BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS

Prior to 1949, beryllium was used as a phosphor in the manufacture of fluorescent lamps and neon signs.
Beryllium is used as a source of neutrons in nuclear reactions.
Beryllium and compounds have been used in the manufacture of electronic and radio tubes, electric heating elements, x-ray tube windows, and in preparing ceramic and crystals for radio use.
Beryllium has been used in the structure of vehicles, guidance systems, radar devices, nose cones, jet plane brakes, and in missiles by military and for space exploration (Harbison, 1998).
Chronic beryllium disease was reported in dental laboratory technicians who were occupationally exposed to beryllium contained in dental alloys used in dental crowns, bridges, and partial denture frameworks (Fireman et al, 2006).

FORMS

Beryllium alloys are light and resistant to stress and strain.
Beryllium compounds may contain impurities (IARC, 1980).
Beryllium in concentrations of 0.47, 0.68 and 0.74 mcg/cigarette were found in one study of three cigarette brands (IARC, 1980).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Beryllium (Be) is a divalent alkaline earth metal. Alloys are utilized in automobiles, computers, sports equipment, and dental bridges, while pure beryllium metal is used in nuclear weapons, aircraft, X-ray machines, and mirrors. Exposures often occur in manufacturing, utilizing alloys or pure beryllium. Trace amounts of beryllium are found in air, food, water, and cigarette smoke.

TOXICOLOGY: Beryllium in the ionic form may inhibit various enzymes, including phosphatases, phosphoglucomutase, hexokinase, deoxythymidine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and amylase. Ionic beryllium may interfere with DNA synthesis by binding to DNA polymerase. Beryllium is cytotoxic to alveolar macrophages resulting in cell death causing interstitial fibrosis.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Clinically significant exposure primarily occurs in those who work with beryllium compounds.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Skin effects are common in patients with beryllium toxicity. Exposure may result in papulovesicular dermatitis. A delayed-type hypersensitivity cell-mediated dermatitis may develop in some patients. If materials become embedded in skin, granulomatous lesions may develop. Exposure may also result in conjunctivitis. Mild ocular (conjunctivitis), dermal (dermatitis/ulcers), or pulmonary complaints are most commonly described, but exposure may also cause cough, chest pain, fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting, nasopharyngitis, fever, tachycardia, enlarged liver and spleen, arthralgias, nephrolithiasis, and lymphadenopathy. Acute beryllium poisoning (duration of less than 1 year) consists of conjunctiva and mucous membrane irritation, and occasionally acute pneumonitis.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Respiratory failure is most common, but seizure, congestive heart failure, and hypoxia have also been described. Inhalation may cause an inflammatory reaction of the entire respiratory tract, including the nasal passages, pharynx, tracheobronchial airways, and alveoli. The most severe cases can cause an acute pneumonitis. This usually occurs immediately after exposure to dusts of soluble beryllium compounds. Exposure is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer.
CHRONIC: Chronic granulomatous disease, berylliosis, results in granulomatous inflammation of the lung, along with dyspnea, cough, chest pain, weight loss, fatigue, and respiratory failure. Diagnosis of chronic beryllium disease requires meeting the standards of the Massachusetts General study group, the patient must exhibit 4 to 6 findings and 1 of the first 2:

Epidemiologic evidence of exposure
Presence of beryllium in lung tissue, lymph nodes, or urine
Consistent lower respiratory tract disease
Radiological findings of a fibronodular interstitial process
Restrictive or obstructive ventilatory defect or diminished CO diffusion
Consistent pathologic changes in lung and/or lymph node tissue

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

Beryllium is thought to be poorly absorbed from the gut, but some compounds can be irritating. Dilution with 4 to 8 ounces of water or milk may be utilized.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

CHRONIC

A poor prognosis is associated with chronic beryllium disease. The reported mortality rate was 30 percent in 1972 (Finkel, 1983).
Beryllium Case Registry data indicate the extent of delay in onset of chronic beryllium disease is highly variable (Hardy et al, 1967):
TIME AFTER EXPOSURE NUMBER OF CASES REPORTED
10 years or more 12
5 to 10 years 56
1 to 5 years 89
1 month to 1 year 27
1 month 126
Exposure to a fume source of beryllium may pose a greater risk for development of adverse effects compared to dust exposures (Cullen et al, 1986).
Rats and mice exposed to an aerosol of 13 micrograms beryllium/Liter developed acute lung injury (Sendelbach et al, 1986).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ACUTE

Two workers developed acute beryllium disease, and ultimately chronic beryllium disease. Air sampling showed no exposures greater than 100 mcg/m(3) and most samples were below 10 mcg/m(3) (Cummings et al, 2009).

CHRONIC

Roentgenographic evidence of chronic beryllium disease has persisted for 20 years with no other sign or symptom of illness (Finkel, 1983).
Beryllium Case Registry data indicate the extent of delay in onset of chronic beryllium disease is highly variable (Hardy et al, 1967):
TIME AFTER EXPOSURE NUMBER OF CASES REPORTED
10 years or more 12
5 to 10 years 56
1 to 5 years 89
1 month to 1 year 27
1 month 126
Exposure to a fume source of beryllium may pose a greater risk for development of adverse effects compared to dust exposures (Cullen et al, 1986).
Rats and mice exposed to an aerosol of 13 micrograms beryllium/Liter developed acute lung injury (Sendelbach et al, 1986).
In nuclear facility workers, chronic beryllium disease has developed both among heavily exposed persons (machinists) and those with only inadvertent or bystander exposure (secretaries, security guards) (Kreiss et al, 1993).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-41-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A1 ; Listed as: Beryllium and compounds, as Be

A1 :Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B1 ; Listed as: Beryllium and compounds

B1 : Probable human carcinogen - based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Beryllium and beryllium compounds

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Beryllium & beryllium compounds (as Be)

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 2 ; Listed as: Beryllium and its compounds

Category 2 : Substances that are considered to be carcinogenic for man because sufficient data from long-term animal studies or limited evidence from animal studies substantiated by evidence from epidemiological studies indicate that they can make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Limited data from animal studies can be supported by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man and by results of in vitro tests and short-term animal studies.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): K ; Listed as: Beryllium (See Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds)

K : KNOWN = Known to be a human carcinogen

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7440-41-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 2x10(-3) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: 2.4 per mg/m3
RfC: 2x10(-5) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

Beryllium
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
Beryllium Acetate
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
Beryllium Carbonate
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
Beryllium Chloride
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
Beryllium Fluoride
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)HAMSTER:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
Beryllium Hydroxide
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
Beryllium Phosphate
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
Beryllium Sulfate
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)PRIMATE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
Beryllium Sulfate Tetrahydrate
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7440-41-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Beryllium and compounds, as Be

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.00005 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A1
Codes: I, SEN, Skin
Definitions:

A1: Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.
I: Inhalable fraction; see Appendix C, paragraph A (of TLV booklet).
SEN: The designation SEN refers to the potential for an agent to produce sensitization, as confirmed by human or animal data. The notation does not imply that this is the critical effect or that this is the sole basis for the TLV. Although, for those TLVs that are based on sensitization, the TLV is meant to protect workers from induction of this effect, but cannot protect workers who have already become sensitized. The notation should be used to assist in identifying sensitization hazards and reducing respiratory, dermal, and conjunctival exposures to sensitizing agents in the workplace. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Beryllium sens; chronic beryllium disease (berylliosis)
Molecular Weight: 9.01

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7440-41-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7440-41-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Beryllium & beryllium compounds (as Be)
REL:

TWA: Not to exceed 0.0005 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A

IDLH:

IDLH: 4 mg Be/m3 (as Be)
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7440-41-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be)
Table Z-1 for Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3:

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7440-41-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7440-41-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Beryllium
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Beryllium and compounds

Additional Information:
Listed as: Beryllium compounds

Additional Information:
Listed as: Beryllium powder
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7440-41-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7440-41-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Beryllium powder
P or U series number: P015
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7440-41-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7440-41-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Beryllium Compounds: Includes any unique chemical substance that contains beryllium as part of that chemical's infrastructure
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

Listed as: Beryllium
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7440-41-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7440-41-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Beryllium

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7440-41-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7440-41-7.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7440-41-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7440-41-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Beryllium: Hydrogen is produced when beryllium reacts with strong acids (ITI, 1995).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7440-41-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Beryllium
ERPG-1 (units = mcg/m3): Not appropriate
ERPG-2 (units = mcg/m3): 25
ERPG-3 (units = mcg/m3): 100
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7440-41-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Beryllium
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.00005
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.0035
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 0.025
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 0.1
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7440-41-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7440-41-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 4 mg Be/m3 (as Be)
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

Beryllium: 9.01 (ITI, 1995)

Beryllium Acetate: 127.10 (IARC, 1980)

Beryllium Acetate, Basic: 406.32 (IARC, 1980)

Beryllium Carbonate: 181.03 (IARC, 1980)

Beryllium Chloride: 79.92 (IARC, 1980)

Beryllium Fluoride: 43.03 (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

Beryllium Hydroxide: 43.03 (IARC, 1980)

Beryllium Oxide: 25.01 (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

Beryllium Silicate: 110.11 (IARC, 1980)

Beryllium Sulfate: 105.08 (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

Beryllium Sulfate Tetrahydrate: 177.14 (IARC, 1980)

Bertrandite: 238.23 (IARC, 1980)

Beryl Ore: 537.51 (IARC, 1980)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Beryllium is a brittle, hard, grey-white (silver), odorless metal (ITI, 1995; ACGIH, 1991).

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

Beryllium: 1.84 g/cm(3) (ITI, 1995)
Beryllium Acetate, Basic: 1.36 g/cm(3) (IARC, 1980)
Beryllium Chloride: 1.899 g/cm(3) (IARC, 1980)
Beryllium Fluoride: 1.986 g/cm(3) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
Beryllium Hydroxide: 1.92 g/cm(3) (IARC, 1980)
Beryllium Oxide: 3.01 g/cm(3) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
Beryllium Silicate: 3 g/cm(3) (IARC, 1980)
Beryllium Sulfate: 2.443 g/cm(3) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
Beryllium Sulfate Tetrahydrate: 1.713 g/cm(3) (IARC, 1980)
Bertrandite: 2.6 g/cm(3) (IARC, 1980)
Beryllium-Copper alloys No. 170, 172, 173: 8.26 g/cm(3) (IARC, 1980)
Beryllium-Copper alloy No. 175: 8.75 g/cm(3) (IARC, 1980)
Beryl Ore: 2.66 g/cm(3) (IARC, 1980)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

Beryllium: 1284-1300 degrees C (ITI, 1995)
Beryllium Acetate: 300 degrees C (decomposes) (IARC, 1980)
Beryllium Acetate, Basic: 284 degrees C (IARC, 1980)
Beryllium Chloride: 405 degrees C (IARC, 1980)
Beryllium Fluoride: 800 degrees C (sublimes) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
Beryllium Oxide: 2500-2560 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
Beryllium Sulfate: 550-600 degrees C (decomposes) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
Beryllium Sulfate Tetrahydrate: 100 degrees C (IARC, 1980)
Beryllium-Copper alloys No. 170, 172, 173: 865-980 degrees C (IARC, 1980)
Beryllium-Copper alloy No. 175: 1029-1068 degrees C (IARC, 1980)
Beryl Ore: 1410 degrees C (plus or minus 100 degrees C) (IARC, 1980)

BOILING POINT

Beryllium: 2500 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

Beryllium Acetate, Basic: 331 degrees C (IARC, 1980)

Beryllium Chloride: 520 degrees C (IARC, 1980)

Beryllium Fluoride: 1160 degrees C (IARC, 1980)

Beryllium Oxide: 3900 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

Beryllium Sulfate Tetrahydrate: 400 degrees C (IARC, 1980)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Beryllium is soluble in alkalies and acids (except nitric acid) (ITI, 1995).

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents