BENZYL ALCOHOL
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
IDENTIFIERS
Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
BEILSTEIN HANDBOOK REFERENCE:4-06-00-02222 BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NUMBER:0878307 EPA PESTICIDE CHEMICAL CODE:009502 FOOD EXTRACT MANUFACTURERS NUMBER:2137 NSC NUMBER:8044 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION NUMBER:51235
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (CHRIS, 2004; DTP NCI/NIH, 2004; HSDB, 2004; RTECS, 2004; EPA, 2004; EPA, 2005; Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000a)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
MEDICINAL Benzyl alcohol lotion (5%) is indicated for the topical treatment of head lice in patients 6 months of age and older (Prod Info Ulesfia topical lotion, 2010). Benzyl alcohol is also used as a solvent and antimicrobial preservative in parenteral medication (0.9% to 1.5%), antiseptic, and local anesthetic (Van der Hal et al, 1987; Humma, 1982). Benzyl alcohol has been used as an antipruritic agent in veterinary medicine (Budavari, 2001).
INDUSTRIAL Most benzyl alcohol is used in the textile industry as a dye assistant (HSDB, 2004). It is used in perfumes and flavors, as a photographic developer for films and lithography, as a dye assistant for textiles, nylon carpets, and sheet plastics; in heat-sealing polyethylene films; as a chemical intermediate for benzyl esters and ethers; as a solvent in inks, paint strippers, and dyestuffs; and as a bacteriostatic or viricidal agent in cosmetics, ointments, emulsions, and lotions (HSDB, 2004; Lewis, 2001a). Other uses are in insect repellents; as a degreasing agent in rug cleaners; as a stabilizer in insecticidal formulations; and for treating fruits and vegetables (Bingham et al, 2001). Benzyl alcohol is widely used as a preservative in allergenic extracts for scratch and intracutaneous testing, and can lead to false positive results (Fisher, 1975).
MEDICINAL INDUSTRIAL Benzyl alcohol is commercially available as free from chlorine (FFC) grade, technical, NF (National Formulary), photographic, reagent, textile, perfume, FCC grades, and 99% minimum purity (HSDB, 2004; Lewis, 2001a).
Benzyl alcohol poisoning can result from oral, parenteral, dermal, inhalational, and ocular exposures (Lewis, 2000a). Benzyl alcohol is found in (HSDB, 2004; Bingham et al, 2001; Thomas, 1984; FDA, 1979; FDA, 1982a; FDA, 1982b): Cosmetics and acne treatment preparations Foods: Lozenges at 0.05 to 10% (equivalent to 100 to 500 mg per lozenge) Mouth rinses, mouthwashes, drops or sprays at 0.05 to 10% Ophthalmic solutions Toothache products in 1 to 2% solutions Topical analgesic, anesthetic and antipruritic products at 10 to 33%
COMMERCIAL SOURCES Benzyl alcohol is produced commercially through hydrolysis of benzyl chloride using sodium carbonate, and by catalytic reduction of benzaldehyde (Cannizzano reaction) (Ashford, 2001; Lewis, 2001a).
NATURAL SOURCES Benzyl alcohol is found in oil of jasmine, hyacinth, and ylang-ylang, and in at least two dozen other essential oils (Lewis, 2000a). It is a component of the aroma of Darjeeling tea (Kawakami et al, 1995). Benzyl alcohol is a metabolite of toluene (Bingham et al, 2001a).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- USES: Benzyl alcohol lotion (5%) is indicated for the topical treatment of head lice in patients 6 months of age and older. Benzyl alcohol is a common preservative in parenteral medications. It is also used in perfumes and flavors, as a bacteriostatic or viricidal agent in cosmetics, ointments, emulsions, and lotions, as a photographic developer for films and lithography, and as a dye for textiles, nylon carpets, and sheet plastics.
- PHARMACOLOGY: In studies, benzyl alcohol inhibited lice from closing their respiratory spiracles, which allowed the vehicle to obstruct the spiracles and asphyxiate the lice. Benzyl alcohol is a weak local anesthetic with disinfectant properties.
- TOXICOLOGY: Benzyl alcohol is oxidized in the liver to benzoic acid, then conjugated with glycine, and excreted in the urine as hippuric acid. Infants are less able to metabolize benzoic acid to hippuric acid, possibly because of glycine deficiency. Therefore, benzoic acid will be accumulated, causing "gasping syndrome" in the neonates receiving an IV product containing benzyl alcohol.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure to IV products containing benzyl alcohol is common, but severe toxicity is rare, and generally only develops in neonates. Severe toxicity has not been reported after ingestion or dermal application.
TOXICITY: Benzyl alcohol poisoning can result from oral, parenteral, dermal, inhalational, and ocular exposures. Neonates receiving IV products containing benzyl alcohol may experience "gasping syndrome", characterized by severe metabolic acidosis, gasping respirations, CNS depression, seizures, intraventricular hemorrhage, hematologic abnormalities, skin breakdown, hepatic and renal failure, progressive hypotension, bradycardia, cardiovascular collapse, and death. A 5-year-old girl developed severe metabolic acidosis following a continuous diazepam infusion. Benzyl alcohol toxicity was confirmed from benzoic acid serum and urine concentrations.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
PHARMACOLOGY: In studies, benzyl alcohol inhibited lice from closing their respiratory spiracles, which allowed the vehicle to obstruct the spiracles and asphyxiate the lice. Benzyl alcohol is a weak local anesthetic with disinfectant properties. TOXICOLOGY: Benzyl alcohol is oxidized in the liver to benzoic acid, then conjugated with glycine, and excreted in the urine as hippuric acid. Infants are less able to metabolize benzoic acid to hippuric acid, possibly because of glycine deficiency. Therefore, benzoic acid will be accumulated, causing "gasping syndrome" in the neonates receiving an IV product containing benzyl alcohol. EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure to IV products containing benzyl alcohol is common, but severe toxicity is rare, and generally only develops in neonates. Severe toxicity has not been reported after ingestion or dermal application. TOXICITY: Benzyl alcohol poisoning can result from oral, parenteral, dermal, inhalational, and ocular exposures. Neonates receiving IV products containing benzyl alcohol may experience "gasping syndrome", characterized by severe metabolic acidosis, gasping respirations, CNS depression, seizures, intraventricular hemorrhage, hematologic abnormalities, skin breakdown, hepatic and renal failure, progressive hypotension, bradycardia, cardiovascular collapse, and death. A 5-year-old girl developed severe metabolic acidosis following a continuous diazepam infusion. Benzyl alcohol toxicity was confirmed from benzoic acid serum and urine concentrations.
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS: Severe metabolic acidosis may develop in neonates with "gasping syndrome" after receiving an IV product containing benzyl alcohol (Prod Info Ulesfia topical lotion, 2010). Metabolic acidosis was the most common and significant finding in cases of parenteral benzyl alcohol toxicity in neonates. Acidosis was typically refractory to therapy, and was associated with an average anion gap of 30 nmol/L (Brown, 1982; Gershanik et al, 1981; Menon et al, 1984; Lovejoy, 1982).
CARDIOVASCULAR FINDING: Hypotension, bradycardia, and cardiovascular collapse may develop in neonates with "gasping syndrome" after receiving an IV product containing benzyl alcohol (Prod Info Ulesfia topical lotion, 2010).
EYE IRRITATION: In a pooled analysis of 2 randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled clinical trials and one open-label study, ocular irritation was reported in 6% of patients who received benzyl alcohol topical lotion (n=428) compared with 1% of patients who received placebo (n=313) (Prod Info Ulesfia topical lotion, 2010). NASAL IRRITATION: The vapors are irritating to the nose (HSDB , 2000). THROAT IRRITATION: The vapors are irritating to the throat (HSDB , 2000).
HEMATOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES: Hematologic abnormalities may develop in neonates with "gasping syndrome" after receiving an IV product containing benzyl alcohol (Prod Info Ulesfia topical lotion, 2010). THROMBOCYTOPENIC DISORDER: Thrombocytopenia was a delayed feature of benzyl alcohol toxicity in neonates (Menon et al, 1984). INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE: Intraventricular hemorrhage may develop in neonates with "gasping syndrome" after receiving an IV product containing benzyl alcohol (Prod Info Ulesfia topical lotion, 2010; Jardine & Rogers, 1989; Hiller et al, 1986).
HEPATIC FAILURE: Hepatic failure may develop in neonates with "gasping syndrome" after receiving an IV product containing benzyl alcohol (Prod Info Ulesfia topical lotion, 2010). KERNICTERUS OF NEWBORN: Kernicterus was positively associated with the use of benzyl alcohol in one study of over 400 infants (Jardine & Rogers, 1989), but could not be associated with benzyl alcohol in another study (Cronin et al, 1991).
ACUTE ALLERGIC REACTION: Reactions to topical preparations have been rarely reported (Jacobs, 1949; Schwartz et al, 1947; Lazzarini, 1982; Fisher, 1975; Sreget, 1963).
LETHARGY OF NEWBORN: Lethargy was a frequent finding in neonates with benzyl alcohol toxicity (Menon et al, 1984). CNS DEPRESSION: CNS depression may develop in neonates with "gasping syndrome" after receiving an IV product containing benzyl alcohol (Prod Info Ulesfia topical lotion, 2010). SEIZURES: Seizures may develop in neonates with "gasping syndrome" after receiving an IV product containing benzyl alcohol (Prod Info Ulesfia topical lotion, 2010; Brown, 1982; Gershanik et al, 1981; Lovejoy, 1982). PARAPLEGIA: Following intrathecal administration of benzyl alcohol-preserved chemotherapeutic agents paraplegia has been reported (Hahn et al, 1983; Craig & Habib, 1977; Feasby et al, 1983; Saiki et al, 1972). Paralysis was reversible in some cases (Feasby et al, 1983), and partially reversible in other cases (Saiki et al, 1972). CEREBRAL PALSY: Very low birthweight infants receiving intravascular flush solutions containing benzyl alcohol had a higher incidence of cerebral palsy and developmental delays than similar low birthweight infants not receiving these solutions (Benda et al, 1986). KERNICTERUS OF NEWBORN: Kernicterus was positively associated with the use of benzyl alcohol in one study of over 400 infants (Jardine & Rogers, 1989), but could not be associated with benzyl alcohol in another study (Cronin et al, 1991).
RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY progressing to gasping respirations has been noted in neonates receiving intravenous benzyl alcohol-containing fluids (Prod Info Ulesfia topical lotion, 2010; Gershanik et al, 1982).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Benzyl alcohol has been reported to cause allergic contact dermatitis (Corazza et al, 1996). Chronic exposure to benzyl alcohol could presumably produce effects similar to those of acute exposure. No industrial illness has been reported in workers chronically exposed to benzyl alcohol (ILO, 1983).
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
- Solutions greater than 30% are extremely irritating and may cause spontaneous vomiting. Serious toxicity is not expected after ingestion of benzyl alcohol alone, and prehospital gastrointestinal decontamination is not routinely required.
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
INHALATION EXPOSURE INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
DERMAL EXPOSURE EYE EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
ORAL EXPOSURE Ipecac-induced emesis is NOT recommended, due to suppression of the gag reflex via local anesthesia and potential for irritation. DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting. PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002). In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis. The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
Doses of 99 to 245 mg/kg/day were lethal to neonates when given in large volume parenteral solutions or endotracheal solutions containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol (Gershanik et al, 1982). Estimated exposure to 99 to 405 mg/kg/body weight in very low birth weight infants for 2 to 28 days produced severe adverse effects (neurologic deterioration, metabolic acidosis) and death. No effects were reported at doses of 27 to 99 mg/kg body weight for a similar exposure period (HSDB, 2004; Bingham et al, 2001). A dose of 32 to 105 mg/kg body weight for 7 days produced breathing difficulty in one neonate (Bingham et al, 2001).
Rectal administration of 45 mL has reportedly been fatal (HSDB, 2004; Gosselin et al, 1984). One death and one serious poisoning reportedly occurred after dermal exposure to benzyl alcohol present in an impure benzyl benzoate preparation used to massage skin (HSDB, 2004; Grant & Schuman, 1993).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
Dermal patches containing 0.05% benzyl alcohol in either an ethanol or cream base produced skin irritation in 18 of 614 patients (Bingham et al, 2001). In another study, patients who used five, 48 hours patches containing 10% benzyl alcohol over a 10-day period reported no adverse skin reactions (Bingham et al, 2001).
Dermal exposure to 16 mg for 48 hours can result in a mild skin reaction (RTECS, 2004). An accidental injection of pure benzyl alcohol prior to circumcision produced local tissue necrosis (HSDB, 2004).
Human inhalation of 10 ppm for 45 days (intermittent) produced headache, somnolence, and nausea/vomiting (RTECS, 2004). Inhalation of a bacteriostatic saline solution containing 9 mg/mL benzyl alcohol produced hemoptysis episodes and severe bronchitis in a 64-year-old man; substitution of preservative-free salines resolved the symptoms (Reynolds, 1990).
Severe complications resulted from intraocular use of sodium benzoate preserved with 2% benzyl alcohol (Grant & Schuman, 1993). Patients using eyedrops containing 0.7% benzyl alcohol applied every 8 hours for 22 months reported no adverse effects (Grant & Schuman, 1993).
Severe metabolic acidosis occurred in a 5-year-old girl following administration of a 36 hour-continuous intravenous infusion of diazepam, in which the patient received 180 mg/kg/day of benzyl alcohol. Benzoic acid serum and urine levels were 18 mg/mL and 120 mg/mL, respectively (Bingham et al, 2001)
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS100-51-6 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS100-51-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
UNASSIGNED- (OCULAR)RABBIT: UNASSIGNED- (INHALATION)RAT: UNASSIGNED- (ORAL)UNASSIGNED: The reported oral LD50 for rabbits is 1,040 mg/kg and for guinea pigs it's 2,500 mg/kg (RTECS, 2004).
UNASSIGNED- (ORAL)UNASSIGNED: UNASSIGNED- (ORAL)UNASSIGNED: B6C3F1 mice and Fischer 344 rats given oral doses of 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg for 13 weeks exhibited neurotoxicity only at the highest dose (Bingham et al, 2001).
CALCULATIONS
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS100-51-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS100-51-6 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS100-51-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS100-51-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS100-51-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS100-51-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS100-51-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS100-51-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS100-51-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS100-51-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS100-51-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS100-51-6 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS100-51-6 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
HANDLING
- Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing and equipment to protect against dermal and eye contact, inhalation, and ingestion of benzyl alcohol liquid and vapors (CHRIS, 2004).
- Wear rubber gloves and overclothing when working with benzyl alcohol (CHRIS, 2004).
- Avoid inhalation of vapors by using adequate respiratory protection(CHRIS, 2004).
- Keep benzyl alcohol away from ignition sources (ILO ICSC, 2000).
STORAGE
Store benzyl alcohol containers separately from strong oxidants and other reactive chemicals (ILO ICSC, 2000). At elevated temperatures, benzyl alcohol can corrode aluminum. Follow manufacturer's container and storage recommendations (Pohanish & Greene, 1997). Benzyl alcohol can react with some plastics. Follow manufacturer's container and storage recommendations (CHRIS, 2004; ILO ICSC, 2000).
Strong oxidizers can react violently with benzyl alcohol. Benzyl alcohol is also reactive with strong acids, caustics, aliphatic amines, isocyanates and it may degrade some plastics (CHRIS, 2004; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- Prevent eye and skin contact to liquid benzyl alcohol through use of appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment, including gloves, overclothing, and chemical safety goggles. Minimize inhalation of its vapors through use of adequate respiratory protection. Immediately remove any clothing that becomes wet or contaminated with this compound to prevent any dermal contact or skin absorption (CHRIS, 2004).
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Wear chemical-protective goggles or face shield when working with or around benzyl alcohol (CHRIS, 2004).
- Avoid bodily contact with liquid and vapors (CHRIS, 2004).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Avoid inhalation of benzyl alcohol vapors and liquid by using appropriate respiratory protection (CHRIS, 2004).
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 100-51-6.
OTHER
- INDUSTRIAL DECONTAMINATION
If benzyl alcohol contacts the skin, promptly wash the the affected area(s) with water or soap and water and seek medical attention as required (CHRIS, 2004). In case of eye contact, flush eyes with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes; seek medical attention (CHRIS, 2004). In case of inhalation, move victim to fresh air and seek immediate medical attention (CHRIS, 2004; ILO ICSC, 2000). In case of ingestion, seek immediate medical attention (CHRIS, 2004; ILO ICSC, 2000). Immediately remove any clothing that becomes contaminated with benzyl alcohol as it may be readily absorbed through the skin (CHRIS, 2004).
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures. POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Benzyl alcohol is a combustible liquid, and may become flammable if exposed to strong oxidants, heat, or flames (CHRIS, 2004; ILO ICSC, 2000). Benzyl alcohol can react violently with strong oxidizers creating both fire and explosion hazards (Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997a). Keep benzyl alcohol away from strong oxidants or bases, heat, potential ignition sources, and flames (CHRIS, 2004; ILO ICSC, 2000).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS100-51-6 (NFPA, 2002):
- INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES
Exposure of benzyl alcohol to strong oxidants, heat, or flames can create both fire and explosion hazards (CHRIS, 2004; ILO ICSC, 2000; Lewis, 2000). At elevated temperatures, benzyl alcohol may corrode aluminum (Pohanish & Greene, 1997a).
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS100-51-6 (NFPA, 2002):
- Use dry chemicals/powder, aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), or carbon dioxide to extinguish fire. Water and some foams may be ineffective for extinguishing fires. Water spray may be used to cool containers below flash point. Normal fire-fighting methods may be used (CHRIS, 2004; ILO ICSC, 2000).
- Wear breathing protection and up-to-date protective clothing (gas tight eye protection, gas tight respiratory equipment /self contained breathing apparatus, rubber gloves) (CHRIS, 2004; ILO ICSC, 2000).
When heated to decomposition, benzyl alcohol gives off acrid smoke and toxic fumes including carbon monoxide (ILO ICSC, 2000; Lewis, 2000).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Benzyl alcohol poses a potential explosion hazard when exposed to strong oxidizers (Pohanish & Greene, 1997a).
- Violent reactions may occur on contact with strong oxidants and other reactive agents (strong acids, caustics, aliphatic amines, isocyanates). Benzyl alcohol can degrade some plastics and at high temperatures, it can corrode aluminum (ILO ICSC, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997a).
- Explosive vapor/air mixtures may develop at temperatures above 101 degrees C (213 degrees F) (ILO ICSC, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997a).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- The vapors are a strong eye irritant and can be absorbed through the skin into the body. When heated to decomposition, benzyl alcohol emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes that are moderately hazardous to human health (CHRIS, 2004; Lewis, 2000).
- Explosive vapor/air mixtures may develop at temperatures above 101 degrees C (213 degrees F) (CHRIS, 2004; Pohanish & Greene, 1997a).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Benzyl alcohol reacts vigorously with strong oxidizers and strong acids. Mixtures with sulfuric acid (58%) may decompose explosively at about 180 degrees C (ILO ICSC, 2000; Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999; Pohanish & Greene, 1997a).
- Benzyl alcohol solutions containing acidic constituents (e.g., 1.4% hydrogen bromide) and dissolved iron (II) can polymerize exothermally above 100 degrees C. Bases (e.g., pyridine, alkali hydroxides) can inhibit the reaction preventing polymerization (NFPA, 2002; Urben, 1999).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
- Benzyl alcohol poses a fire and explosion hazard. It is moderately toxic when inhaled, ingested, or in direct contact with skin or eyes. Evacuate all unnecessary people upwind from the spill area (CHRIS, 2004; ILO ICSC, 2000).
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS100-51-6 (AIHA, 2006):
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS100-51-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Benzyl alcohol TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 10 TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 150 TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 150 TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 150 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS100-51-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS100-51-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Avoid direct contact with or inhalation of spilled benzyl alcohol. Ventilate to prevent mist generation. Remove all ignition sources from the area. Prevent spills from entering sewers or water intakes (CHRIS, 2004; ILO ICSC, 2000).
Ventilate the area. Collect spilled benzyl alcohol liquid in sealable containers. Use sand or inert absorbent to cleanup remaining liquid (ILO ICSC, 2000). Wear appropriate protective clothing and respiratory equipment to prevent inhalation of vapors and any direct contact with chemical vapor or liquid with eyes or skin (CHRIS, 2004; ILO ICSC, 2000).
Benzyl alcohol is easily biodegraded using biological sewage treatment (HSDB, 2004) Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- Benzyl alcohol is most commonly used in the textile industry as a dye assistant. It is also found in many consumer products. Exposure to benzyl alcohol may occur during its production, in the manufacture and use of industrial and commercial products of which it is a component, or from its presence in industrial waste streams, incinerator emissions, and auto exhaust. Vapor inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact are the principal exposure routes for the occupational and general populations (HSDB, 2004; Bingham et al, 2001; Howard, 1993).
- Benzyl alcohol also occurs naturally in some flower oils and tree exudates (HSDB, 2004)
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
Benzyl alcohol chiefly exists in the atmosphere in its vapor phase, given its measured vapor pressure of 0.094 mmHg at 25 degrees C. Atmospheric degradation primarily occurs through its reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals (half-life estimates 17 to 48 hours) (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993). The estimated half-life for this atmospheric reaction is 17 hours, given a rate constant of 2.3 x 10(-11) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C and an atmospheric concentration of 5 x 10(5) hydroxyl radicals per cm(3)(HSDB, 2004).
Rain washout and wet deposition processes can physically remove benzyl alcohol from the atmosphere since the compound is relatively soluble in water (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).
SURFACE WATER Benzyl alcohol does not readily volatilize but does biodegrade relatively quickly when released into water, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Benzyl alcohol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids or sediments, given estimated organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) values from <5 to 15 (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004; Howard, 1993). Volatilization from water surfaces is slow as a rule, given a Henry's Law Constant of 3.1 x 10(-7) atm/m(3)/mole (calculated from empirical values for vapor pressure, 0.094 mmHg, and water solubility, 42,000 mg/L) (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).
Estimated volatilization half-lives for benzyl alcohol are 75 days and 2.2 years, respectively, according to study results on a model river (1 m deep, 1 m/sec flow rate, 3 m/sec wind velocity) and model lake (1 m deep, 0.05 m/sec flow rate, 0.5 m/sec wind velocity) (HSDB, 2004). Benzyl alcohol has no hydrolyzable functional groups, therefore, hydrolysis is not considered an important environmental fate process (HSDB, 2004).
GROUND WATER
TERRESTRIAL Benzyl alcohol is expected to be highly mobile when released onto soil, and it may readily leach through soil to groundwater. Measured organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) values range from <5 to 15 (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993). Reported experimental Koc values for benzyl alcohol were <5 for the following soils: Fullerton with 0.06% organic carbon (OC); Apison with 0.11% OC; Dormont with 1.2% OC. A red-brown Australian soil (1.09% OC) had a reported experimental Koc of 15.6 (Verschueren, 2001; Howard, 1993). Benzyl alcohol's absorption potential is generally proportional to the soil's organic content (OHM/TADS, 2004).
Microbial biodegradation is an important environmental fate process for benzyl alcohol in soil (HSDB, 2004). Volatilization of benzyl alcohol from both dry and moist soil surfaces is possible, but slow and generally not considered an environmentally important fate process, given a vapor pressure of 0.094 mmHg and a Henry's Law Constant of 3.1 x 10(-7) atm/m(3)/mole (derived from vapor pressure of 0.094 mmHg and water solubility of 42,000 mg/L) (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- Benzyl alcohol has very high mobility in soil and readily biodegrades in both soil and water. Volatilization from soil surfaces may occur, but is not considered a significant environmental fate process. Benzyl alcohol generally does not adsorb to sediment or suspended particulate in water. The vapor phase photooxidizes or degrades by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).
BIODEGRADATION
- Benzyl alcohol is expected to readily biodegrade in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions (HSDB, 2004).
BIOACCUMULATION
Bioconcentration factors (BCF) of 1 and 5 have been reported for benzyl alcohol. The BCF of 1 was calculated from a regression equation and a log octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) of 1.1. The BCF of 5 was based on a log octanol water partition coefficient (log Kow). These low BCF values indicate a low bioconcentration potential for fish and aquatic organisms (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
MICROORGANISMS EC0 - BACTERIA (Escherichia coli): 1,000 mg/L for 48H(Verschueren, 2001) EC10 - BACTERIA (Pseudomonas putida): 658 mg/L for 16H(Verschueren, 2001) EC50 - BACTERIA (Photobacterium phosphoreum): 71 mg/L for 30 min; 50 mg/L for 5 min(Verschueren, 2001) IC50 - BACTERIA (Nitrosomonas): 390 mg/L for 24H; 2,100 mg/L for 48H -- inhibition of NH3 oxidation (Verschueren, 2001)
ALGAE EC0 - GREEN ALGAE (Anabaena inaequalis): 30 mg/L for 3H (Verschueren, 2001) EC50 - GREEN ALGAE (Anabaena cylindrica): 90 mg/L for 3H (Verschueren, 2001) EC50 - GREEN ALGAE (Scenedesmus quadricauda): 79 mg/L for 3H (Verschueren, 2001) EC50 - GREEN ALGAE (Haematococcus pluvialis): 2,600 mg/L for 4H (Verschueren, 2001) EC50 - GREEN ALGAE (Anabaena variabilis): 35 mg/L for 3H (Verschueren, 2001) EC50 - GREEN ALGAE (Chlorella pyrenoidosa): 95 mg/L for 3H (Verschueren, 2001) LC0 - GREEN ALGAE (Scenedesmus quadricauda): 640 ppm for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
INVERTEBRATES EC0 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia): 26 and 300 mg/L for for 24H (Verschueren, 2001) LC0 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia): 369 ppm for 48H (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia): 55 and 400 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001) LC100 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia): 100 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
FISH LC0 - ATLANTIC SALMON (Salmo trutta): >5 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001) LC0 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): >5 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001) LC0 - GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus): >5 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001) LC0 - IDE (Leuciscus idus) : 630 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 10 mg/L for 96H -- static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 770 mg/L for 1H, for 24H, and for 48H; 480 mg/L for 72H; 460 mg/L for 96H -- static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 460 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - IDE (Leuciscus idus) : 646 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - INLAND SILVERSIDE (Menidia beryllina): 15 mg/L for 96H -- static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - SEA LAMPRY (Petromyzon marinus), larvae: >5 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
- 108.14 g/mol (molecular mass) (Prod Info Ulesfia topical lotion, 2010)
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Benzyl alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint, pleasant aromatic odor and a sharp burning taste (Prod Info Ulesfia topical lotion, 2010; CHRIS, 2004; Lewis, 2001a) that is soluble in the following organic solvents:
alcohol, ether, and chloroform (Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 2001) ethanol, ether, acetone, benzene, and methanol (Lide, 2003) benzene (greater than 10% soluble) (HSDB, 2004) and 50% ethanol, 1:1.5 (Budavari, 2001)
- Benzyl alcohol is considered slightly soluble (Lewis, 2001; NFPA, 2002) to soluble in water (Lide, 2003). Benzyl alcohol also has the following water solubility based on weight and temperature:
1 g benzyl alcohol dissolves in approximately 25 mL (Budavari, 2001) 35,000 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001) 40,000 mg/L (at 17 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001) 42,900 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)
PH
- solution in water is neutral (HSDB, 2004)
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 0.15 mmHg at 25 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)
- 0.03 hPa (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)
- 0.09 hPa (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)
- 0.094 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)
- 0.67 hPa (at 50 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)
- 1 mmHg (at 58 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
1.05 (at 15/15 degrees C) (CHRIS, 2004) 1.05 (at 15/15 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
DENSITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
-15 degrees C (Verschueren, 2001) -15.19 degrees C (Budavari, 2001) -15.4 degrees C (Lide, 2003)
BOILING POINT
- 478 K; 205 degrees C; 401 degrees F (at 1 atm)(CHRIS, 2004)
- 205.31 degrees C (Lide, 2003)
- 206 degrees C (403 degrees F) (NFPA, 2002; Lewis, 2001; Verschueren, 2001)
FLASH POINT
- 93 degrees C (200 degrees F) (closed cup) (HSDB, 2004; NFPA, 2002)
- 213 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS, 2004; Budavari, 2001)
- 105 degrees C; 220 degrees F (open cup) (CHRIS, 2004; Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 2001)
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE
- 436 degrees C (817 degrees F) (CHRIS, 2004; NFPA, 2002; Lewis, 2001; Budavari, 2001)
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- log P: 1.1 (measured) (Verschueren, 2001)
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- 3.1 x 10(-7) atm-m(3)/mole (HSDB, 2004)
SPECTRAL CONSTANTS
OTHER/PHYSICAL
1.66 (HSDB, 2004) 13 (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004) 9.5 (at 70 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)
-8,260 cal/g; -345 x 10(5) J/kg; -14,850 Btu/lb (CHRIS, 2004) 894.3 kg-cal/g mol weight (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)
107 cal/g; 4.48 x 10(5) J/kg; 193 Btu/lb; (CHRIS, 2004) 50.48 kJ/mol (at 205.31 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)
1.53837 (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 2001) 1.5385 to 1.5405 (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 2001) 1.5396 (at 20 degrees C) (Lide, 2003) 1.54035 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2001)
- NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
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