BERYLLIUM

Beryllium has the following uses (ACGIH, 2001; Ashford, 2001; Baselt, 2000; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2001; HSDB , 2002; ITI, 1995; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 2001) NTP, 2000; (Pohanish, 2002):

Aerospace components
Aircraft brakes
Aircraft/Satellite structures
Alloys: aluminum, steel, magnesium, zinc, cobalt, iron, and copper, which is a bronze
Bicycle parts
Brass production
Cellular communication systems
Ceramics
Chemicals
Computer parts
Electronics components
Fiber optics
Fuel containers
Gyroscopes
Heat shields and mirrors
Missile fuels and parts
Navigational (inertial guidance) systems
Neutron source, when bombarded with alpha particles
Neutron reflector and moderator in nuclear reactors
Precision instruments
Radio tube parts
Rocket propellants
Satellite optical systems/space optics
Space Vehicles
X-ray transmission windows

Beryllium is also present in the dental alloy, Rexillium, at a concentration of 1.8% (Bingham et al, 2001).

FORMS

Beryllium is the first metal on the periodic table and an alkaline earth metal. It is a silvery-white or steel-gray, lustrous, odorless, light and brittle solid with a close-packed hexagonal structure. In powdered or granular form, it appears as a grey to white powder, resembling powered aluminum. Its chemical properties are similar to those of aluminum or magnesium (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2001; CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002; (ICSC, 2000); Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001) NTP, 2000; (Pohanish, 2002).
Beryllium is the lightest of all chemically-stable solids and the only stable, lightweight metal with a high melting point. Other unique properties include its very high strength to weight ratio and its ability to give corrosion, vibration and shock resistance to metals with which it is alloyed. It is extremely permeable to X-rays (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2001; Pohanish, 2002).
Beryllium is manufactured in four grades: Grade AA, 99.96+%; Grade A, 99.87+%; Technical >99.5%, and Nuclear. Beryllium is manufactured by rolling, forging, and machining into hot-pressed or cold-pressed and sintered blocks, wires, tubes, rods, powder and sheets (0.04 inch) (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 2001).
Beryllium becomes ductile at red heat or 1000 degrees C (HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 2000).
Beryllium has a high heat capacity and excellent thermal and electrical conductivities (Lewis, 2001; HSDB , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
Beryllium has a thin oxide layer on its surface, which makes it relatively resistant to corrosion at ordinary temperatures. It will only react with other elements at high temperatures. Oxidation of beryllium begins at approximately 700 degrees C and is rapid at 1000 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 2001; HSDB , 2002).

SOURCES

Beryllium primarily comes from the naturally occurring ore, beryl, an aluminosilicate containing as much as four percent beryllium (IPCS, 2001; Pohanish, 2002). Beryl is found in Zimbabwe, Brazil, South Africa, Argentina, and India. Sources of beryl in the United States are in South Dakota, Utah, Colorado, Maine, New Mexico and New Hampshire. Canada contains some undeveloped deposits (ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2001).

Beryl ore is made into beryllium by converting beryl to the oxide or hydroxide then to the fluoride or chloride, which is then reduced by electrolysis or in a furnace by magnesium metal. Another method of purification is liquid-liquid extraction with an organophosphate chelating agent (Ashford, 2001; Lewis, 2001).

Bertrandite, although it has a lower beryllium content (one percent beryllium oxide), is also used domestically for production because of the relative ease of extraction of the beryllium in the hydroxide form (Bingham et al, 2001).

Bertrandite ore is leached with sulfuric acid to produce beryllium sulfate, which is subsequently converted to basic beryllium carbonate through reaction with aqueous ammonium carbonate. The material is then heated to produce beryllium hydroxide, the basis for the metal (Bingham et al, 2001).
Pure beryllium metal is obtained by heating beryllium hydroxide with ammonium fluoride and reducing the beryllium fluoride product with magnesium (Zenz, 1994).

Naturally occurring beryllium is rare; it exists in the Earth's crust at a concentration of approximately 2.8 to 5.0 mg/kg, and in rocks and minerals at 0.038 to 11.4 mg/kg (IPCS, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

All compounds of beryllium with the exception of the naturally occurring ore, beryl, should be considered potentially harmful, particularly by inhalation.

Signs and symptoms of acute inhalation exposure may include respiratory tract irritation, cough, substernal burning, dyspnea, nasopharyngitis, tracheobronchitis, acute lung injury, anorexia, and fatigue.

Pulmonary granulomatous disease may appear in 3 months or can take more than 30 years to develop. The first symptom is exertional dyspnea followed by weight loss and fatigue. Physical examination reveals skin rashes, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, rhonchi and/or rales, and clubbed fingers. Complete recovery is uncertain.

Accidental implantation of beryllium or its compounds in areas of broken or abraded skin may cause necrosis of adjacent tissue and formation of an ulcer. Healing of ulcers requires the surgical removal of the beryllium substance. Contact dermatitis, chemical conjunctivitis, and corneal burns may occur.

Both benign and malignant pulmonary tumors, sarcoma, rickets-like bone lesions, and osteosclerosis have occurred in experimental animals.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Slight clouding of the surrounding cornea was reported when powdered beryllium metal was experimentally introduced into rabbit corneas. The metal was still visible after 2 months but it was tolerated well. There are no reports of similar reactions in humans (Grant, 1986).

Due to their acidic nature, beryllium salts (chloride, fluoride, nitrate, sulfate) may cause acute eye irritation. Conjunctivitis, edema of the eyelids, hyperemia of the conjunctiva, persistent burning sensation, and photophobia have been reported. Rarely is the cornea involved; recovery is usually complete in 5 to 10 days (Grant, 1986) HSDB 1995).

Nasopharyngitis has been reported from exposure to highly soluble beryllium salts (Proctor & Hughes, 1978; VanOrdstrand et al, 1945). Reversal of this inflammatory process occurs in 3 to 6 weeks if exposure is discontinued (Tabershaw, 1972).

Mild epistaxis may occur (VanOrdstrand et al, 1945). Gingivitis in the form of an allergic contact dermatitis of the oral mucosa has been reported from contact with beryllium contained in dental alloys (Haberman et al, 1993).

Beryllium salts (chloride, fluoride, nitrate, sulfate), due to their acidic nature, may cause acute respiratory tract irritation (Grant, 1986). Pneumonitis may occur from acute exposures to high concentrations of the oxide or phosphorus mixtures, or acid salts. Generalized rales and rhonchi, dyspnea, cyanosis, bronchial spasm, and chest pain occur. Exertional dyspnea is a common finding (Hasan & Kazemi, 1974) HSDB, 1995).

Tachycardia has been noted (Hooper, 1981). Chest pain is a common presenting symptom, usually related to dyspnea (Hasan & Kazemi, 1974). Heart failure was reported in nearly 16 percent of the 76 patients added to the beryllium registry since 1966 (Hasan & Kazemi, 1974).

A single patient presented with seizures, and on autopsy was shown to have CNS granulomas from beryllium (Hasan & Kazemi, 1974). Headache has also been reported following acute exposure (Rees, 1979).

A nonproductive cough in a severe case was violent enough to cause vomiting (Finkel, 1983). Nausea and a metallic taste have been reported following an acute exposure (Rees, 1979; VanOrdstrand et al, 1945).

Beryllium salts (chloride, fluoride, nitrate, sulfate), due to their acidic nature, may cause acute skin irritation (ILO, 1983; (Grant, 1986) Hathaway et al, 1991) in high concentrations and are cutaneous sensitizers (Tabershaw, 1972). Beryllium compounds that become implanted in lacerations (Proctor & Hughes, 1978; VanOrdstrand et al, 1945) Hathaway et al, 1991) lead to granulomas and ulceration. Systemic sensitization may occur. Many cases have concomitant lung disease (Jones Williams, 1988).

Arthralgia may occur (Hasan & Kazemi, 1974).

In dogs, single exposures to beryllium oxide aerosols produced later onset of berylliosis (Haley et al, 1992). This is not known to occur in humans.

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Chronic beryllium disease is an idiosyncratic disorder; only about 1 out of 20 persons in the most heavily exposed worker groups is affected. Although heavy exposure increases the likelihood of sensitization and the development of berylliosis, recent reports indicate that sensitization and clinical disease do occur even with exposures to airborne concentrations less than 2.0 mcg/m(3) (Kreiss et al, 1996). Diagnosis requires history of exposure, compatible histologic findings, and quantitative tissue analysis. The signs and symptoms are usually nonspecific. Other types of respiratory disease, particularly sarcoidosis, must be ruled out.

Progression from acute to chronic beryllium disease, with and without known further exposure, is a far more frequent occurrence than is recognized. Exclusion from further exposure may help to control this problem (Finkel, 1983).

Diagnostic criteria for chronic beryllium disease have been published by the Massachusetts General study group; the patient must exhibit 4 to 6 findings and 1 of the first 2: 1) Epidemiologic evidence of exposure; 2) Presence of beryllium in lung tissue, lymph nodes, or urine; 3) Consistent lower respiratory tract disease; 4) Radiological findings of a fibronodular interstitial process; 5) Restrictive or obstructive ventilatory defect or diminished CO diffusion; 6) Consistent pathologic changes in lung and/or lymph node tissue.

Fever and chills have been reported in exacerbations of chronic beryllium poisoning (Finkel, 1983; VanOrdstrand et al, 1945).

Cough and dyspnea may be the most frequent presenting complaints. Enlargement of the heart and congestive heart failure may occur (HSDB, 1995).

Dose-related decreases of FVC and FEV have been recognized prior to the onset of usual signs and symptoms of chronic berylliosis. Emphysema may be a complication as patients survive longer as a result of steroid therapy (Finkel, 1983). Cyanosis may occur due to alveolar block from fibrosis (Hasan & Kazemi, 1974).

Pneumothorax may occur as a consequence of the pulmonary disease. Pulmonary edema has been reported (Finkel, 1983). Rarely are symptoms of hemoptysis, hoarseness, or wheezing presenting complaints (Hasan & Kazemi, 1974).

The chronic form is usually characterized by granulomas in the lungs. Onset of symptoms (nasopharyngitis, tracheobronchitis, pneumonitis, cough, dyspnea, weakness, conjunctivitis, periorbital edema, marked weight loss, hepatomegaly, contact dermatitis, skin ulcers, and granulomas of the skin) may be delayed for months or years after final exposure and may persist for a year or more. Other organs may also be affected with time (Proctor & Hughes, 1978; Finkel, 1983).

Fatigue is often a common presenting symptom of chronic beryllium disease (Hasan & Kazemi, 1974). Liver and spleen enlargement has been reported in patients with chronic beryllium disease (HSDB, 1995). Granulomas may occur; abnormal liver function tests may be noted (Hardy, 1980).

Stone formation in kidneys, salivary glands, and lungs has occurred in chronic beryllium disease (Hardy, 1980). Hypercalciuria has also been noted in the chronic form (Hardy, 1980).

Clubbing was reported in 9.2 percent of chronic beryllium disease patients reported to the Beryllium Case Registry since 1966 (Hasan & Kazemi, 1974).

Anergy associated with disturbed T-lymphocyte function, depressed helper-suppressor T-cell ratios in the peripheral blood, and massive accumulations of helper T-cells in the lung may occur in chronic beryllium disease (Cullen et al, 1986).

Skin contact with beryllium dust may cause an eczematous dermatitis with a maculopapular, erythematous, vesicular rash (HSDB, 1995).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Other measures are usually unnecessary.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, and respiratory system [lung cancer](National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; Chemsoft(R) , 2000).

GENERAL -

The following information is for Beryllium Compounds in general.
ACUTE EXPOSURE - Remove patient from source of exposure. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive: There is no specific antidote for beryllium poisoning.
CHRONIC EXPOSURE - Corticosteroids are a useful adjunct to therapy of chronic pulmonary disease.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
Bed rest and symptomatic treatment may be all that is required in mild forms of beryllium poisoning.
Corticosteroids may be a useful adjunct therapy for controlling dyspnea and delaying the onset of heart failure and pulmonary insufficiency after chronic exposure.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Beryllium does not penetrate intact skin (Tabershaw, 1972).
Chronic granulomas are removed surgically.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Studies have indicated that beryllium is very poorly absorbed from the gut and that ingestion is not a hazard (Tepper et al, 1961).
Some compounds may be irritating and dilution is recommended.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

At levels of exposure to beryllium dust greater than 1000 mcg/m(3), most workers developed chemical pneumonitis (acute beryllium disease, ABD) which may be fatal in approximately 10 percent of cases. At exposure concentrations below 1000 mg/m(3), the disease appears to be reversible (IPCS, 2001).

Exposure to levels greater than 100 mcg/m(3) may cause ABD (HSDB , 2002).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

The lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAEL) identified through a review of occupational beryllium exposure range from 0.1 mcg/m(3) to 0.55 mcg/m(3), with corresponding LOAEL Human Equivalent Concentrations (LOAEL[HEC]), adjusted for a typical work week (exposure of 5D/7D, 10 m(3)/8H, 20m(3)/D), ranging from 0.036 mcg/m(3) to 0.37 mcg/m(3) (EPA, 1998).

One study investigating 11 cases of chronic beryllium disease established a no-observable-adverse-effect level Human Equivalent Concentration (NOAEL[HEC]) of 0.01 to 0.1 mcg/m(3) beryllium in ambient air (EPA, 1998).

The oral Reference Dose (RfD) for beryllium has been set at 2 x 10(-3) mg/kg-day (IRIS, 1998).

The inhalation Reference Concentration (RfC) for beryllium has been set at 2 x 10(-2) mcg/m(3) (IRIS, 1998).

Exposure to beryllium dust at mean levels of approximately 1 mcg/m(3) for an indeterminate duration may result in the development of chronic beryllium disease, characterized by the formation of granulomas (EPA, 1998).

Sensitized individuals may be at a greater risk for the development of adverse effects on exposure to beryllium and beryllium compounds (Hathaway et al, 1998).

OCCUPATIONAL

Workers are much lower risk for developing acute beryllium disease at exposure to levels of beryllium dust below 100 mcg/m(3) (IPCS, 2001).
The developement of pneumonitis (ABD) when beryllium concentrations regularly exceed 100 mcg/m(3). In addition, pneumonitis was consistently produced by concentrations in excess of 1 mg/m(3) of beryllium in soluble compounds (ACGIH, 1991).

CARCINOGENICITY

Beryllium has been classified in Group 1 (Carcinogenic to humans) by IARC (1993).
ACGIH (2002) has given beryllium a rating of A1 (Confirmed Human Carcinogen).
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's IRIS program assessed beryllium to be a B1 substance (Probable Human Carcinogen) (IRIS, 1998).
Beryllium is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen (NTP, 2000).
NIOSH (2002) considers beryllium to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-41-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A1 ; Listed as: Beryllium and compounds, as Be

A1 :Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B1 ; Listed as: Beryllium and compounds

B1 : Probable human carcinogen - based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Beryllium and beryllium compounds

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Beryllium & beryllium compounds (as Be)

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 2 ; Listed as: Beryllium and its compounds

Category 2 : Substances that are considered to be carcinogenic for man because sufficient data from long-term animal studies or limited evidence from animal studies substantiated by evidence from epidemiological studies indicate that they can make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Limited data from animal studies can be supported by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man and by results of in vitro tests and short-term animal studies.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): K ; Listed as: Beryllium (See Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds)

K : KNOWN = Known to be a human carcinogen

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7440-41-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 2x10(-3) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: 2.4 per mg/m3
RfC: 2x10(-5) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: CHRIS, 2002 RTECS, 2002 Lewis, 2000 ITI, 1995
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)PIG:
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7440-41-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Beryllium and compounds, as Be

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.00005 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A1
Codes: I, SEN, Skin
Definitions:

A1: Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.
I: Inhalable fraction; see Appendix C, paragraph A (of TLV booklet).
SEN: The designation SEN refers to the potential for an agent to produce sensitization, as confirmed by human or animal data. The notation does not imply that this is the critical effect or that this is the sole basis for the TLV. Although, for those TLVs that are based on sensitization, the TLV is meant to protect workers from induction of this effect, but cannot protect workers who have already become sensitized. The notation should be used to assist in identifying sensitization hazards and reducing respiratory, dermal, and conjunctival exposures to sensitizing agents in the workplace. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Beryllium sens; chronic beryllium disease (berylliosis)
Molecular Weight: 9.01

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7440-41-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7440-41-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Beryllium & beryllium compounds (as Be)
REL:

TWA: Not to exceed 0.0005 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A

IDLH:

IDLH: 4 mg Be/m3 (as Be)
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7440-41-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be)
Table Z-1 for Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3:

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7440-41-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7440-41-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Beryllium
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Beryllium and compounds

Additional Information:
Listed as: Beryllium compounds

Additional Information:
Listed as: Beryllium powder
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7440-41-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7440-41-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Beryllium powder
P or U series number: P015
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7440-41-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7440-41-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Beryllium Compounds: Includes any unique chemical substance that contains beryllium as part of that chemical's infrastructure
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

Listed as: Beryllium
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7440-41-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7440-41-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Beryllium

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1567 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Beryllium, powder

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1567
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1, 4.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).
4.1: Flammable Solid.

Special Provisions: IB8, IP2, IP4, T3, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 15 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 50 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1567 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Beryllium powder
UN Number: 1567

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7440-41-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

To minimize skin and eye contact and inhalation exposure, personnel working with beryllium powder should wear fully protective outer wear, gloves, safety goggles or other eye protection, and a positive pressure self-contained respirator (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002; NIOSH , 2002; HSDB , 2002; (ICSC, 2000); OHM/TADS , 2002).
Contaminated clothing should be replaced and cleaned at the end of every shift. Workers should wash at the end of each shift to prevent carrying the beryllium dust home (NIOSH , 2002; HSDB , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

Contaminated clothing should be adequately labeled and segregated so that personnel responsible for laundering will not be unduly exposed (HSDB , 2002).

If beryllium contacts the skin, wash affected areas with soap and water. Seek immediate medical attention for any open cuts, scratches, or wounds (CHRIS , 2002).
Editor's Note: Specific recommendations for handling incidents of present or past exposure, or the potential for exposure, to beryllium may be found in the Chronic Beryllium Disease Prevention Program, located at 10 CFR 850.

HANDLING

When handling beryllium powder, employees should wear gloves, fully encapsulating clothing, eye protection, and a self-contained breathing apparatus (CHRIS , 2002; NIOSH , 2002; HSDB , 2002; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

One-piece, disposable protective clothing that is tight fitting at the wrists and ankles is a preferred type of protective outfit for workers exposed to beryllium. A hair covering and over shoes should also be worn (HSDB , 2002).

Avoid bodily and eye contact with the solid and the dust (CHRIS , 2002; NIOSH , 2002).

Prevent the suspension and dispersion of beryllium dusts ((ICSC, 2000); OHM/TADS , 2002).

Eating, drinking, or smoking should be prohibited in work areas where beryllium is used ((ICSC, 2000)).

If engaged in a clean up of spilled beryllium powder, wear nitrile gloves, eye protection, protective outer wear, and a self-contained breathing apparatus (Armour, 1996).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Beryllium is usually stored in steel or fiber drums. The container should be very tight to avoid accumulation of excess moisture, which can accelerate oxide formation. Protect containers from physical damage (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2002).
When opening or closing containers of beryllium, use only non-sparking tools and equipment (Pohanish, 2002).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store beryllium in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area, separate from acids, bases, halocarbons, and oxidizing materials. If storing beryllium powder, keep sources of ignition away from storage area. Label the area in which beryllium is stored to prevent misidentification of the material (HSDB , 2002; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 2002a; OHM/TADS , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Highly flammable hydrogen gas is evolved when beryllium comes into contact with acids or alkalies (CHRIS , 2002; NFPA, 2002a; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Powered beryllium will ignite on heating in a mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen (Armour, 1996).
Powered beryllium in some chlorinated solvents, including trichloroethylene or carbon tetrachloride, will ignite on heavy impact (Armour, 1996; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish, 2002; Urben, 1999).
Incompatible compounds include: alkalies, chlorinated hydrocarbons, oxidizable agents, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, lithium, and phosphorous (Pohanish & Greene, 1997). Violent reactions may occur on contact with perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, nitrates, and strong acids (eg, hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric) (Pohanish, 2002).
It reacts incandescently with fluorine or chlorine and with phosphorous on heating (Armour, 1996; HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Urben, 1999).
Beryllium is incompatible with halocarbons (Lewis, 2000).
It reacts with molten lithium at 180 degrees C (Lewis, 2000; HSDB , 2002; Urben, 1995).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

To minimize skin and eye contact and inhalation exposure, personnel working with beryllium should wear fully protective outer wear, gloves, safety goggles or other eye protection, and a positive pressure self-contained respirator (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002; NIOSH , 2002; HSDB , 1999; (ICSC, 2000); OHM/TADS , 2002).

Contaminated clothing should be replaced and cleaned at the end of every shift. Workers should wash at the end of each shift to prevent carrying the beryllium dust home (NIOSH , 2002; HSDB , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

Contaminated clothing should be adequately labeled and segregated so that personnel responsible for laundering will not be unduly exposed (HSDB , 2002).

Eating, drinking, or smoking should be prohibited in work areas where beryllium is used ((ICSC, 2000)).

If beryllium contacts the skin, wash affected areas with soap and water. Seek immediate medical attention for any open cuts, scratches, or wounds (CHRIS , 2002).

Editor's Note: Specific recommendations for handling incidents of present or past exposure or the potential for exposure, to beryllium may be found in the Chronic Beryllium Disease Prevention Program, located at 10 CFR 850.

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Personnel should not wear contact lenses when working with beryllium (NIOSH , 2002).

Safety goggles, a full facepiece respirator, or self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn when working with beryllium to prevent the metal powder from contacting the eyes (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002).

Beryllium is an eye irritant; protective measures should be taken to avoid any eye contact (HSDB , 2002).

If beryllium contacts the eye(s), flush with water for a minimum of 15 minutes (CHRIS , 2002).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

Avoid inhaling beryllium dusts or powder. Respiratory protection should be worn when working with or around this metal at a concentration of greater than 25 mcg/m(3) (HSDB , 2002).

Avoid breathing beryllium oxide fumes from burning material (AAR, 2000).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7440-41-7.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Personal monitoring devices are recommended for personnel routinely exposed to beryllium (Pohanish, 2002).

Venting devices should be installed at the source of beryllium dust or fume generation. Dust or powder suspension should be rigidly controlled. Precautionary use of glove boxes or high-power fume cabinets is recommended for high-risk tasks (eg, cleaning or maintenance of exhaust duct work or furnaces) (HSDB , 2002).

Eye wash fountains should be installed in areas where the possibility for occupational exposure to beryllium exists (NIOSH , 2002).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)
- Flammable/combustible material.
- May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
Beryllium is only slightly flammable as a metal, but in a powder or dust form becomes a more significant fire hazard. Beryllium dust or powder forms mixtures with air that may explode upon ignition, especially if in an enclosed area. Spontaneous chemical reactions can also occur and cause a fire hazard (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2002; HSDB , 2002).
Finely divided beryllium will burn in air (HSDB , 2002).
Toxic beryllium oxide vapors are produced in beryllium fires (CHRIS , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
Emergency personnel should wear appropriate protective clothing and positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when responding to a beryllium fire (NFPA, 2002a).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7440-41-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Highly flammable hydrogen gas is evolved when beryllium comes into contact with acids or alkalies (CHRIS , 2002; NFPA, 2002a; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Powered beryllium will ignite on heating in a mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen (Armour, 1996).
Powered beryllium in trichloroethylene or carbon tetrachloride will ignite on heavy impact (Armour, 1996).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Do not get water inside containers.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7440-41-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Do not use water, carbon dioxide, or halogenated extinguishing agents on a beryllium fire (CHRIS , 2002; NFPA, 2002a; OHM/TADS , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

Beryllium fires should be smothered with dry clay or sand, ground limestone, graphite, inert powder, or soda ash. An approved Class D extinguisher can also be used (CHRIS , 2002; NFPA, 2002a; OHM/TADS , 2002; (ICSC, 2000); Pohanish, 2002).

Launder all clothing worn by fire fighting personnel separately from non-contaminated clothing. Fire fighting personnel should bathe promptly after extinguishing fire (OHM/TADS , 2002).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition in air, beryllium emits very toxic fumes of beryllium oxide (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish, 2002).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Beryllium powder or dust presents a slight explosion hazard (Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2002).

Beryllium powder may form explosive mixtures with air (CHRIS , 2002) ICSC, 2001; (ITI, 1995).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Beryllium dust is extremely toxic via inhalation. Occupational exposure may result in coughing, dyspnea, pain and tightness in the chest, muscular weakness, fatigue, anorexia, and weight loss. Massive doses may be fatal (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 1998).

Exposure to beryllium powder and dusts should be avoided, and the suspension of dusts prevented ((ICSC, 2000)).

Acute Exposure: Chemical pneumonitis (acute beryllium disease, ABD) has been observed following single, massive inhalational exposure to beryllium dust. This is generally associated with exposures at levels greater than 1000 mcg/m(3), and is occasionally associated with exposures of greater than 100 mg/m(3). ABD may be fatal in approximately ten percent of cases (IPCS, 2001).

Acute Exposure: Symptoms of acute exposure range from mild inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes and pharnyx, to tracheobronchitis, to chemical pneumonitis. Progressive cough, shortness of breath, substernal discomfort or pain, anorexia, weight loss, fatigue, cyanosis, and crepitation may develop within three days of a massive, acute exposure (ATSDR, 2001).

Acute Exposure: Conjunctival inflammation and corneal burns can result if beryllium dust or powder contacts the eyes. Dermatitis and nonhealing ulcers may develop from dermal contact with the powder (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 1998; NFPA, 2002a).

Chronic Exposure: Chronic beryllium disease (CBD, or berylliosis), involving a cell-mediated immune response characterized by the formation of granulomas in the lung, develops in approximately one to five percent of persons chronically exposed to lower concentrations of beryllium dust. Sensitization to beryllium is also common (IPCS, 2001).

Chronic Exposure: Onset of CBD may occur within one year of exposure or as long as 25 years after exposure, with an average latency period of 10 to 15 years. Initially, symptoms may be as mild as a slight cough and fatigue, but can progress to pulmonary insufficiency, anorexia, weight loss, weakness, chest pain, and constant hacking cough in advanced stages of the disease. Approximately one third of cases also develop cyanosis and clubbing of the fingers (HSDB , 2002; IPCS, 2001).

Chronic exposure to beryllium dust has been associated with an increased risk for the development of lung cancer (ACGIH, 2001) IARC, 1993).

Exposure to a fume source of beryllium may pose a greater risk or affect development compared to dust exposures (Cullen et al, 1986).

When heated to decomposition in air, beryllium emits very toxic fumes of beryllium oxide (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish, 2002).

Beryllium powder may form explosive mixtures with air (CHRIS , 2002) ICSC, 2001; (ITI, 1995).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Highly flammable hydrogen gas is evolved when beryllium comes into contact with acids or alkalies (CHRIS , 2002; NFPA, 2002a; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Powered beryllium will ignite on heating in a mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen (Armour, 1996; Urben, 1999).

Powered beryllium in some chlorinated solvents, including trichloroethylene or carbon tetrachloride, will ignite on heavy impact (Armour, 1996; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish, 2002; Urben, 1999).

Incompatible compounds include: alkalies, chlorinated hydrocarbons, oxidizable agents, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, lithium, and phosphorous (Pohanish & Greene, 1997). Violent reactions may occur on contact with perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, nitrates, and strong acids (eg, hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric) (Pohanish, 2002).

It reacts incandescently with fluorine or chlorine and with phosphorous on heating (Armour, 1996; HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Urben, 1999).

Beryllium is incompatible with halocarbons (Lewis, 2000).

It reacts with molten lithium at 180 degrees C (Lewis, 2000; HSDB , 2002; Urben, 1995).

Oxide free, ultrafine beryllium powder that has been prepared in inert gas is liable to ignite spontaneously on exposure to air (HSDB , 1992).

Beryllium is reactive only under extreme conditions (OHM/TADS , 2002).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.
Stay upwind.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

Persons exposed to beryllium powder should be relocated to an area of fresh air (AAR, 2000).

Contaminated clothing and shoes should be removed and isolated at the site (AAR, 2000).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7440-41-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Beryllium
ERPG-1 (units = mcg/m3): Not appropriate
ERPG-2 (units = mcg/m3): 25
ERPG-3 (units = mcg/m3): 100
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7440-41-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Beryllium
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.00005
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.0035
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 0.025
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 0.1
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7440-41-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7440-41-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 4 mg Be/m3 (as Be)
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Evacuate areas of beryllium powder spills and remove and sources of ignition. Move any exposed persons to areas of fresh air (AAR, 2000; (Pohanish, 2002).
Personnel involved in clean up of beryllium spills should wear special protective clothing and equipment, including fully enclosed outerwear suit, eye protection, and positive pressure, self-contained breathing apparatus (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 2002a; OHM/TADS , 2002).
Avoid bodily contact with or inhalation of the powder. Remain upwind of the spill area. Prevent dispersion of beryllium dusts ((ICSC, 2000); NFPA, 2002a; OHM/TADS , 2002).
Prevent beryllium from entering sewers and water intakes. If spill occurs outdoors, cover spilled material with a plastic sheet to protect it from moisture until clean up is undertaken (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002).
Ventilate the area of the spill after the material is cleaned up (Pohanish, 2002).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

If engaged in a clean up of spilled beryllium powder, wear nitrile gloves, eye protection, protective outer wear, and a self-contained breathing apparatus (Armour, 1996).
Scoop beryllium from spill and place in a large, stoppered, wide mouth bottle; after the bulk of the beryllium has been removed, wash the area with a soap solution (Armour, 1996).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Recycling and recovery of beryllium scrap and pickle liquors containing beryllium can be used as an alternative to disposal (Pohanish, 2002).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Dissolve the material in a minimum of 6M hydrochloric acid. Filter and then neutralize the filtrate with a slight excess of 6M ammonium hydroxide, then boil, and allow the precipitate to settle for 12 hours. Filter again, allow the precipitate dry, and return beryllium to the supplier (Armour, 1996; ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2002).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Convert beryllium powder wastes into chemically inert oxides through incineration and particulate collection techniques, and ship back to the supplier (Pohanish, 2002).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Coal and fuel oil combustion is the principle contributor of beryllium to the environment through the release of beryllium-containing particulates and fly ash. The slag and ash dumps from coal-burning power plants also contribute to long-term beryllium pollution (Bingham et al, 2001; EPA, 1998; HSDB , 2002) IARC, 1993; (Pohanish, 2002).

Beryllium may be released to the environment via various waste streams through its production and use in alloys (particularly beryllium-copper), electronic devices, neutron reflectors, fuels, aircraft brakes, and X-ray windows (HSDB , 2002). The general population may also be exposed to beryllium from tobacco smoke. Three brands of cigarettes were found to have beryllium levels ranging from 0.47 to 0.74 mcg/cigarette (ATSDR, 1993; (IPCS, 2001).

Beryllium dust can be present as an atmospheric pollutant in areas near beryllium processing or manufacturing facilities (Lewis, 1998).

Naturally occurring beryllium is rare; it exists in the Earth's crust at a concentration of approximately 2.8 to 5.0 mg/kg, and in rocks and minerals at 0.038 to 11.4 mg/kg (IPCS, 2001).

Average beryllium concentrations in the air across the United States has been measured at 0.003 ng/m(3), with median concentrations in cities of 0.2 ng/m(3) (Bingham et al, 2001). Levels measured at suburban sites and industrial sites in Dayton, Ohio were reported to be from 0.04 to 0.07 ng/m(3) and 0.1 to 0.2 ng/m(3), respectively (IPCS, 2001).

Beryllium is found naturally in soil at concentrations of 0.1 to 40 ppm and as high as 100 ppm (Dragun, 1988).

Beryllium is found naturally in groundwater at concentrations of less than 10 ppm (Dragun, 1988).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Beryllium in the atmosphere exists primarily in the form of particulate matter, where is transported to water and soil through both wet and dry deposition (IPCS, 2001). Small particles of beryllium may remain air-borne for as long as ten days before settling (ATSDR, 1993).
Variations of beryllium concentrations in rainfall, mist and stream water were monitored in an acidic upland environment in the United Kingdom. Deposition in moorland and forested areas was estimated to be 20 mcg/m(2)/year, of which 3 mcg/m(2)/year was derived from mist and dry deposition materials. Approximately 52% of the beryllium flux in the moorland streams was associated with rainfall input. Beryllium concentrations correlated strongly with total aluminum in the soils. The results highlight the potential for vegetation to enhance capture of beryllium from mist and particulate materials (Neal et al, 1992).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Most beryllium in natural waters will adsorb to suspended matter or sediment, primarily clay (IPCS, 2001). It readily fixes on clay minerals, hydroxides, and organic matter, and may coprecipitate with hydroxides of iron and magnesium, or with humic acid (at pH 7) (OHM/TADS , 2002).
- Trace amounts of beryllium may also dissolve. Its solubility is affected by the pH of the water, increasing in acidified waters (IPCS, 2001).
- Beryllium contamination threatens recreation and potable water supplies because it will precipitate from natural sulfates and carbonates (OHM/TADS , 2002).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Beryllium exhibits low to moderate mobility in soil. One exception to this is its activity in loamy sand (at pH 4.2; 0.378 porosity), where it has high mobility (Dragun, 1988).
- Its properties in soil are similar to those of aluminum. It undergoes isomorphic substitution in secondary clay minerals, as well as cation exchange, and will precipitate out as a phosphate salt (at pH 6) (OHM/TADS , 2002).

OTHER

OTHER
- When released to the atmosphere, beryllium is transported to water and soil through wet and dry deposition (IPCS, 2001).

BIOACCUMULATION

HUMANS

Beryllium will be stored in all major tissue sites, especially in the pulmonary lymph nodes and bone, and also may be transported to the kidneys, liver, and other soft tissue. Elimination of beryllium from the body is slow; beryllium has been detected in the lungs of exposed persons long after exposure has ceased. The last five percent may require months or years to be completely cleared (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2002; IPCS, 2001).
When beryllium is inhaled, its initial half-life in the lungs is about 0.5 to 6 months; however, particulate residuum may remain in the lungs for longer periods of time (HSDB , 2002).
The clearance time for beryllium in 25 people accidentally exposed to its dust showed a biological half-life of about two to eight weeks (HSDB , 2002).
OHM/TADS (2002) reports a total human body half-life of 180 days.

FISH

Beryllium is not expected to be bioaccumulated by bottom feeding species. This is supported by beryllium levels measured in clams and oysters of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana that were found to be similar to the beryllium levels found in surface sediments (IPCS, 2001).
Concentrations of up to 100 mcg beryllium per kg fresh weight have been measured in fish and other aquatic species (IPCS, 2001).

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- Most plants take up beryllium through the soil at low levels, though translocation of beryllium from the roots to other parts of the plants rarely occurs. Some species, notably hickory, birch, and larch, will accumulate greater concentrations of beryllium from the soil; these species may have concentrations of up to 10 mg beryllium per kg dry weight (IPCS, 2001).
- The plant/soil transfer coefficient for beryllium is estimated at 0.01 to 0.1, depending on soil properties and plant characteristics (IPCS, 2001).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

The bioconcentration factor for marine and freshwater fish, invertebrates, and plants is 100 (OHM/TADS , 2002).
Beryllium does not bioconcentrate significantly in aquatic organisms (ATSDR, 1993; (IPCS, 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

References: (HSDB , 2002; OHM/TADS , 2002)

TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW: 150 mcg/L for 96H -- soft water conditions of bioassay not specified
TL50 - GUPPY: 31 ppm for 24H -- hard water, static as sulfate
TL50 - GUPPY: 28 ppm for 48H -- hard water, static as sulfate
TL50 - GUPPY: 27 ppm for 96H -- hard water, static as sulfate
TL50 - GUPPY: 1.5 ppm for 24H -- soft water, static as sulfate
TL50 - GUPPY: 0.41 ppm for 48H -- soft water, static as sulfate
TL50 - GUPPY: 0.23 ppm for 96H -- soft water, static as sulfate

The hardness of the water has a notable effect on the toxicity of beryllium to fish. In one study, the LC50 value for guppies decreased by almost two orders of magnitude (from 19.0-32.0 mg/L to 0.16 mg/L) when the toxicity test was run in soft water (hardness = 22 mg/L as CaCO3) versus hard water (hardness 450 mg/L as CaCO3) (IPCS, 2001).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

9.01

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Beryllium is the first metal on the periodic table and an alkaline earth metal. It is a silvery-white or steel-gray, lustrous, odorless, light and brittle solid with a close-packed hexagonal structure. In powdered or granular form, it appears as a grey to white powder, resembling powered aluminum. Its chemical properties are similar to those of aluminum or magnesium (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2001; CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002; (ICSC, 2000); Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001) NTP, 2000; (Pohanish, 2002).

Beryllium is the lightest of all chemically-stable solids and the only stable, lightweight metal with a high melting point. Other unique properties include its very high strength to weight ratio and its ability to give corrosion, vibration and shock resistance to metals with which it is alloyed. It is extremely permeable to X-rays (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2001; Pohanish, 2002).

VAPOR PRESSURE

VAPOR PRESSURE:

7.6 mmHg (at 1810 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2002)
10 mmHg (at 1860 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.85 (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.84 - 1.85 (ITI, 1995)
1.8477 (ACGIH, 2001; Budavari, 2001)
1.848 (OHM/TADS , 2002)
1.85 (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001; NFPA, 2002a; NIOSH , 2002)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.846 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (IPCS, 2001)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.85 kg/l (Ashford, 2001)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

2349 degrees F (NIOSH , 2002)

BOILING POINT

2500 degrees C (extrapolated) (Budavari, 2001; ACGIH, 2001)

2970 degrees C (5378 degrees F) (Ashford, 2001; HSDB , 2002; IPCS, 2001; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a; OHM/TADS , 2002; Pohanish, 2002)

4532 degrees F (NIOSH , 2002)

>2500 degrees C ((ICSC, 2000))

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Beryllium is insoluble in cold water and slightly soluble in hot water (ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
Insoluble (Bingham et al, 2001; (ICSC, 2000); IPCS, 2001; OHM/TADS , 2002)

OTHER

Beryllium is soluble in dilute acids (except nitric) and alkalies (Lewis, 2001; ACGIH, 2001; HSDB , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
Beryllium is insoluble in mercury (HSDB , 2002).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-28,000 Btu/lb; -15,560 cal/g ; -652 x 10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 2002)

HEAT OF FUSION

Latent: 3.5 kcal/mol (Budavari, 2001)
260.0 cal/g (CHRIS , 2002)

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents