BROMINE

Used in gold extraction, manufacture of pharmaceuticals, ethylene bromide, and dyes, fire retardants, sanitation preparations for swimming pools, cooling towers, etc.
Bromine is used in water disinfection; bleaching fibers and silk; and the manufacture of medicinal bromine compounds and dyestuffs (Budavari, 1996). It is also used in the manufacture of ethylene dibromide (anti-knock gasoline); in organic synthesis; as a solvent, an intermediate for fumigants (methyl bromide), and an analytical reagent; as a fire-retardant for plastics; in photography; and for shrink-proofing wool (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
Bromine has been used as a disinfectant in swimming pools and hot tubs, but its use in drinking water disinfection has not been recommended because of its cumulative neurotoxicity (Burns & Linden, 1997) NRC, 1989). Concentrations of 2 mg/L are required for disinfection (NRC, 1989).

SOURCES

Bromine is derived from seawater and natural brines by oxidation of bromine salts with chlorine, from solar evaporation (Great Salt Lake), and from salt beds at Stassfurt, Dead Sea (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Bromine is used in gold extraction, manufacture of pharmaceuticals, ethylene bromide, and dyes, fire retardants, and as sanitation preparations for swimming pools and cooling towers.

PHARMACOLOGY: As an alkaline corrosive, bromine may cause liquefaction necrosis. It can saponify the fats in the cell membrane, destroying the cell and allowing deep penetration into mucosal tissue. In gastrointestinal tissue, an initial inflammatory phase may be followed by tissue necrosis (sometimes resulting in perforation), then granulation and finally stricture formation.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Although bromine is found in shock treatments for swimming pools and spas and is available for consumer use, exposure has been infrequently reported.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Bromine exposure is unusual; limited data regarding specific human toxicity following bromine exposure is available. The following effects could be expected to occur, based on exposure data of other alkaline corrosives.
MILD TO MODERATE ORAL TOXICITY: Patients with mild ingestions may only develop irritation or grade I (superficial hyperemia and edema) burns of the oropharynx, esophagus or stomach; acute or chronic complications are unlikely. Patients with moderate toxicity may develop grade II burns (superficial blisters, erosions and ulcerations) and are at risk for subsequent stricture formation, particularly esophageal. Some patients (particularly young children) may develop upper airway edema.

Alkaline corrosive ingestion may produce burns to the oropharynx, upper airway, esophagus and occasionally stomach. Spontaneous vomiting may occur. The absence of visible oral burns does NOT reliably exclude the presence of esophageal burns. The presence of stridor, vomiting, drooling, and abdominal pain are associated with serious esophageal injury in most cases.
PREDICTIVE: The grade of mucosal injury at endoscopy is the strongest predictive factor for the occurrence of systemic and GI complications and mortality.

SEVERE ORAL TOXICITY: May develop deep burns and necrosis of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Complications often include perforation (esophageal, gastric, rarely duodenal), fistula formation (tracheoesophageal, aortoesophageal), and gastrointestinal bleeding. Upper airway edema is common and often life threatening. Hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea and, rarely, fever may develop. Stricture formation (esophageal, less often oral or gastric) is likely to develop long term. Esophageal carcinoma is another long term complication. Severe toxicity is generally limited to deliberate ingestions in adults in the US, because alkaline products available in the home are generally of low concentration.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Mild exposure may cause cough and bronchospasm. Severe inhalation may cause upper airway edema and burns, stridor, and rarely acute lung injury.
OCULAR EXPOSURE: Ocular exposure can produce severe conjunctival irritation and chemosis, corneal epithelial defects, limbal ischemia, permanent visual loss and in severe cases perforation.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: Mild exposure causes irritation and partial thickness burns. Prolonged exposure or high concentration products can cause full thickness burns.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Bromine is highly corrosive and is toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption (ILO, 1983). Hypotension, tachycardia, cyanosis, and other signs of shock may occur following ingestion (HSDB, 1997).

Ocular effects from exposure to low concentrations of bromine gas include eyelid inflammation, lacrimation, and eye irritation. Higher concentrations may cause photophobia and blepharospasm (Morabia et al, 1988) Hathaway et al, 1991; HSDB, 1997). Eye irritation was reported in 90% of patients presenting to the hospital following exposure to bromine gas at concentrations of 0.2 to 0.5 ppm; photophobia was present in 12% (Morabia et al, 1988).

Epistaxis following inhalation has also been reported (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1991). Acute exposure may also cause a brownish discoloration of the lips, tongue, and mucous membranes (HSDB, 1997).

Inhalation may cause severe irritation of the respiratory tract, cough, pulmonary edema, bronchospasm, chemical pneumonitis, ARDS, pneumomediastinum, glottal spasm, and glottal edema. Bromine is reported to be a more potent respiratory tract irritant than chlorine (ACGIH, 1986; Kraut & Lilis, 1988; Lossos et al, 1990) HSDB, 1997). It is 1.5 times less toxic than chlorine for lethality, however (ACGIH, 1996a).

Concentrations between 11 and 23 mg/m(3) may cause severe choking; 200 mg/m(3) can be fatal in a very short period of time (ILO, 1983). Death may occur due to circulatory collapse, asphyxiation from edema of the glottis, aspiration pneumonia, or pulmonary edema (HSDB, 1997). Inhalation of high concentrations may cause inflammatory lesions of the mucous membranes, asthmatic bronchitis, and fatal chemical burns of the lungs (Anon, 1993).

Dizziness, headache, and a feeling of oppression have been reported following inhalation (Morabia et al, 1988) ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1991). Dizziness, headache, delirium, stupor, and collapse have occurred following ingestion (HSDB, 1997).

Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea have been reported following inhalation. Gastrointestinal symptoms usually occur hours after respiratory symptoms (Morabia et al, 1988) ACGIH, 1991; HSDB, 1997).

Ingestion may cause burning pain of the mouth and esophagus; severe corrosive gastroenteritis with vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and blood in the feces may be present (HSDB, 1997).

Hemorrhagic nephritis, with oliguria or anuria, may develop within 1 to 3 days after ingestion of liquid bromine, as a sequela of shock or hemolysis (HSDB, 1997).

Cutaneous eruptions may occur, including a measles-like rash when bromine is inhaled (Hathaway et al, 1991; ACGIH, 1991; HSDB, 1997). Brief skin contact results in vesicles and pustules, which may become ulcerated if not decontaminated. Burns are typically delayed as much as 24 hours after the initial contact (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) HSDB, 1997). Dermal burns may also result from vapor exposure (Lossos et al, 1990).

Late (6 to 8 weeks) sequelae in 6 persons with accidental bromine vapor exposure were respiratory complaints (chest tightness, cough, shortness of breath), eye irritation, headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and disturbances of sleep and sexual functioning (Carel et al, 1992).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Persons exposed to bromine at concentrations 3 to 6 times higher than the exposure limit for 1 year complained of headache, joint pain, chest pain, loss of appetite, stomach pain, and increasing irritability (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) HSDB, 1997).

Following 5 or 6 years of exposure, there may be loss of corneal reflexes, pharyngitis, vegetative disorders, hypotension and myocardial degeneration, secretory disorders of the GI tract, signs of inhibition of leukopoiesis and leukocytosis, and thyroid dysfunction (HSDB, 1997).

Chronic exposure in experimental animals has produced changes in conditioned reflexes; changes in blood indexes; and disturbances in respiratory, nervous, and endocrine system function (HSDB, 1997).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

DERMAL: Remove contaminated clothes, brush off particulate corrosives, follow with copious irrigation. INHALATION: Humidified oxygen.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE

Rescuers should wear self-contained breathing apparatus and have protective clothing, if needed.
INHALATION: Administer oxygen. If respiratory symptoms develop obtain chest x-ray, monitor pulse oximetry and/or blood gases. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonists. If acute lung injury develops, consider PEEP. Evaluate for esophageal, dermal and eye burns as indicated.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

Remove and discard contaminated clothing.
DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Prompt removal of contaminated clothing and thorough washing with copious amounts of water for 15 minutes resulted in less extensive injury in a series of 42 bromine exposures. Contaminated clothing should be discarded since subsequent contact resulted in recurrence of burns.
One author suggests skin decontamination with aqueous sodium bicarbonate, but no data are available to document this therapy.

EYE EXPOSURE

CAUSTIC EYE DECONTAMINATION: Immediately irrigate each affected eye with copious amounts of water or sterile 0.9% saline for about 30 minutes. Irrigating volumes up to 20 L or more have been used to neutralize the pH. After this initial period of irrigation, the corneal pH may be checked with litmus paper and a brief external eye exam performed. Continue direct copious irrigation with sterile 0.9% saline until the conjunctival fornices are free of particulate matter and returned to pH neutrality (pH 7.4). Once irrigation is complete, a full eye exam should be performed with careful attention to the possibility of perforation.
EYE ASSESSMENT: The extent of eye injury (degree of corneal opacification and perilimbal whitening) may not be apparent for 48 to 72 hours after the burn.

ORAL EXPOSURE

MUCOSAL DECONTAMINATION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. The exact ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting. Patients should not be forced to drink after ingestion of an acid, nor should they be allowed to drink larger volumes since this may induce vomiting, and thereby re-exposure of the injured tissues to the corrosive acid. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion.
GASTRIC DECONTAMINATION: Ipecac contraindicated. Activated charcoal is not recommended as it may interfere with endoscopy and will not reduce injury to GI mucosa. Consider insertion of a small, flexible nasogastric or orogastric tube to suction gastric contents after recent large ingestion of a strong acid; the risk of further mucosal injury or iatrogenic esophageal perforation must be weighed against potential benefits of removing any remaining acid from the stomach.
ENDOSCOPY: Early endoscopy allows patients without gastrointestinal injury to be medically cleared, and provides important prognostic information in patients who do have varying degrees of gastrointestinal burns. In addition, it facilitates the safe placement of enteral feeding tubes thereby shortening the period of time that patients with burns are without enteral nutritional support. Endoscopy should be performed within the first 24 hours post-ingestion, and should be avoided from 2 days to 2 weeks post-ingestion since wound tensile strength is lowest and the risk of perforation highest during this time. Endoscopy is indicated for all adults with deliberate ingestion or any signs or symptoms attributable to ingestion, and for children with stridor, vomiting, or drooling. Consider endoscopy in children with dysphagia, refusal to swallow, significant oral burns, or abdominal pain. If second or third degree burns are found, follow 10 to 20 days later with barium swallow or esophagram.
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT: The use of corticosteroids is controversial. Patients with first degree burns generally do well and rarely develop strictures. Corticosteroids are generally not beneficial in these patients. Some authors have advocated the use of corticosteroids for second degree, deep-partial thickness burns within 48 hours of ingestion in patients without gastrointestinal bleeding or evidence of perforation. However, no well-controlled human study has documented efficacy. Corticosteroids are generally not beneficial in patients with second degree, superficial-partial thickness burns. Some authors have recommended steroids in patients with third degree burns. A high percentage of patients with third degree burns go on to develop strictures with or without corticosteroid therapy and the risk of infection and perforation may be increased by corticosteroid use. Most authors feel that the risk outweighs any potential benefit and routine use is not recommended. Antibiotics are indicated for suspected perforation or infection and in patients receiving corticosteroids.
SURGICAL OPTIONS: Initially, if severe esophageal burns are found a string may be placed in the stomach to facilitate later dilation. Insertion of a specialized nasogastric tube after confirmation of a circumferential burn may prevent strictures. Dilation is indicated after 2 to 4 weeks if strictures are confirmed; if unsuccessful, either colonic intraposition or gastric tube placement may be performed. Consider early laparotomy in patients with severe esophageal and/or gastric burns.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

CASE REPORTS

Although not documented by adequate human data, the estimated lethal amount by ingestion is 7 drops to 1 teaspoonful (Baskin, 1975). One source listed a probable lethal dose in an adult of 1 milliliter (CHRIS , 1985).
A brief exposure to 1000 parts per million may be fatal (Deichmann & Gerarde, 1969). Exposure to 40 to 60 parts per million may be dangerous for brief exposures (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
The lowest lethal oral dose is reported to be 14 milligrams/kilogram (Diechmann & Gerarde, 1969).

LDLo - (ORAL) HUMAN: 14 mg/kg (RTECS, 2000)
LCLo - (INHL) HUMAN: 1000 ppm (RTECS, 2000)

ACUTE

LDLo - (ORAL) HUMAN: 14 mg/kg (RTECS, 2000)
LCLo - (INHL) HUMAN: 1000 ppm (RTECS, 2000)

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

In humans 10 parts per million is intolerable and produces severe upper respiratory irritation. Lacrimation develops at levels below 1 part per million (Proctor et al, 1988).
40 to 60 parts per million is dangerous for brief exposures (Proctor et al, 1988).
Exposure to 0.75 part per million for 6 hours produced no symptoms (ACGIH, 1980).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7726-95-6 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Bromine
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Bromine
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7726-95-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- 750 ppm for 9M (RTECS, 1991)
LCLo- (INHALATION)CAT:
- 140 ppm for 7H (RTECS, 1991)
LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- 140 ppm for 7H (RTECS, 1991)
LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- 1000 ppm (RTECS, 2000)
LCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- 180 ppm for 6.5H (RTECS, 2000)
LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- 14 mg/kg (RTECS, 2000)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7726-95-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Bromine

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.1 ppm
TLV-STEL: 0.2 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and LRT irr; lung dam
Molecular Weight: 159.81

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7726-95-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7726-95-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Bromine
REL:

TWA: 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m(3))
STEL: 0.3 ppm (2 mg/m(3))
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 3 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7726-95-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Bromine
Table Z-1 for Bromine:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 0.1

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.7

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7726-95-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:1500

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7726-95-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7726-95-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7726-95-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7726-95-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Bromine
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 500

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

500
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): f

f: Chemicals on the original list that do not meet toxicity criteria but because of their acute lethality, high production volume and known risk are considered chemicals of concern ("Other chemicals"). (November 17, 1986, and February 15, 1990.)

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7726-95-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Bromine
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7726-95-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7726-95-6 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Bromine

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1744 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Bromine or Bromine solutions

Symbol(s): +

+: fixes the proper shipping name, hazard class and packing group for that entry without regard to whether the material meets the definition of that class, packing group or any other hazard class definition. When the plus sign is assigned to a proper shipping name, it means that the material is known to pose a risk to humans. When a plus sign is assigned to mixtures or solutions containing a material where the hazard to humans is significantly different from that of the pure material or where no hazard to humans is posed, the material may be described using an alternative shipping name that represents the hazards posed by the material. An appropriate alternate proper shipping name and hazard class may be authorized by the DOT Associate Administrator.

Hazard class or Division: 8

8: Corrosive material. See 49 CFR section 173.136 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1744
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8, 6.1

8: Corrosive.
6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: 1, B9, B64, B85, N34, N43, T22, TP2, TP10, TP12, TP13

1: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone A (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B64: Each single unit tank car tank built after December 31, 1990 must be equipped with a tank head puncture resistance system that conforms to sxn. 179.16 of this subchapter.
B85: Cargo tanks must be marked with the name of the lading in accordance with the requirements of sxn. 172.302(b).
N34: Aluminum construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material.
N43: Metal drums are permitted as single packagings only if constructed of nickel or monel.
T22: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 10 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP10: The portable tank must be fitted with a lead lining at least 5 mm (0.2 inches) thick. The lead lining must be tested annually to ensure that it is intact and functional. Another suitable lining material may be used if approved by the Associate Administrator.
TP12: This material is considered highly corrosive to steel.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 226
Bulk packaging: 249

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location:

Not Listed

Vessel stowage other: 12, 40, 66, 74, 89, 90

12: Keep as cool as reasonably practicable.
40: Stow "clear of living quarters".
66: Stow "separated from" flammable solids.
74: Stow "separated from" oxidizers.
89: Segregation same as for oxidizers.
90: Stow "separated from" radioactive materials.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1744 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Bromine
UN Number: 1744
Proper Shipping Name: Bromine solution
UN Number: 1744

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7726-95-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Usual shipping containers: Glass bottles, lead-lined drums or tanks; special alloy drums (NFPA, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Due to fire and explosion hazard, bromine must not be stored, transported, or treated along with acetylene, butane, methane, turpentine, or metallic powders (HSDB , 1991).
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location (NFPA, 1991).
Separate from oxidizing materials (NFPA, 1991).
Storage Temperature: Cool, but above 20 degrees F, to prevent freezing (CHRIS , 1991).
Avoid heating above atmospheric temperatures as vapor pressure increase could rupture container (OHM/TADS , 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7726-95-6.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Reflector

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): <15
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 30
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 18
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 533.3
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 42
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >197
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 91
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 139
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 10 g/m2 exposure
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas, saturated vapor
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 10 g/m2 exposure
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas, saturated vapor
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas, saturated vapor
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 10 g/m2 exposure
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): imm.
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >50
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >50
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem F

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 105
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >50
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): high
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): high
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 10 g/m2 exposure
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: saturated vapor
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 10 g/m2 exposure
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas, saturated vapor
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 105
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid, 10 g/m2 exposure
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 40
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >0.6
Notes: gas, saturated vapor
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 15
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 25
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: 10 g/m2 exposure
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 40
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >0.6
Notes: saturated vapor
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 15
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 25
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): <15
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >0.59
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Rubber Laminate

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 330
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >0.59
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Viton/Butyl

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Super

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 45
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >0.59
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Trelleborg-Viking, Inc. 170 West Road Suite 1 Portsmouth, NH 03801 USA Phone: (603) 436-1236 Fax: (603) 436-1392 Toll-Free: (800) 344-4458 Website: http://www.trelleborg.com/protective/ Email: protective@trelleborg.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
Bromine is flammable in the form of liquid or vapor by spontaneous chemical reaction with reducing materials (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
When heated, bromine emits highly toxic fumes and will react with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
Bromine is a strong oxidizing agent; it may ignite combustible materials on contact (Sax & Lewis, 1987).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7726-95-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7726-95-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use water spray to knock-down vapors (AAR, 1987; (NFPA, 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated, bromine emits highly toxic fumes and will react with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Bromine reacts explosively with diethylzinc; germane; disilane; dimethylformamide; hydrogen; isobutyrophenone; metal azides (particularly silver or sodium azide); potassium; silane and homologs; praseodymium; antimony; trimethylamine; and ammonia (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Mixtures of bromine with lithium or sodium are shock-sensitive explosives (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated, bromine emits highly toxic fumes and will react with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Bromine vaporizes rapidly at room temperature (Budavari, 1989).

Bromine is incompatible with alkali hydroxides; arsenites; ferrous, mercurous salts; hypophosphites and other oxidizable substances (Budavari, 1989).

Bromine is incompatible with combustible organic material (sawdust, wood, cotton, straw, etc.), aluminum, readily oxidizable materials, ammonia, hydrogen, acetylene, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium. It corrodes iron, steel, stainless steel and copper (NIOSH, 1990).

Bromine ignites on contact with germanium; mono- or di-alkali metal acetylides; trialkyl boranes; and, copper acetylides (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Bromine forms a violent reaction with carbonyl compounds (aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids); diethyl ether; phosphine; natural rubber; aluminum; mercury; and, titanium (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Bromine forms a vigorous reaction with methanol and other alcohols; tetrahydrofuran; and, mixtures of ethanol and phosphorous (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Bromine is incompatible with (Sax & Lewis):

Acetaldehyde
C2H2
Acrylonitrile
NH3
Sb
B
Ca3N2
Cs2O
Cs2C2
CsC2H
ClF3C2
CuH2
Dimethyl formamide
Ethyl phosphine
F2
Fe2C
Isobutyrophenone
Li2C2
Li2Si2
Mg2P2
Ni(Co)4
NI3
Olefins
OF2
O3
P
POx
Rb2C2
RbC2H
Na2C2
NaC2H
Sr3P
Sn
UC2
ZrC2
Reducing materials

Bromine attacks most metals including platinum and palladium. Dry bromine does not attack lead, nickel, magnesium, tantalum, iron, zinc, and sodium (the latter below 300 degrees C) (Sax & Lewis, 1987).

See also Explosion Hazard Section.

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1744 - Bromine

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 60 meters (200 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.5 kilometers (0.3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 1.8 kilometers (1.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 330 meters (1100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 3.3 kilometers (2.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 7.3 kilometers (4.6 miles).

DOT ID No. 1744 - Bromine, solution

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 60 meters (200 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.5 kilometers (0.3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 1.8 kilometers (1.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 330 meters (1100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 3.3 kilometers (2.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 7.3 kilometers (4.6 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

If material is leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation of one-half mile. Determine radius for evacuation based on amount of material spilled, location and weather conditions (AAR, 1987).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7726-95-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Bromine
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 0.1
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 0.5
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 5
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7726-95-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Bromine
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.033
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.033
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 0.24
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 8.5
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7726-95-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Bromine
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.055 ppm
mg/m3: 0.36 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.033 ppm
mg/m3: 0.22 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.024 ppm
mg/m3: 0.16 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.013 ppm
mg/m3: 0.09 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.0095 ppm
mg/m3: 0.06 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Bromine
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.55 ppm
mg/m3: 3.5 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.33 ppm
mg/m3: 2.1 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.24 ppm
mg/m3: 1.6 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.13 ppm
mg/m3: 0.85 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.095 ppm
mg/m3: 0.62 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Bromine
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 19 ppm
mg/m3: 124 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 12 ppm
mg/m3: 78 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 8.5 ppm
mg/m3: 55 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 4.5 ppm
mg/m3: 29 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 3.2 ppm
mg/m3: 21 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7726-95-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 3 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel. Use soda ash or "hypo" to neutralize liquid. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal. Report any release in excess of one pound (NFPA, 1991).
Solutions or slurries of 10 to 50 percent potassium carbonate, 10 to 13 percent sodium carbonate, and 5 to 10 percent sodium bicarbonate or saturated "hypo" solution (prepared by dissolving 4 kg of technical-grade sodium thiosulfate in 9.5 L of water and adding 113 g of soda ash) are preferred neutralizing agents for liquid bromine spills. A 5 percent lime slurry or 5 percent sodium hydroxide solution may be used, but heats of reaction are higher for these reagents. Ammonia solution should not be applied to liquid spills because of the high heat of reaction and nitrogen evolution. Anhydrous ammonia gas is useful for neutralization of bromine fumes (HSDB , 1991).
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Although it is estimated that from 10(15) to 10(16) tons of bromine is contained in the earth's crust, the element is widely distributed and found only in low concentrations in the form of its salts. The bulk of the recoverable bromine, however, is found in the hydrosphere. Seawater contains an average of 65 ppm, equal to 308,000 tons bromine per cubic mile of ocean. At this concentration, 15,000 tons of seawater must be processed to obtain 1 ton of bromine. With only a few known exceptions (terrestrial molds), the sea is the main source of natural organic bromine compounds, of which Tyrian purple (6,6'-dibromindigo) is a classic example (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

Bromine does not occur in nature in pure form because of its high reactivity but is found as a normal secondary component of chlorine in minerals and biological systems. A pure bromine-containing mineral is found in Mexico as bromite (AgBr) (HSDB , 1991).

Traces of bromine were detected in air from automobile exhaust gases (HSDB , 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Like chlorine, any bromine entering the stratosphere will also destroy ozone catalytically. Furthermore, the bromine cycle is believed to be more efficient in destroying ozone than is the chlorine cycle (HSDB , 1991).
- If released to water, bromine will slowly be reduced to bromide by natural oxidizable materials (OHM/TADS , 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Bromine is harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations (CHRIS , 1991).

10 ppm/10 hr/cladophora/killed/fresh water (CHRIS , 1991)
10 ppm/time not specified/fish/irritant/salt water (CHRIS , 1991)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

159.82 (Sax & Lewis, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Bromine is a dark, reddish-brown, volatile, fuming liquid with sufocating, irritating fumes (Budavari, 1996) NIOSH; 1990). It is also found as rhombic crystals (Sax & Lewis, 1996). It has a strong, disagreeable odor resembling chlorine (NRC, 1989).

TASTE THRESHOLD: 0.17-0.23 mg/L (as bromide) in water (at pH 5-9) (NRC, 1989)

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

175 mmHg (at 21 degrees C) (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

100 mmHg (at 9.3 degrees C) (HSDB , 1991)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
3.1023 (at 25/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

2.928 g/cm(3) (at 59 degrees C) (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
3.12 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LIQUID: 3.119 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1985)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

-7.25 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

BOILING POINT

59.47 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

58.78 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

58.73 degrees C (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Totally soluble in water (25 degrees C): 0.2141 mol/L with formation of 0.00115 mol/L of HOBr (Budavari, 1989).
3.52 g/100 mL water (at 50 degrees C) (HSDB , 1991)
33.6 g/L water (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1991)
3.58 g/100 mL water (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1991)
4.17 g/100 mL water (at 0 degrees C) (HSDB , 1991)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Freely soluble in alcohol, ether, CHCl3, CCl4, and CS2 (Budavari, 1989).
Bromine is soluble in common organic solvents (Sax & Lewis, 1987).

OTHER

Freely soluble in concentrated HCl and aqueous solutions of bromides (Budavari, 1989).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

3.5 ppm (CHRIS , 2002)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents