BENZOYL PEROXIDE

ACETOXYL
ACNEGEL
AKNEROXID L
AZTEC BPO
BENOXYL
BENOXYL (5 & 10) LOTION
BENZAC
BENZAGEL 10
BENZAKNEW
BENZAKNEN
BENZOIC ACID, PEROXIDE
BENZOPEROXIDE
BENZOYL
BENZOYLPEROXID (German)
BENZOYL PEROXIDE
BENZOYLPEROXYDE (Dutch)
BENZOYL SUPEROXIDE
BPO
BZF-60
CADAT BPO
CADET
CADOX
CADOX B-CH 50
CADOX BS
CLEARASIL ANTIBACTERIAL ACNE LOTION
CLEARASIL BENZOYL PEROXIDE LOTION
CLEARASIL BP ACNE TREATMENT CREAM
CUTICURA ACNE CREAM
DEBROXIDE
DESANDEN
DIBENZOYLPEROXID (German)
DIBENZOYL PEROXIDE
DIBENZOYLPEROXYDE (Dutch)
DIPHENYLGLYOXAL PEROXIDE
DRY AND CLEAR
EPI-CLEAR
EPI CLEAR ANTISEPTIC LOTION
FOSTEX
GAROX
INCIDOL
LOROXIDE
LUCIDOL
LUCIDOL 50P
LUCIDOL B 50
LUCIDOL G 20
LUCIDOL KL 50
LUCIDOL-70
LUPERCO
LUPERCO AA
LUPERCO AST
LUPEROX FL
NAYPER B and BO
NERICUR
NOROX BZP-250
NOROX BZP-C-35
NOVADELOX
OXY-5
OXY-10
OXY-10 COVER
OXY-L
OXYLITE
OXY WASH
PANOXYL
PEROXYDERM
PEROXYDEX
PEROXIDE, DIBENZOYL
PEROSSIDO DI BENZOILE (Italian)
PEROXYDE DE BENZOYLE (French)
PERSADOX
PERSA-GEL
QUINOLOR COMPOUND
SANOXIT
STRI-DEX B.P.
SULFOXYL
SUPEROX
SUPEROX 744
THERADERM
TOPEX
VANOXIDE
XERAC
XERAC BP 5
XERAC BP 10
DIBENZOYL PEROXID (GERMAN)
DIBENZOYL PEROXIDE, NOT MORE THAN 62% WITH NOT LESS THAN 28% INERT SOLID AND NOT LESS THAN 10% WATER
PANOXYDERM
PANOXYDEX

IDENTIFIERS

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER

94-36-0(Benzoyl peroxide)

NIOSH/RTECS NUMBER

DM8575000

UN/NA NUMBER

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

STCC NUMBER

4919118 - Benzoyl peroxide (more than 77% but less than 95% with water)
4919117 - Benzoyl peroxide (not less than 30% but not more than 52% with inert solid)
4919116 - Benzoyl peroxide (not more than 72% as a paste)
4919115 - Benzoyl peroxide (benzoyl peroxide crystals, granules or powders, wet with not less than 30% water)
4919114 - Benzoyl peroxide (not more than 77% with water)
4919113 - Benzoyl peroxide (technically pure or) benzoyl peroxide, (more than 52% with inert solid)
4919110 - Benzoyl peroxide (benzoyl peroxide, dry or wet with less than 30% water)

