard procedure. Ventilation will help prevent fire and explosion (CGA, 1999).

Fires should not be extinguished unless the flow of leaking material can be stopped (AAR, 1998) CHRIS, 2000).

Water may be used in flooding amounts as a fog (AAR, 1998).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Combustion of butane produces carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (ILO, 1998).
Butane emits acrid smoke and fumes when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Containers may rupture and rocket when exposed to the heat of a fire (AAR, 1998).

Tank cars containing this material may rupture violently when exposed to the heat of a fire (AAR, 1987).

Butane vapor may explode if it is ignited in an enclosed space (CHRIS, 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Leaks may be either liquid or asphyxiant vapor (AAR, 1998).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

This compound reacts with chlorine, fluorine, and strong oxidizers (NIOSH , 2000).

It is incompatible with oxidizers (HSDB , 2000).

The combination of nickel carbonyl, oxygen, and n-butane results in an explosion at temperatures of 20 - 40 degrees C (HSDB , 2000; NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Butane is extremely stable and does not corrode metals (Lewis, 1997).

Butane does not react with water or common materials (CHRIS, 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.

Keep upwind of fires, spills, and leaks, and stay out of low-lying areas (AAR, 1998) CHRIS, 2000).

Isolate the hazard area and deny entry to unnecessary persons (CHRIS, 2000). Notify health agencies and pollution control agencies at the local level, and water intake operators (CHRIS, 2000).

If this material is leaking but not on fire, consider evacuating from the downwind direction with the area based on such considerations as weather conditions, the location, and the amount of material spilled (AAR, 1998) CHRIS, 1985).

If a fire becomes uncontrollable or a container is directly exposed to flames, consider evacuating a surrounding area one-half mile in radius (AAR, 1998).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS106-97-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS106-97-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Butane
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 1000
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 5500
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 17000
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 53000
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS106-97-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS106-97-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
- CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
- Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.
Prevent creation of an explosive atmosphere during a spill or leak by providing forced ventilation (HSDB , 2000).
It is important to stop the leak. Either close a valve upstream of the leak or attempt to crimp or flatten small lines to stop the leak (CGA, 1999).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Burn liquefied butane in a suitable burning unit , such as an incinerator (CGA, 1999).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Butane is released into the environment when petroleum and natural gas products are made, used, and disposed. Gasoline and diesel engines, hazardous waste disposal sites, incinerators, and landfills all release butane into the environment (Howard, 1997; HSDB , 2000). Butane was found upon sampling for it in drinking water, surface water, sea water, ground water, soil, and air (Howard, 1997). The average urbanite breathes 183 mg/day of butane based on figures from the National Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds Database (Howard, 1997).

Butane should be kept out of water sources and sewers (AAR, 1998).

Butane may be dangerous if it enters water intakes. Notify operators of water intakes in the vicinity in case of water discharge (CHRIS, 2000).

Appropriate local health and pollution control authorities should be notified of discharges (CHRIS, 2000).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Butane readily volatilizes and is commonly found as a vapor pollutant in the atmosphere. Hydroxyl radicals and UV light work together to breakdown airborne butane vapor, giving it an estimated half-life of 6 days. Nighttime reactions with nitrogen oxides also contribute to butane transformation (HSDB , 2000).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Butane quickly volatilizes from water. In a test river its half-life was 2.2 hours compared to a test pond volatilization half-life of 2.6 days (Howard, 1997).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Butane has low to medium mobility in soil. It is expected to volatilize rapidly from surface soils. Soil adsorption is also expected to be an important fate of butane (HSDB , 2000).

OTHER

OTHER
- Bioconcentration, hydrolysis, and photolysis are not important processes in the environmental fate of butane (Howard, 1997).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Butane has experimentally been mixed with nitrogen oxides in air and irradiated. The ensuing reactions produced acetaldehyde, 1-butyl nitrate, 2-butyl nitrate, butyraldehyde, formaldehyde, methyl nitrate, peroxyacetyl nitrate, propene oxide, and propionaldehyde (Howard, 1997; HSDB , 2000).

Butane degraded after 15 hours under SE England photochemical smog conditions. A Las Angeles air sample containing 286 ppb butane degraded by 14% after 6 hours when irradiated by natural light (HSDB , 2000).

Butane had half-lives of 6.2, 6.0, and 5.9 days when exposed to atmospheric concentrations of hydroxyl radicals of 5x10(5)/cm(3) (HSDB , 2000).

BIODEGRADATION

Butane may be degraded by E. coli B, E. coli Sd4, Mycobacterium crassa, M. phlei, Neurospora crassa, and N. ascrospores. Butane had 0% degradation after 192 hours when added to ground water containing natural flora at 13 degrees C. Butane concentrations in contaminated groundwater decreased by 59% after 192 hours in both sterile and mixed culture samples. After 24 hours of exposure to lake water and soil samples containing more than 20 methyltrophic organisms, butane was oxidized to 2-butanone and 2-butanol (Howard, 1997; HSDB , 2000).

BIOACCUMULATION

HUMANS

Butane was found in samples of breast milk taken from women in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Louisiana (HSDB , 2000).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Log BCF is 1.78 - 1.97 for butane, suggesting that bioconcentration of butane in aquatic organisms is not of concern (Howard, 1997; HSDB , 2000)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Butane is not toxic in the aquatic environment or to waterfowl (CHRIS, 2000).

