2-CHLOROPHENYL THIOUREA
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
2-CHLOROPHENYL THIOUREA (O-CHLOROPHENYL)THIOUREA 1-(2-CHLOROPHENYL)THIOUREA 1(-O-CHLOROPHENYL)THIOUREA N-(2-CHLOROPHENYL)THIOUREA 1-(2 CHLOROPHENYL)-2-THIOUREA THIOUREA, 1-(2-CHLOROPHENYL) THIOUREA, (2-CHLOROPHENYL)- UREA, 1-(O-CHLOROPHENYL)-2-THIO-
IDENTIFIERS
Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (RTECS , 1994; EPA, 1985; HSDB , 1994)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
2-Chlorophenyl thiourea is a thiourea compound used as an herbicide, although it is not currently registered as a pesticide in the United States (EPA, 1985). 2-Chlorophenyl thiourea is not manufactured or used as an end-product industrially in the United States (HSDB , 1994).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- 2-Chlorophenyl thiourea has been said to be of high oral toxicity.
- THERE WAS NO INFORMATION on SPECIFIC CLINICAL EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO THIS AGENT IN AVAILABLE REFERENCES AT THE TIME OF THIS REVIEW.
- Exposed individuals should have a careful, thorough medical history and physical examination performed, looking for any abnormalities. Exposure to chemicals with a strong odor often results in such nonspecific symptoms as headache, dizziness, weakness, and nausea.
- Many chemicals cause irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. In severe cases respiratory tract irritation can progress to ARDS/acute lung injury, which may be delayed in onset for up to 24 to 72 hours in some cases.
- Irritation or burns of the esophagus or gastrointestinal tract are also possible if caustic or irritant chemicals are ingested.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
Esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur. The role of gastric decontamination is unclear. Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Following ingestion, measures to decrease absorption may be useful if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS5344-82-1 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS5344-82-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS5344-82-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS5344-82-1 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS5344-82-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS5344-82-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS5344-82-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS5344-82-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Thiourea, (2-chlorophenyl)- Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: Listed as: 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)thiourea Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information:
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS5344-82-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS5344-82-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
Listed as: 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)thiourea P or U series number: P026 Footnote: Listed as: Thiourea, (2-chlorophenyl)- P or U series number: P026 Footnote: Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS5344-82-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Thiourea, (2-Chlorophenyl)- Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100 Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds: Note(s): Not Listed
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS5344-82-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS5344-82-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS5344-82-1 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS5344-82-1 (NFPA, 2002):
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 5344-82-1.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures. POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004) Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways.
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS5344-82-1 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or regular foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS5344-82-1 (NFPA, 2002):
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- 2-Chlorophenyl thiourea releases irritating and toxic fumes of chlorides and oxides of sulfur and nitrogen when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1992).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- 2-Chlorophenyl thiourea releases irritating and toxic fumes of chlorides and oxides of sulfur and nitrogen when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1992).
- There was no additional information on the reactivity hazard of this agent in available references at the time of this review. The following information is for the related compound THIOUREA (HSDB , 1994):
The solid peroxide produced by action of hydrogen peroxide & nitric acid on thiourea (and possibly a hydrogen peroxidate of thiourea dioxide) decomposed violently on drying in air, with evolution of sulfur dioxide and free sulfur. Thiourea reacts with various sulfhydryl-oxidizing agents; it forms complexes and adducts with organic compounds, protein and certain hydrocarbons. Acrolein polymerizes with release of heat on contact with thiourea. Exposure of acrylaldehyde to thiourea may cause exothermic & violent polymerization.
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS5344-82-1 (AIHA, 2006):
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS5344-82-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Chlorophenyl thiourea, 2- TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.75 TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 2.5 TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 4.6 TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 4.6 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS5344-82-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 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62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS5344-82-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004) Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1994). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- 2-Chlorophenylthiourea does not occur naturally. It is not manufactured or used industrially in the US (HSDB, 2003).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
When released to the atmosphere in the vapor-phase, 2-chlorophenyl thiourea will degrade rapidly (estimated half-life of 4.3 hr) by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. However, the vapor pressure of 2-chlorophenyl thiourea may be low enough to permit a significant fraction of the 2-chlorophenyl thiourea released to air to exist in the adsorbed-particulate phase rather than in the vapor-phase. Physical removal from the atmosphere may be possible via wet and dry deposition (HSDB , 1994). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-chlorophenyl thiourea with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be 89.2X10(-12) cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C; assuming an average atmospheric hydroxyl radical concentration of 5X10+5 molecules/cu cm, the half-life for this reaction is estimated to be 4.3 hours. 2-Chlorophenyl thiourea (in a methanol solvent) absorbs UV light in the region between 290-320 nm; although the absorbance is relatively weak, there may be a potential for direct photolysis in the environment (HSDB , 1994).
SURFACE WATER Aquatic volatilization and bioconcentration are not expected to be important with respect to 2-chlorophenyl thiourea. 2-Chlorophenyl thiourea may undergo significant covalent bonding with humic materials in natural water which would result in significant adsorption and a chemical conversion to a latent form. If bonding does not occur, sorption to humic material in suspended solids and sediments will not be important. Direct photolysis may be possible since 2-chlorophenyl thiourea weakly absorbs sunlight. No data are available regarding biodegradation or other chemical degradation processes in water (HSDB , 1994).
TERRESTRIAL 2-Chlorophenyl thiourea may undergo significant covalent bonding with humic materials in soil which would result in significant adsorption and a chemical conversion to a latent form. If bonding does not occur, significant leaching is possible. Direct photolysis on soil surfaces may be possible since 2-chlorophenyl thiourea weakly absorbs sunlight. No data are available regarding biodegradation or other chemical degradation processes in soil (HSDB , 1994). Soil Adsorption/Mobility: Based on an estimated log Kow of 1.20, the Koc for 2-chlorophenyl thiourea can be estimated to range from 11-107 using various regression-derived equations; these Koc estimations indicate high to very high soil mobility. Although high soil mobility can be predicted from the log Kow value, 2-chlorophenyl thiourea may undergo significant adsorption in soil due to a covalent bonding with humic materials. Secondary amines, such as N-methylaniline, have been observed to undergo covalent bonding with humates. An initial rapid and reversible bonding phase is followed by a not readily reversible slow reaction in which the amine compound is chemically altered to yield an amino-substituted quinone. This covalent bonding process represents a mechanism in which aromatic amines may be converted to latent form in the biosphere (HSDB , 1994).
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
BIOACCUMULATION
Bioconcentration: Based on an estimated log Kow of 1.20, the bioconcentration factor for 2-chlorophenyl thiourea can be estimated to be 4.8 from a recommended regression-derived equation. This indicates that environmental bioconcentration is not significant (HSDB , 1994).
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- No information found at the time of this review.
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- 2-Chlorophenyl thiourea is a needle- or plate-like solid (EPA, 1985).
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
146 degrees C (HSDB , 1994) 146-146.5 degrees C; 294.8-295.7 degrees F (EPA, 1985)
SOLUBILITY
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- log Kow = 1.20 (estimated) (HSDB , 1994)
-REFERENCES
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY- 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
- 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
- 62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.
- 65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.
- 67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.
- 68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.
- 69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.
- AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.
- American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.
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- Cataletto M: Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute(ARDS). In: Domino FJ, ed. The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2012, 20th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2012.
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