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BIPHENYL

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Biphenyl is used as a heat transfer agent, in organic synthesis, and as a fungistat for oranges (Budavari, 1989).

Specific Substances

    1) Bibenzene
    2) Diphenyl
    3) Lemonene
    4) Phenylbenzene
    5) PHPH
    6) Xenene
    7) Molecular Formula: C12-H10
    8) CAS 92-52-4
    9) BIPHENYL ETHER - PHENYL ETHER, MIXTURE
    10) DIPHENYL ETHER - PHENYL ETHER, MIXTURE
    11) PHENYL ETHER - BIPHENYL ETHER, MIXTURE
    12) PHENYL ETHER - BIPHENYL MIXTURE, VAPOR
    13) PHENYL ETHER - DIPHENYL ETHER, MIXTURE
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) C12-H10

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) Most often biphenyl will exist as white to yellow leaflets, though it is possible that this compound exists in a crystalline form (ACGIH, 1991)
    2) Biphenyl exists in a technical grade with a purity of 93 to 97%. When it has a purity of 99.9% or greater, it is considered to be of high purity (HSDB , 2000).
    3) Biphenyl is available as flake grades or in grades of 95% and 99% molten (HSDB , 2000).
    B) SOURCES
    1) Biphenyl is produced by the hydrodealkylation of toluene (where it is a by-product in the production of benzene), by the dehydrogenation of benzene (it is co-produced with terphenyl), and by the fractionation and alkali extraction of mixed xylenol (where it is co-produced with o-phenylphenol) (Ashford, 1994).
    2) The direct dehydrocondensation of benzene is currently used for the production of high purity biphenyl (HSDB , 2000).
    C) USES
    1) Biphenyl is used in organic synthesis, as a dye carrier, as a heat transfer agent, as a fungicide for oranges, and as an insulating oil (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Biphenyl is an irritant of the eyes, nose, throat, mucous membranes and respiratory tract. Biphenyl is a powerful lung irritant by inhalation. Repeated dermal contact can result in sensitization dermatitis. Eye exposure produces redness and pain.
    B) Effects reported after acute exposure include cough, headache, flaccid paralysis, anorexia, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, bronchitis, insomnia, depression, memory loss, facial paralysis, vertigo, numbness and aching of the extremities and fatigue.
    C) Acute and chronic exposure result in central and peripheral nerve damage and severe liver injury.
    D) Chronic exposure produces symptoms of fatigue, headaches, tremor, insomnia, sensory impairment and mood changes; these occur rarely.
    E) Animal studies have shown central nervous system depression, paralysis and convulsions, as well as kidney damage.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Eye and mucous membrane irritation may occur.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Respiratory tract irritation and bronchitis have been reported.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) Headache, fatigue, numbness, and aching limbs have occurred in workers.
    B) Peripheral and central nerve damage may occur.
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) Nausea, diffuse pain, and indigestion have been reported in workers with prolonged exposure to biphenyl.
    0.2.9) HEPATIC
    A) Hepatic necrosis and liver atrophy have been reported following long-term exposure.
    0.2.10) GENITOURINARY
    A) Kidney injury may occur.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Percutaneous absorption through intact skin has been noted.
    0.2.19) IMMUNOLOGIC
    A) A possible allergic response producing local necrosis following intradermal injection has occurred in guinea pigs.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Monitor kidney and liver function.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
    B) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.
    1) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) TLV-TWA - 0.2 parts per million (1.5 milligrams/cubic meter).

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Biphenyl is an irritant of the eyes, nose, throat, mucous membranes and respiratory tract. Biphenyl is a powerful lung irritant by inhalation. Repeated dermal contact can result in sensitization dermatitis. Eye exposure produces redness and pain.
    B) Effects reported after acute exposure include cough, headache, flaccid paralysis, anorexia, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, bronchitis, insomnia, depression, memory loss, facial paralysis, vertigo, numbness and aching of the extremities and fatigue.
    C) Acute and chronic exposure result in central and peripheral nerve damage and severe liver injury.
    D) Chronic exposure produces symptoms of fatigue, headaches, tremor, insomnia, sensory impairment and mood changes; these occur rarely.
    E) Animal studies have shown central nervous system depression, paralysis and convulsions, as well as kidney damage.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Eye and mucous membrane irritation may occur.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) Biphenyl is an eye and mucous membrane irritant (Proctor & Hughes, 1978; Hakkinen et al, 1973; Plunkett, 1976).
    3.4.4) EARS
    A) CASE REPORT - A 44-year-old man exposed heavily to biphenyl for 2 years, followed by continued exposure for 13 years complained of hearing loss (Hakkinen et al, 1973).
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) CASE REPORT - A 43-year-old man with a 14 year history of biphenyl exposure had developed nosebleeds (Hakkinen et al, 1973).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Respiratory tract irritation and bronchitis have been reported.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) High concentrations may produce respiratory tract irritation (Proctor & Hughes, 1978; Hakkinen et al, 1973; Lewis, 1992).
    B) BRONCHITIS
    1) Transient nausea, vomiting, and bronchitis were described in workers exposed to biphenyl vapors (ACGIH, 1986).

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) Headache, fatigue, numbness, and aching limbs have occurred in workers.
    B) Peripheral and central nerve damage may occur.
    3.7.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) HEADACHE
    1) Headache has been reported (Proctor & Hughes, 1978; Hakkinen et al, 1973).
    B) FATIGUE
    1) Numbness, general fatigue, giddiness, and aching limbs occurred in workers with prolonged exposure to concentrations up to 123 mg/cubic meter (Proctor & Hughes, 1978; Hakkinen et al, 1973).
    C) ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ABNORMAL
    1) Peripheral and central nerve damage has been observed in cases of biphenyl poisoning (ACGIH, 1991). General diffuse EEG abnormalities persisted for up to 2 years (ACGIH, 1991).
    D) CHRONIC POISONING
    1) Chronic human exposure is characterized by fatigue, headache, tremor, insomnia, sensory impairment, and mood changes, irregularities of the peripheral and central nervous systems, and possibly some brain lesions (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) Nausea, diffuse pain, and indigestion have been reported in workers with prolonged exposure to biphenyl.
    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) NAUSEA
    1) Gastrointestinal disturbances including nausea, vomiting, diffuse pain, and indigestion were reported in workers with prolonged exposure to concentrations up to 123 mg/cubic meter (Proctor & Hughes, 1978; Hakkinen et al, 1973; Lewis, 1992).

Hepatic

    3.9.1) SUMMARY
    A) Hepatic necrosis and liver atrophy have been reported following long-term exposure.
    3.9.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) HEPATIC NECROSIS
    1) CASE REPORT - A 32-year-old male worker exposed to high concentrations for 11 years had symptoms of headache, gastrointestinal disturbances, numbness and aching limbs, and fatigue. There was no history of alcohol abuse. On autopsy, the liver contained some cirrhotic areas and widespread necrosis (Proctor & Hughes, 1978; Hakkinen et al, 1973).
    2) CASE REPORT - Acute yellow atrophy of the liver was reported as the cause of death in a biphenyl poisoned patient (ACGIH, 1991).

Genitourinary

    3.10.1) SUMMARY
    A) Kidney injury may occur.
    3.10.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) RENAL FUNCTION ABNORMAL
    a) RATS - Slight injury to kidneys was reported in rats exposed to biphenyl dust concentrations of 300 mg/m(3) for 7 hours/day, for 64 days (Proctor & Hughes, 1978).

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Percutaneous absorption through intact skin has been noted.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) SKIN ABSORPTION
    1) Diphenyl may be absorbed through intact skin (Gosselin et al, 1984).
    B) DERMATITIS
    1) Repeated skin contact may produce sensitization or dermatitis (Clayton & Clayton, 1981; Hathaway et al, 1991).

Immunologic

    3.19.1) SUMMARY
    A) A possible allergic response producing local necrosis following intradermal injection has occurred in guinea pigs.
    3.19.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) ALLERGIC REACTION
    a) GUINEA PIGS - Intradermal injection of biphenyl in guinea pigs produced local necrosis and some suggestive evidence of an allergic response (ACGIH, 1986).

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS92-52-4 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) IARC Classification
    a) Listed as: Biphenyl
    b) Carcinogen Rating: 2A
    1) The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent (mixture) may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) CARCINOMA
    1) Biphenyl is a questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic and neoplastigenic data (Lewis, 1992).

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Monitor kidney and liver function.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) Monitor liver and kidney function (Proctor & Hughes, 1978).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) Monitor kidney and liver function.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) EMESIS/ NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) Emesis is not recommended based on the irritant properties of biphenyl.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) EMESIS
    1) Emesis is not recommended based on irritant property of biphenyl.
    B) DILUTION
    1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    C) GASTRIC LAVAGE
    1) INDICATIONS: Consider gastric lavage with a large-bore orogastric tube (ADULT: 36 to 40 French or 30 English gauge tube {external diameter 12 to 13.3 mm}; CHILD: 24 to 28 French {diameter 7.8 to 9.3 mm}) after a potentially life threatening ingestion if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 60 minutes).
    a) Consider lavage more than 60 minutes after ingestion of sustained-release formulations and substances known to form bezoars or concretions.
    2) PRECAUTIONS:
    a) SEIZURE CONTROL: Is mandatory prior to gastric lavage.
    b) AIRWAY PROTECTION: Place patients in the head down left lateral decubitus position, with suction available. Patients with depressed mental status should be intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube prior to lavage.
    3) LAVAGE FLUID:
    a) Use small aliquots of liquid. Lavage with 200 to 300 milliliters warm tap water (preferably 38 degrees Celsius) or saline per wash (in older children or adults) and 10 milliliters/kilogram body weight of normal saline in young children(Vale et al, 2004) and repeat until lavage return is clear.
    b) The volume of lavage return should approximate amount of fluid given to avoid fluid-electrolyte imbalance.
    c) CAUTION: Water should be avoided in young children because of the risk of electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication. Warm fluids avoid the risk of hypothermia in very young children and the elderly.
    4) COMPLICATIONS:
    a) Complications of gastric lavage have included: aspiration pneumonia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, mechanical injury to the throat, esophagus, or stomach, fluid and electrolyte imbalance (Vale, 1997). Combative patients may be at greater risk for complications (Caravati et al, 2001).
    b) Gastric lavage can cause significant morbidity; it should NOT be performed routinely in all poisoned patients (Vale, 1997).
    5) CONTRAINDICATIONS:
    a) Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness if patient is not intubated, following ingestion of corrosive substances, hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential), patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation, or trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    D) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) No data were found on the ability of charcoal to absorb biphenyl.
    2) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    3) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) There is no specific antidote for acute toxic effects. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive (Gosselin et al, 1984).
    2) Chronic poisoning in rat feeding experiments suggests that L-cysteine and DL-methionine may be protective by facilitating detoxification (Gosselin et al, 1984).

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) TLV-TWA - 0.2 parts per million (1.5 milligrams/cubic meter).

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) Biphenyl is a moderately toxic compound; 0.5-5 g/kg is the probable oral lethal dose. This is the equivalent of between 1 ounce and 1 pint (or 1 lb) for a 70 kg (150 lb) person (HSDB , 2000).
    2) CARCINOGENICITY - According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), biphenyl is a Group 2A - limited human evidence/sufficient animal evidence - carcinogen (IARC , 2000).
    3) EPA classifies biphenyl as in Class D - not classifiable as a human carcinogen ((IRIS, 2000)).
    B) CASE REPORTS
    1) A paper mill worker died following heavy exposure to biphenyl for eleven years. Exposure levels had ranged from 4.4-128 mg/m(3) in 1959 to 0.6-123 mg/m(3) in 1970 (ACGIH, 1991).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) OCCUPATIONAL
    1) No differences were found in blood pressure, standard blood cell counts, pulmonary function tests, urinary protein levels, and serum creatinine values between exposed workers and nonexposed workers when air concentrations of biphenyl were below 1 mg/m(3) (ACGIH, 1991).
    2) Prolonged exposure to biphenyl at vapor concentrations above 0.005 mg/L (5 mg/m(3)) is considered dangerous (HSDB , 2000).
    B) ACUTE
    1) TCLo - (INHL) HUMAN: 4400 mcg/m(3) (RTECS , 2000)

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS92-52-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Biphenyl
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 0.2 ppm
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions: Not Listed
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Pulm func
    d) Molecular Weight: 154.2
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS92-52-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Diphenyl
    2) REL:
    a) TWA: 1 mg/m(3) (0.2 ppm)
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s):
    3) IDLH:
    a) IDLH: 100 mg/m3
    b) Note(s): Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS92-52-4 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Biphenyl
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: 1,1-Biphenyl
    a) D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2A ; Listed as: Biphenyl
    a) 2A : The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent (mixture) may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Diphenyl
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: Biphenyl
    a) Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS92-52-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Listed as: Diphenyl (Biphenyl)
    2) Table Z-1 for Diphenyl (Biphenyl):
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm: 0.2
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 1
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed
    3) Listed as: Biphenyl; see Diphenyl
    4) Table Z-1 for Biphenyl; see Diphenyl:
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm:
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3:
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) ACGIH, 1991 Budavari, 1996 Hayes & Laws, 1991 HSDB, 2000 ITI, 1995 Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2000
    1) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 1900 mg/kg -- somnolence; gastrointestinal effects
    2) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 3280 mg/kg (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996)
    b) 2400 mg/kg (Lewis, 2000)
    c) 2180 mg/kg (ITI, 1995)
    d) 2140 mg/kg -- somnolence; muscle weakness; gastrointestinal effects
    3) TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
    a) 4400 mcg/m(3) -- flaccid paralysis; nausea or vomiting and other GI changes
    4) TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
    a) 5 mg/m(3) for 7H/92D-I -- emphysema; chronic pulmonary edema; death
    5) TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
    a) 300 mg/m(3) for 7H/94D-I --

Pharmacology Toxicology

Pharmacologic Mechanism

    A) Fungistatic mechanism of action suggested is inhibition of adenosine transaminase (Gosselin et al, 1984).

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) Biphenyl is an irritant.

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Biphenyl has been described as a clear liquid, as a white or pale yellow fused solid or molten liquid, as colorless leaflets, as white or light yellow leaflets, and as white scales. Its odor has been described as pleasant, distinct, peculiar, butter-like, and characteristic (AAR, 1998; (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

Molecular Weight

    A) 154.21

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