TLm96: greater than 1,000 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

58.12

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Butane is a saturated, straight chain, aliphatic hydrocarbon that exists as a colorless and flammable gas (ACGIH, 1991). It is chemically stable, non-corrosive and nontoxic. Normally, butane is shipped in its liquid state. Artificial odor is added to butane since it is odorless (CGA, 1999).

Vapors are heavier than air (AAR, 1998). Butane floats and boils on water, producing a visible vapor cloud (CHRIS, 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

2.05 atm (NIOSH , 2000)

1 mmHg (at -101.5 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

10 mmHg (at -77.8 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

40 mmHg (at -59.1 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

100 mmHg (at -44.2 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

400 mmHg (at -16.3 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

760 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

16.54 psig (at 21.1 degrees C, 70 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)

36.92 psig (at 37.8 degrees C, 100 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)

50.26 (at 46.1 degrees C, 115 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)

66.03 (at 54.4 degrees C, 130 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)

1856.4 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1997)

213.7 kPa (at 21.1 degrees C) (ILO, 1998)

1823 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)

2 atm (at 18.8 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)

2 mmHg (0.267 kPa) (at 18.8 degrees C) (Snyder, 1987)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
2.07 (at 0 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Harbison, 1998; HSDB , 2000; ILO, 1998; Snyder, 1987)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

2 as vapor at 20 degrees C (CHRIS, 2000)
0.6012 (at 0/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)
0.5788 (at 20/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)
2.0064 (at 70 degrees F and 1 atm) (CGA, 1999)
0.6 (liquid at 31 degrees F) (NIOSH , 2000)
0.573 (at -25 degrees C) (Snyder, 1987)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.58 kg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.599 g/mL (Lewis, 2000)
0.60 g/mL (CHRIS, 2000)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.5788 (liquid at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
36.39 lb/ft(3) (at 15.6 degrees C, 60 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)
35.95 lb/ft(3) (at at 21.1 degrees C, 70 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)
34.38 lb/ft(3) (at 40.6 degrees C, 105 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)
34.01 lb/ft(3) (at 46.1 degrees C, 115 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)
33.38 lb/ft(3) (at 54.4 degrees C, 130 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)

VAPOR DENSITY

0.15537 lb/ft(3) (at 21.1 degrees C, 70 degrees F and 1 atm) (CGA, 1999)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-217 degrees F (-138.36 degrees C) (CGA, 1999; NIOSH , 2000)
-135 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)
-138.3 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)
-138.35 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

MELTING POINT

-138.4 degrees C (Howard, 1997; HSDB , 2000)

BOILING POINT

31 degrees F (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2000)

-0.5 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Howard, 1997; HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 2000)

-0.51 degrees C (31.10 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)

FLASH POINT

-76 degrees F (closed cup) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 2000)

-60 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991)

-73 degrees C (unspecified) (Ashford, 1994)

-73.9 degrees C; -101 degrees F (CGA, 1999)

-138 degrees C (Windholz, 1983)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

287 degrees C; 550 degrees F (HSDB , 2000; ILO, 1998)

405 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997)

761 degrees F (Lewis, 2000)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.6% by volume (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; NIOSH , 2000)
1.8% (CHRIS, 2000)
1.9% (ACGIH, 1991; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000)

UPPER

8.4% by volume (ACGHI, 1991; CHRIS, 2000; (NIOSH , 2000)
8.5% (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

61 mcg/mL of water (at 20 degrees C)(HSDB , 2000)
61.4 ppm in water (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)
Very soluble in water (ACGIH, 1991)
61.4 mg/L in water (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1997)
Not soluble in water (NFPA, 1997)
Butane gas can be dissolved in water (Windholz, 1983).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

>10% in ether (HSDB , 2000)
Very soluble in ether (ACGIH, 1991)
>10% in ethanol (HSDB , 2000)
Very soluble in alcohol (ACGIH, 1991)
>10% in chloroform (HSDB , 2000)
Very soluble in chloroform (ACGIH, 1991)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 2.89

HENRY'S CONSTANT

0.947 atm.m(3)/mole (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1997)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

2286 (Sadtler Research Laboratories) (HSDB , 2000)

MASS

32 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data) (HSDB , 2000)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

50,000 ppm in air (HSDB , 2000)
6.16 ppm in water (HSDB , 2000)
2.85 mg/m(3)(about 1 ppm) (Harbison, 1998)

SURFACE TENSION

14.87 dynes/cm (HSDB , 2000)
14.7 dynes/cm (CHRIS, 2000)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

525 psi (HSDB , 2000)
550.8 psia (CHRIS, 2000)
550.7 psia (CGA, 1999)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

153.2 degrees C (HSDB , 2000)
152 degrees C (CGA, 1999) CHRIS, 2000)
306 degrees F (CHRIS, 2000)
425 K (CHRIS, 2000)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-19,512 BTU/lb or -10,840 cal/g (CHRIS, 2000; (HSDB , 2000)

HEAT OF FUSION

19.18 cal/g (CHRIS, 2000)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.3543 (at -13 degrees C/D) (HSDB , 2000)
1.3326 (at 20 degrees C/D) (HSDB , 2000)

VISCOSITY

0.007 mN.s/m(2) (at 20 degrees C)(HSDB , 2000)
0.0074 cP (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

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67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

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Bata Shoe Company: Industrial Footwear Catalog, Bata Shoe Company, Belcamp, MD, 1995.

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Boss Manufacturing Company: Work Gloves, Boss Manufacturing Company, Kewanee, IL, 1998.

Burgess JL, Kirk M, Borron SW, et al: Emergency department hazardous materials protocol for contaminated patients. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2):205-212.

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents