BIPHENYL

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

STCC NUMBER

4913108

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C12-H10

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

153-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(HSDB , 2000; RTECS , 2000)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Biphenyl is used in organic synthesis, as a dye carrier, as a heat transfer agent, as a fungicide for oranges, and as an insulating oil (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

FORMS

Most often biphenyl will exist as white to yellow leaflets, though it is possible that this compound exists in a crystalline form (ACGIH, 1991)
Biphenyl exists in a technical grade with a purity of 93 to 97%. When it has a purity of 99.9% or greater, it is considered to be of high purity (HSDB , 2000).
Biphenyl is available as flake grades or in grades of 95% and 99% molten (HSDB , 2000).

SOURCES

Biphenyl is produced by the hydrodealkylation of toluene (where it is a by-product in the production of benzene), by the dehydrogenation of benzene (it is co-produced with terphenyl), and by the fractionation and alkali extraction of mixed xylenol (where it is co-produced with o-phenylphenol) (Ashford, 1994).
The direct dehydrocondensation of benzene is currently used for the production of high purity biphenyl (HSDB , 2000).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Biphenyl is an irritant of the eyes, nose, throat, mucous membranes and respiratory tract. Biphenyl is a powerful lung irritant by inhalation. Repeated dermal contact can result in sensitization dermatitis. Eye exposure produces redness and pain.

Effects reported after acute exposure include cough, headache, flaccid paralysis, anorexia, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, bronchitis, insomnia, depression, memory loss, facial paralysis, vertigo, numbness and aching of the extremities and fatigue.

Acute and chronic exposure result in central and peripheral nerve damage and severe liver injury.

Chronic exposure produces symptoms of fatigue, headaches, tremor, insomnia, sensory impairment and mood changes; these occur rarely.

Animal studies have shown central nervous system depression, paralysis and convulsions, as well as kidney damage.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

EMESIS/ NOT RECOMMENDED

Emesis is not recommended based on the irritant properties of biphenyl.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, respiratory system, liver and CNS (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).

GENERAL

Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Exposure usually occurs by inhalation or skin absorption. Neurologic effects may be partially reversible with time.
Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
Because of the risk of irritation, DO NOT induce emesis.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Biphenyl is a moderately toxic compound; 0.5-5 g/kg is the probable oral lethal dose. This is the equivalent of between 1 ounce and 1 pint (or 1 lb) for a 70 kg (150 lb) person (HSDB , 2000).
CARCINOGENICITY - According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), biphenyl is a Group 2A - limited human evidence/sufficient animal evidence - carcinogen (IARC , 2000).
EPA classifies biphenyl as in Class D - not classifiable as a human carcinogen ((IRIS, 2000)).

CASE REPORTS

A paper mill worker died following heavy exposure to biphenyl for eleven years. Exposure levels had ranged from 4.4-128 mg/m(3) in 1959 to 0.6-123 mg/m(3) in 1970 (ACGIH, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

OCCUPATIONAL

No differences were found in blood pressure, standard blood cell counts, pulmonary function tests, urinary protein levels, and serum creatinine values between exposed workers and nonexposed workers when air concentrations of biphenyl were below 1 mg/m(3) (ACGIH, 1991).
Prolonged exposure to biphenyl at vapor concentrations above 0.005 mg/L (5 mg/m(3)) is considered dangerous (HSDB , 2000).

ACUTE

TCLo - (INHL) HUMAN: 4400 mcg/m(3) (RTECS , 2000)

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS92-52-4 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Biphenyl
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: 1,1-Biphenyl

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2A ; Listed as: Biphenyl

2A : The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent (mixture) may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Diphenyl
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: Biphenyl

Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS92-52-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 5x10(-2) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

ACGIH, 1991 Budavari, 1996 Hayes & Laws, 1991 HSDB, 2000 ITI, 1995 Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2000
- LD50- (ORAL)CAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 ppm = 6.31 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg) (NIOSH , 2000)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS92-52-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Biphenyl

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.2 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Pulm func
Molecular Weight: 154.2

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS92-52-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS92-52-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Diphenyl
REL:

TWA: 1 mg/m(3) (0.2 ppm)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 100 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS92-52-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Diphenyl (Biphenyl)
Table Z-1 for Diphenyl (Biphenyl):

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 0.2

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 1

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Listed as: Biphenyl; see Diphenyl
Table Z-1 for Biphenyl; see Diphenyl:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3:

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS92-52-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS92-52-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Biphenyl
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS92-52-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS92-52-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS92-52-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS92-52-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Biphenyl
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS92-52-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Diphenyl
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS92-52-4 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 1,1'-Biphenyl

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS92-52-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Biphenyl
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 1

(1) Slightly toxic material. May cause irritation, but only minor residual injury even without treatment. Recognized innocuous materials when used with responsible care.

Flammability Rating (Red): 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Biphenyl should be stored in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area. It should be kept out of the sun and stored far from potential fire hazards. Carry out periodic inspections and isolate biphenyl from materials with which it may be incompatible (HSDB , 2000; Sittig, 1991).
Adequate ventilation (either general ventilation or local exhaust ventilation and dilution) should be provided (HSDB , 2000; ITI, 1995).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Biphenyl is incompatible with oxidizers (Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Prevent skin contact through the use of appropriate protective equipment. If it becomes contaminated with biphenyl, skin should be washed and protective clothing replaced. Change into clean clothing before leaving work premises (NIOSH , 2000; Sittig, 1991).

If there is any possibility that workers may be exposed biphenyl, equip those areas with eyewash fountains. The immediate work area should also be equipped with facilities for quick drenching of the body (NIOSH , 2000).

In areas of elevated concentrations, wear protective gloves, creams, and masks with organic vapor canisters. The need for increased protective methods or ventilation may result from elevated temperatures. Prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact by wearing appropriate protective clothing, and prevent eye contact with molten biphenyl by wearing eye protection (Sittig, 1991).

Keep upwind and do not breathe vapors. Broken packages should not be handled unless appropriate protective equipment is worn. Wear protective clothing, including chemical protective gloves, boots, goggles, a face shield, and an all-purpose canister mask. Material that has contacted the body should be washed away with large amounts of water or soap and water (AAR, 1998; (ITI, 1995).

100 mg/m(3) is the concentration at which biphenyl becomes immediately dangerous to life and health (HSDB , 2000).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Appropriate eye protection should be worn (NIOSH , 2000)

Do not wear contact lenses when working with biphenyl (HSDB , 2000)

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

Do not wear contact lenses when working with biphenyl (HSDB , 2000).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 92-52-4.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Biphenyl is combustible when exposed to heat or flame; it can react with oxidizing materials (Lewis, 1992).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS92-52-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Biphenyl
Flammability Rating: 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS92-52-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Biphenyl
Extinguishing Method(s): 2

2: "Water or foam may cause frothing" refers to a situation where materials with a flash point above 212 degrees F (100 degrees C) are burning. Potentially violent frothing can be dangerous to fire fighters near the burning liquid. However, when highly viscous liquids are burning, fire fighters can intentionally cause frothing on the liquid surface to prevent further introduction of oxygen.

If biphenyl is on fire, the fire should be extinguished only if the flow can be contained. Use carbon dioxide, alcohol foam, dry chemical, water spray, fog or mist to fight fires involving this compound. Water can be used as flooding quantities as fog. Affected containers should be cooled with flooding quantities of water applied from a maximal distance. The fire may be spread by solid streams of water. Wear protective clothing along with a self-contained breathing apparatus (AAR, 1998; (CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

ITI (1995) warns that frothing may occur if using water or foam.

If biphenyl is not involved in the fire, protect this compound from flames, sparks or other sources of ignition. It should be kept clear of sewers and water sources. Contain the flow by building dykes. Knock-down vapors by using water spray (AAR, 1998).

"Vapors are heavier than air" (AAR, 1998).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Fire conditions may cause biphenyl to emit toxic fumes (CHRIS , 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

If biphenyl is in powder or granular form and is mixed with air, a dust explosion is possible (ILO, 1998).

Biphenyl reacts with oxidants to produce an explosion hazard (ILO, 1998).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

"Mist forms explosive mixture in air" (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Toxic gases, as well as acrid smoke and fumes, are emitted when biphenyl is heated to decomposition (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000).

Fire and explosions may result when biphenyl reacts with strong oxidizers (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

When exposed to heat or flame, biphenyl is combustible (Lewis, 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS92-52-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS92-52-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Diphenyl; (Biphenyl)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.2
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 1.25
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 9.6
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 15.9
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS92-52-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Biphenyl
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Biphenyl
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 12 ppm
mg/m3: 76 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 12 ppm
mg/m3: 76 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 9.6 ppm
mg/m3: 61 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 6 ppm
mg/m3: 38 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 4.4 ppm
mg/m3: 28 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Biphenyl
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS92-52-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 100 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
A holding area (pit, pond, lagoon) should be created for the containment of liquid or solid. Use sand bags, soil, foamed concrete, or foamed polyurethane to dike surface flow. Bulk liquid can be absorbed using cement powder, fly ash, or other sorbents (AAR, 1998).
Water spill: Limit spill travel through the use of oil spill control booms or natural barriers. Suction hoses can be used to remove trapped material (AAR, 1998).
Air spill: Knock down vapors by using water spray or mist (AAR, 1998).
Biphenyl that has been spilled can be absorbed on paper and evaporated on an iron dish or a glass in a hood. After evaporation, the paper can be burned (ITI, 1995).
Spray spilled biphenyl into a furnace. Mix with a more flammable solvent to make incineration easier (ITI, 1995)
To avoid dust, dampen spilled biphenyl with alcohol; gather it up into a suitable container. Dispose through incineration (Sittig, 1991).
Remove all sources of ignition if biphenyl is spilled and ventilate the area of the spill. If only a small quantity of biphenyl is spilled, sweep onto paper and place it into a safe container before burning in a safe place (i.e. a fume hood). Reclaim large quantities if practical, otherwise make adjustments to the above procedure to accommodate for larger quantities (HSDB , 2000).
HSDB (2000) suggests packaging biphenyl in paper cartons or dissolving the spilled material in a flammable solvent before burning in an incinerator.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Biphenyl is a natural component of coal tar. Algae and certain plants also synthesize this compound (HSDB , 2000).

Artificial sources of biphenyl include its direct release during the combustion of coal, plastics, oil, biomass, refuse, wood, and rubber. It is used in phthalic anhydride manufacture, as a product of coal gasification and natural gas production, in textile mill processes, and released in exhaust from motor vehicles and tobacco smoke. Certain dyeing industries may also release biphenyl into the atmosphere (HSDB , 2000).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

When released into the ambient atmosphere, biphenyl is expected to exist in both the particulate and vapor phases. A reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals will be the primary degradation process for vapor-phase biphenyl; 2 days is the estimated half-life for this reaction. Biphenyl's reaction with ozone and nitrate radicals is minimal in comparison to hydroxyl radicals. Direct photolysis in air is most likely not an important process since biphenyl absorbs very little light at wavelengths greater than 290 nm. Dry deposition may physically remove particulate-phase biphenyl from air (HSDB , 2000).
Biphenyl has a half-life in the range of 7.8 to 110 hours in air. This is based upon its photooxidation half-life (Howard et al, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- In surface water, biphenyl has a half life ranging from 36 to 168 hours. This is based upon its unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al, 1991).
- Biphenyl has a half-life in the range of 72 to 336 hours in ground water based upon its unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al, 1991).
- Sorption to suspended solids and sediment in water may be important as is indicated by log Koc values that were measured at 2.94-3.52. Biphenyl is likely to undergo rapid aerobic biodegradation (which increases with acclimation), but will not undergo anaerobic biodegradation. A Henry's Law constant of 4.08 x 10(-4) atm-m(3)/mol suggests that biphenyl will volatilize from water surfaces. 6 hours is the estimated half-life for a model lake. It is unlikely that biphenyl will photolyze directly in water (HSDB , 2000).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Biphenyl is expected to have low to slight mobility in soil based on experimentally-determined Koc values of 870-3300. This compound will undergo aerobic biodegradation readily, though it may show resistance to biodegradation under anaerobic conditions. Based on its Henry's Law constant, volatilization may be important from moist soil surfaces but not from dry surfaces. As soil depth increases, volatilization decreases. 30 days was the estimated half-life for biphenyl in a study using light with a wavelength of greater than 290 nm at an incident intensity greater than that of natural sunlight (HSDB , 2000).
- Biphenyl has a half-life ranging from 36 to 168 hours in soil based upon its unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al, 1991).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

"Biphenyl does not contain a functional group amenable to hydrolysis. As biphenyl absorbs very little light at wavelengths greater than 290 nm, direct photolysis should not be important. When irradiated with light of wavelength greater than 290 nm at an incident intensity greater than available in natural sunlight, the mean photolytic half-life of biphenyl in three soils was estimated to be 30 days. The experimentally-determined rate constants for the vapor phase reactions of biphenyl with ozone, nitrate and hydroxyl radicals are less than 2.0X10(-19), less than 2X10(-19) and 7.61X10(-12) cu-m/molecule-sec, respectively. Based on 24-hr average atmospheric concentrations of 7X10(+11), 1X10(+10) and 5X10(+5) molecules/cu-m for ozone, nitrate and hydroxyl radicals, respectively, the corresponding half-lives were estimated to be more than 55 days, more than 10 years and 2 days" (HSDB , 2000).

BIODEGRADATION

"Several organisms have been found that can grow on diphenyl and use it as the sole carbon source. These findings indicated that diphenyl is environmentally biodegradable" (HSDB , 2000).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

BCF values for biphenyl in the following organisms indicate that bioconcentration is high to very high (HSDB , 2000):
- Golden orfe (Leuciscus idus melanotus): 280
- Amphipod (Rhepoxynius abronium): 4500
- Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): 437 and 1318

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

154.21

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Biphenyl has been described as a clear liquid, as a white or pale yellow fused solid or molten liquid, as colorless leaflets, as white or light yellow leaflets, and as white scales. Its odor has been described as pleasant, distinct, peculiar, butter-like, and characteristic (AAR, 1998; (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.13 (at 71 degrees C) (ILO, 1998)

4 Pa (at 20 degrees C) (IPCS, 1999)

0.005 mmHg (NIOSH , 2000)

8.93 x 10(-3) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

1 mmHg (at 71 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.991 (at 75/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
1.041 (at 20/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.04 (ITI, 1995; NIOSH , 2000)
1.2 (NFPA, 1997)
0.992 (CHRIS , 2000)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.041 (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; ILO, 1998)
Approximately 1 (Lewis, 1997)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

69-72 degrees C; 156-161.6 degrees F; 342.2-345.2 K (CHRIS , 2000)
156 degrees F (NIOSH , 2000)
68.5-69.4 degrees C (commercial grades) (HSDB , 2000)

MELTING POINT

69 to 71 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
70.5 degrees C (Hayes & Laws, 1991)
69 degrees C (ILO, 1998; Sittig, 1991)
70 degrees C; 158 degrees F (Lewis, 1997; NFPA, 1997)
71 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)
69.2 degrees C (IPCS, 1999)

BOILING POINT

254 to 255 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ITI, 1995)

255 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 2000)

256.1 degrees C (Hayes & Laws, 1991)

256 degrees C (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1997)

254 degrees C; 489 degrees F (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2000)

255 degrees C; 491 degrees F; 528.2 K (CHRIS , 2000)

FLASH POINT

180 degrees F (AAR, 1998)

112.78 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

113 degrees C (Pensky-Martin closed cup) (Ashford, 1994; ILO, 1998)

106 degrees C (Hartley & Kidd, 1987)

109 degrees C (closed cup) (ITI, 1995)

112.7 degrees C; 235 degrees F (closed cup) (Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000)

113 degrees C; 235 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS , 2000; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

540 degrees C; 1004 degrees F (CHRIS , 2000; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

0.6% (at 111 degrees C; 232 degrees F) (CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2000)

UPPER

5.8% (at 331 degrees F) (Lewis, 2000)
5.8% (at 155 degrees C; 311 degrees F) (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2000)
5.8% (at 166 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2000)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Insoluble (AAR, 1998; (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996)
Practically insoluble in water (Hartley & Kidd, 1987).
4.45 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (IPCS, 1999)
7.48 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Biphenyl is soluble in the majority of organic solvents (HSDB , 2000).
Biphenyl is soluble in alcohol, benzene ether, oxygenated solvents, and chlorinated solvents (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2000).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Log Kow = 4.01 (HSDB , 2000)

Log Kow = 3.88-4.04 (IPCS, 1999)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

3.0 x 10(-4) atm m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

6024 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2000)

255 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2000)

MASS

111 (Aldermaston, Eight Peak Index of Mass Spectra, UK) (HSDB , 2000)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

CRITICAL PRESSURE

4.05 MPa (HSDB , 2000)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

515.7 degrees C (HSDB , 2000)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

624.3 kJ/mol (HSDB , 2000)

HEAT OF FUSION

18.60 kJ/mol (HSDB , 2000)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

7.95 eV (NIOSH , 2000)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

289 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue) (HSDB , 2000)

VISCOSITY

0.98 cSt (at 100 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

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