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C14H10O4

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

146-ORGANIC PEROXIDES (HEAT, CONTAMINATION AND FRICTION SENSITIVE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2000; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; RTECS , 2000)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Benzoyl peroxide is used in varied capacities, including the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1997; ITI, 1995). It possesses antibacterial properties that make it effective as a topical application for acne treatment (Bingham et al, 2001). This compound is commonly utilized in the form of a 2.5% to 10% topical preparation for treatment of inflammatory acne, decubital and stasis ulcers, and pyoderma gangrenosum (HSDB , 2000).
Benzoyl peroxide is used in industry as an oxidizing agent in the processes of bleaching flour, oils, waxes, and fats (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1997; Budavari, 1996; ITI, 1995; Ashford, 1994; ACGIH, 1991; Sittig, 1991), and is used for drying unsaturated oils and in cheese manufacturing (HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1997; ITI, 1995).
This compound is employed as a polymerization initiator, a catalyst in the plastics industry, a curing agent for silicone rubbers and thermoset polyesters, a hardening catalyst for some fiberglass resins, and in vinyl flooring embossing (proprietary) (HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1997; Budavari, 1996; ITI, 1995; Ashford, 1994; Kohler & Meyer, 1993; ACGIH, 1991).
Benzoyl peroxide is utilized as a source of free radicals in organic synthesis, and is used in dental resin cement, for automobile body putty, in roof bolting, and in the mining industry (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2000; Budavari, 1996).

FORMS

Benzoyl peroxide exists as a white, granular, crystalline solid (Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 2000; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991). It is tasteless (Lewis, 2000; ITI, 1995) and has been described both as having a slightly bitter odor similar to almonds (Bingham et al, 2001; ITI, 1995) and as being odorless (CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 2000).
Benzoyl peroxide is available in 98% grade in the dry form, in grades ranging from 70% to 78% wet, and is available in the form of varied dibenzoyl peroxide and liquid plasticizer (such as tricresyl phosphate and silicon oil) pastes (CHRIS , 2000; HSDB , 2000).

SOURCES

Benzoyl peroxide is formed by:

Reaction of sodium peroxide with benzoyl chloride in water (Bingham et al, 2001).
Interaction of benzoyl chloride and a cooled solution of sodium peroxide (HSDB , 2000; Budavari, 1996).
Reaction of sodium hydroxide, benzoyl chloride, and hydrogen peroxide (HSDB , 2000).
Reaction of benzoyl chloride and hydrogen peroxide (dehydrochlorination) (HSDB , 2000; Ashford, 1994).

Benzoyl peroxide is not known to exist as a product of nature and is thought to be purely of anthropogenic origin (HSDB , 2000).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Benzoyl peroxide is commonly utilized as a 2.5% to 10% topical preparation for treatment of inflammatory acne, decubital and stasis ulcers, and pyoderma gangrenosum. Benzoyl peroxide is used in industry as an oxidizing agent, a polymerization initiator, a catalyst, and a curing agent. Benzoyl peroxide is utilized as a source of free radicals in organic synthesis, and is used in dental resin cement, for automobile body putty, in roof bolting, and in the mining industry.

PHARMACOLOGY: Benzoyl peroxide has antimicrobial activity.

TOXICOLOGY: Benzoyl peroxide is irritating to skin and mucous membranes. Allergic dermatitis may occur.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Overdose is rare and clinically significant toxicity has not been reported.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

No overdoses resulting in significant toxicity have been reported.

WITH THERAPEUTIC USE

Adverse effects include contact dermatitis, xeroderma, erythema, and skin peeling.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 146 (ERG, 2004)

Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with substance may cause severe injury or burns.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

There have been no reports of systemic toxicity from BP in humans (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1993). BP is a skin and eye irritant (NIOSH/OSHA) and can be absorbed through intact skin, where it is converted to benzoic acid (HSDB). At airborne concentrations greater than 12 mg/m(3), the dust irritates the nose and throat (ACGIH, 1986). Direct skin contact can cause inflammation, swelling and itching (NIOSH/OSHA). Experimental animal studies have shown changes in the liver, kidneys, and bladder following oral exposure (RTECS, 1996).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Benzoyl peroxide is a sensitizer and can cause allergic dermatitis (Jensen, 1980; ACGIH, 1991).
In one occupational study, there were reports of effects on the upper respiratory tract, blood, cardiovascular system, and nerves in persons exposed to phosgene and benzoyl chloride (Kayanovich, 1962). These effects could not be attributed to BP alone because of the mixed exposures.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

Gastrointestinal decontamination is not indicated. Wash exposed skin and irrigate exposed eyes.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 146 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
Contaminated clothing may be a fire risk when dry.
Remove material from skin immediately.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. However, as required by the Occupational safety and Health Administration (OSHA), individuals who wear contact lenses in the workplace must combine them with appropriate industrial safety eyewear.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin, and respiratory system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Gastrointestinal decontamination is not indicated.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

According to HSDB (2000), benzoyl peroxide has a potential minimum oral lethal dose of 0.5 to 5 g/kg or 1 ounce to 1 pint (or 1 pound) for a human weighing 70 kilograms (150 pounds) (HSDB , 2000).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

Human exposure equal to or greater than 12.2 mg/m(3) produced nose and throat irritation (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996).
The general population is most likely to be exposed to benzoyl peroxide by inhalation of benzoyl peroxide-containing products or through dermal contact with benzoyl peroxide-containing cosmetics. Occupational exposure is most likely through inhalation or dermal contact in industrial environments using or producing the chemical (HSDB , 2000).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS94-36-0 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Benzoyl peroxide

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Benzoyl peroxide

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Benzoyl peroxide
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS94-36-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Clayton & Clayton, 1993 HSDB, 2000 ITI, 1995 Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 2002
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SKIN)MOUSE:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS94-36-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Benzoyl peroxide

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 5 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and skin irr
Molecular Weight: 242.22

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS94-36-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS94-36-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Benzoyl peroxide
REL:

TWA: 5 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 1500 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS94-36-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Benzoyl peroxide
Table Z-1 for Benzoyl peroxide:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS94-36-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:7500

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS94-36-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS94-36-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS94-36-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS94-36-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS94-36-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Benzoyl peroxide
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS94-36-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS94-36-0 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Peroxide, dibenzoyl

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS94-36-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Benzoyl peroxide is highly flammable and explosive, and is sensitive to friction, shock, and heat (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001). Prevent exposure to heat, flame, sparks, direct sunlight, friction, and shock. Keep this substance away from organic materials (i.e. resins & oils), active carbon, metallic powders, and iron rust (ITI, 1995) and avoid contact with polymerization catalysts (i.e. dimethylaniline), alcohols, acids, ethers, and other reducing agents (Lewis, 2000). Additionally, avoid combustible materials, oxidizers, bases, metals, metal oxides, amines, accelerators, methyl methacrylate, lithium, aluminum carbide, dimethyl aniline, and metallic naphthenates (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Persons handling benzoyl peroxide should be equipped with the proper personal protective equipment.
Storage of benzoyl peroxide should be in a detached, fire-resistive, well-ventilated, cool, dark building; isolated storage of this compound is required (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Sittig, 1991). The storage building should be equipped with explosion venting that routes in a safe direction and electrical installation and heating facilities should be prohibited within the storage area (Sittig, 1991).

HANDLING

In its dry form, benzoyl peroxide is highly flammable and explosive, sensitive to friction, shock, and heat, and must be handled with extreme caution (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001).

Because of these dangers, the compound is often handled and sold wetted or diluted (phlegmatized) with an unreactive organic solvent (such as phthalate ester) (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Kohler & Meyer, 1993).
Benzoyl peroxide pastes (usually containing water or plasticizer) are considerably safer for handling than the dry form of the chemical (ACGIH, 1991).

When handling this compound, prevent exposure to heat, flame, sparks, and contamination (Bingham et al, 2001). Ensure protection from friction, shock, and rough handling (Lewis, 2000).

To prevent further dangerous results such as explosion or flashing, keep benzoyl peroxide away from organic materials (i.e. resins & oils), active carbon, metallic powders, and iron rust (ITI, 1995) and avoid contact with polymerization catalysts (i.e. dimethylaniline), alcohols, acids, ethers, and other reducing agents (Lewis, 2000). Additionally, avoid combustible materials, oxidizers, bases, metals, metal oxides, amines, accelerators, methyl methacrylate, lithium aluminum carbide, dimethyl aniline, and metallic naphthenates (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Persons handling benzoyl peroxide should be equipped with the proper personal protective equipment. Safety goggles, safety glasses with sideshields, or a face shield and appropriate chemical protective clothing should be worn, in addition to a breathing apparatus, when necessary (Sittig, 1991).

For more detailed information on chemical protective clothing as related to benzoyl peroxide, see the "Personal Protection" section.

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Dry benzoyl peroxide is highly flammable (ignites readily and burns rapidly) and explosive, and is sensitive to shock, friction, heat, and contact with combustibles (Urben, 1995).
- Containers of benzoyl peroxide must be protected from friction, shock, and physical damage (ITI, 1995; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
- When heated, containers of this compound may explode, thus care should be taken to maintain proper temperature control (ERG, 2000). Avoid contact with open flame, sparks, direct sunlight, and other heat sources (Lewis, 2000).
Benzoyl peroxide should be stored in small quantities in tightly closed containers (ITI, 1995).
The original containers should be used for storage of benzoyl peroxide, and the material should be used from these containers (Sittig, 1991).
- Dry benzoyl peroxide is shipped inside wooden or fiberboard boxes as one-pound, individually packed paper bags lined with polyethylene or in fiber containers (Sittig, 1991).
- Wet benzoyl peroxide (30% water by weight) is shipped as one-pound, individually packed paper bags lined with polyethylene or in fiber containers, placed in a tightly sealed fiber-board container (Sittig, 1991).
Drums or barrels of metal, lined with polyethylene (or a similarly appropriate material) may also be used as benzoyl peroxide containers (Sittig, 1991).
"Waxed paper tubs are recommended to store this and other sensitive solids" (Urben, 1995).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Dry benzoyl peroxide is highly flammable (ignites readily and burns rapidly) and explosive, and is sensitive to shock, friction, heat, and contact with combustibles (Urben, 1995).
- Storage of benzoyl peroxide should be in a detached, fire-resistive, well-ventilated, cool, dark building. No other materials should be stored in the same building with benzoyl peroxide; isolated storage of this compound is required (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Sittig, 1991).
- The storage building should be equipped with explosion venting that routes in a safe direction and electrical installation and heating facilities should be prohibited within the storage area (Sittig, 1991).
- The storage area should protect the compound from direct sunlight, open flames, sparks, and other heat sources, and should be a place the material will not experience friction or shock (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Prevent possible contact of benzoyl peroxide with organic materials (i.e. resins and oils), active carbon, metallic powders, iron rust, polymerization catalysts (i.e. dimethylaniline), alcohols, acids, ethers, and other reducing agents (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000). Additionally, avoid combustible materials, oxidizers, bases, metals, metal oxides, amines, accelerators, methyl methacrylate, lithium aluminum carbide, dimethyl aniline, and metallic naphthenates (Pohanish & Greene, 1997)
For more detailed information on chemical incompatibilities as related to benzoyl peroxide, see "Reactivity Hazard" section.

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 146 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 94-36-0.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Chlorinated Polyethylene

ILC Dover, Inc.

Chemturion

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)

Standard Safety Equipment Company

ChemMaster

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)

Microporous Fabric

Workrite

CSP Garments

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Workrite, 1997)

Neoprene

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Chem Tech II splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Nitrile

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Super nitrile splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Plastic Laminate

ILC Dover, Inc.

Ready 1

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)

Standard Safety Equipment Company

Mitigator

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)

Polyurethane

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Cool air splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyvinyl Chloride

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

8000 Series splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Acid Suit splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Chem King splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Chem Tech I splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Flame Tech splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Job King splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Warm Ã"N Dry splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Standard Safety Equipment Company

Greylite-20

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)

Winterglo-20

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)

Styrene-butadiene Rubber (SBR)

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Vultex splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Teflon Laminate

ChemFab Corporation

Challenge 5000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (ChemFab Corporation, 1993)

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Neoprene

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Neoprene III

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Nitrile+PVC

Onguard Industries

Heartland

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Purolite

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyurethane+PVC

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Polyblend

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Superpoly

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane Blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyvinyl Chloride

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Resistor

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Sureflex

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Supreme

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Rubber blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Economy Short Boot

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Bluemax

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Hazmax

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polymax

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Standard

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

GLOVES

Natural Rubber

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Montgomery Safety Products

Natural Rubber

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Montgomery Safety Products

Neoprene

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene+NatR

Playtex

123 Argus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial CR Glove #827

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial Glove #834

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial HD Glove #103

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Utility Glove #835

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Nitrile

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Montgomery Safety Products

M-Tech

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
ChemFab Corporation 701 Daniel Webster Highway Box 1137 Merrimack, NH 03054 USA Phone: (603) 424-9000 Fax: (603) 424-9012 Toll-Free: (800) 451-6101 Website: http://www.chemfab.com
ILC Dover, Inc. One Moonwalker Rd. Frederica, DE 19946-2080 USA Phone: (302) 335-3911 Toll-Free: (800) 631-9567 Website: http://www.ilcdover.com Email: Customer_Service@ilcdover.com
LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products 18550 NE Riverside Parkway Portland, OR 97230 USA Phone: (800) 557-7246 Fax: (800) 558-0188 Toll-Free: (800) 557-7246 Website: http://www.lacrosserainfair.com Email: info@lacrossesafety.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
Montgomery Safety Products 1117 Marion Avenue, SW Canton, OH 44707 USA Phone: (800) 562-0600 Toll-Free: (800) 562-0600 Website: http://www.montgomerysafety.com Email: gloves@montgomerysafety.com
Onguard Industries 1850 Clark Road Havre de Grace, MD 21078 USA Phone: (410) 272-2000 Fax: (800) 304-2282 Toll-Free: (800) 365-2282 Website: http://www.onguardindustries.com Email: support@onguardindustries.com
Playtex 300 Nyala Farms Road Westport, CT 06880 USA
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com
Servus (Norcross Safety Products) 1136 Second St Rock Island, IL 61202 USA Phone: (800) 777-9021 Fax: (800) 267-6809 Toll-Free: (800) 777-9021 Website: http://www.servusproducts.com Email: info@nspusa.com
Standard Safety Equipment Company 1407 Ridgeview Drive McHenry, IL 60050 USA Phone: (815) 363-8565 Fax: (815) 363-8633 Toll-Free: (815) 363-8565 Website: http://www.standardsafety.com Email: solson@standardsafety.com
Workrite 500 East Third Street Box 1192 Oxnard, CA 93032 USA Phone: (805) 483-0715 Fax: (805) 483-0678 Toll-Free: (800) 521-1888 Website: http://www.workrite.com Email: info@workrite.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 146 (ERG, 2004)
- May explode from heat, shock, friction or contamination.
- May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- May burn rapidly with flare-burning effect.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
Dry benzoyl peroxide is highly flammable (ignites readily and burns rapidly) and explosive, and is sensitive to shock, friction, and contact with combustibles (Urben, 1995).
- Fire or explosion may result with heat, flame, sparks, and contamination, and explosive decomposition may occur when benzoyl peroxide is added to hot reaction mixtures (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Lewis, 1996).
Explosion or flashing may result from benzoyl peroxide's contact with organic materials (i.e. resins & oils), active carbon, metallic powders, iron rust, and polymerization catalysts (i.e. dimethylaniline), alcohols, acids, ethers, and other reducing agents(ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996).
A risk of fire and explosion exists when benzoyl peroxide comes into contact with combustible materials, oxidizers, bases, metals, metal oxides, amines, accelerators, methyl methacrylate, lithium aluminum carbide, dimethyl aniline, and metallic naphthenates (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Benzoyl peroxide ignites at 80 degrees C (176 degrees F) (Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS94-36-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Dry benzoyl peroxide is highly flammable (ignites readily and burns rapidly) and explosive, and is sensitive to shock, friction, heat, and contact with combustibles (Urben, 1995).
Fire or explosion may result with heat, flame, sparks, and contamination, and explosive decomposition may occur when benzoyl peroxide is added to hot reaction mixtures (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Lewis, 1996).
Explosion or flashing may result from benzoyl peroxide's contact with organic materials (i.e. resins & oils), active carbon, metallic powders, iron rust, and polymerization catalysts (i.e. dimethylaniline), alcohols, acids, ethers, and other reducing agents (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996).
Benzoyl peroxide may spontaneously explode when it is overheated under confinement or heated above its melting point. Flammable products are formed when the compound undergoes explosive decomposition above its melting point (103 degrees) (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996).
There is also a risk of fire and explosion when benzoyl peroxide comes into contact with combustible materials, oxidizers, bases, metals, metal oxides, amines, accelerators, methyl methacrylate, lithium aluminum carbide, dimethyl aniline, and metallic naphthenates (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Benzoyl peroxide ignites at 80 degrees C (176 degrees F) (Sittig, 1991).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 146 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray or fog is preferred; if water not available use dry chemical, CO2 or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 146 (ERG, 2004)

Flood fire area with water from a distance.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat.
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS94-36-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Fight fires involving benzoyl peroxide using water spray or foam from a safe, explosion-resistant distance and place (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

If the benzoyl peroxide itself is not on fire, a water spray can be used to keep the material cool until after the fire is out (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Benzoyl peroxide forms toxic, irritating fumes and gases of carbon monoxide and benzoic acid on combustion (ILO, 1998).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Benzoyl peroxide is a highly flammable and explosive substance, especially in its dry form (ACGIH, 1991; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

This compound is unstable to heat, posing a dangerous explosion hazard (Budavari, 1996; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996).

It will explode at approximately 200 degrees C (392 degrees F)(Sittig, 1991).
Dry benzoyl peroxide may spontaneously explode, and may explode when overheated under confinement or heated above its melting point. It forms flammable products upon explosive decomposition above its melting point (103 degrees C). Do not mix unless 33% or more water is present (Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997).
Benzoyl peroxide should not be introduced to heated reaction mixtures due to risk of explosive decomposition (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

Risk of explosive decomposition exists with friction, shock, or concussion (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996).

Violent reactions posing fire and explosion dangers also occur upon contact with acids, alcohols, and amines (ILO, 1998).

At elevated temperatures and pressures, explosion will occur when benzoyl peroxide is mixed with carbon tetrachloride + ethylene. Explosive or violent reactions result from benzoyl peroxide's contact with N,N-dimethylaniline, aniline, dimethyl sulfide, lithium tetrahydroaluminate, and N-bromosuccinimide + 4-toluic acid (Lewis, 1996).

A high explosion risk exists with the crystallization of benzoyl peroxide from hot chloroform solution (Urben, 1995).

Benzoyl peroxide will attack some forms of rubber, plastics, and coatings, presenting potential for fire and explosion (ILO, 1998).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Toxic and irritating fumes and gases of benzoic acid and carbon monoxide are produced on combustion of benzoyl peroxide (ILO, 1998).

Decomposition of benzoyl peroxide releases dense white smoke containing benzoic acid, benzene, phenyl benzoate, biphenyls, terphenyls, and carbon dioxide (HSDB, 2004).

This compound is considered highly toxic by inhalation (Lewis, 1997).

Pronounced throat and nose irritation has been experienced by workers exposed to benzoyl peroxide levels of 12.2 mg/m(3) and higher (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Benzoyl peroxide is a highly flammable and explosive substance, especially in its dry form (ACGIH, 1991; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

Dry benzoyl peroxide may spontaneously explode, and may explode when overheated under confinement or heated over its melting point, and forms flammable products upon explosive decomposition above its melting point (103 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996).
Do not mix unless 33% or more water is present (Lewis, 1997).

This compound is unstable to heat, posing a dangerous explosion hazard (Budavari, 1996; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996).

Benzoyl peroxide should not be introduced to heated reaction mixtures due to risk of explosive decomposition (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

Risk of explosive decomposition exists with friction, shock, or concussion (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996).

Benzoyl peroxide is a strong oxidant, reacting violently with reducing materials/easily oxidizable materials (such as ethers) and combustibles (such as paper, wood, oil, etc.) (CHRIS , 2000; ILO, 1998).

Reactions resulting in flashing or explosion take place between benzoyl peroxide and organic materials (such as resins and oils), active carbon, metallic powders, and iron rust (ITI, 1995).
Violent reactions take place when this compound comes into contact with alcohols, amines, alkalies, many inorganic and organic acids, and polymerization accelerators (such as dimethylaniline) (CHRIS , 2000; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996).
Benzoyl peroxide will attack some forms of rubber, plastics, and coatings, presenting potential for fire and explosion (ILO, 1998).

Selected specific reactions illustrating reactivity hazards involving benzoyl peroxide are as follows:

Ignition results from benzoyl peroxide in contact with methylmethacrylate and in contact with vinyl acetate + ethyl acetate (HSDB, 2004; Lewis, 1996).
At elevated temperatures and pressures, explosion will occur when benzoyl peroxide is mixed with carbon tetrachloride + ethylene (HSDB, 2004).
Explosive or violent reactions result from benzoyl peroxide's contact with N,N-dimethylaniline, aniline, dimethyl sulfide, lithium tetrahydroaluminate, and N-bromosuccinimide + 4-toluic acid (Lewis, 1996).
Toxic and irritating fumes and gases of benzoic acid and carbon monoxide are produced on combustion of benzoyl peroxide (ILO, 1998).
Decomposition of benzoyl peroxide releases dense white smoke containing benzoic acid, phenyl benzoate, terphenyls, biphenyls, benzene, and carbon dioxide (HSDB, 2004).
A severe explosion risk exists with the crystallization of benzoyl peroxide from hot chloroform solution (Urben, 1995).
Polymerization of vinyl acetate with benzoyl peroxide in ethyl acetate accelerated out of control, resulting in discharge of a large volume of vapor which ignited and exploded (Urben, 1995).
An ampoule holding 0.5 g of N,N-dimethylaniline, broken in an autoclave, reacted with finely ground benzoyl peroxide, leading to explosive decomposition (HSDB, 2004).
Combining 1 g of benzoyl peroxide and 1 drop of aniline yields a mild explosion (HSDB, 2004).
Upon adding benzoyl peroxide to a stainless steel beaker, previously rinsed with methyl methacrylate, the benzoyl peroxide polymerized the methacrylate, releasing enough heat to ignite the remaining benzoyl peroxide (HSDB, 2004).
Explosion resulted from an attempt to reduce benzoyl peroxide with lithium aluminum hydride (HSDB, 2004).
When heated to over 50 degrees C, the reaction of benzoyl peroxide and charcoal is violent (HSDB, 2004).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 146 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial evacuation for at least 250 meters (800 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 146 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 146 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS94-36-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS94-36-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Benzoyl peroxide
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 5
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 5
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 5
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS94-36-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS94-36-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 1500 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 146 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Keep substance wet using water spray.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 146 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Evacuate all people from the spill area and only allow persons with the proper protective devices and clothing to handle the spill (Sittig, 1991).
Cover the spill with vermiculite dampened with water, sand, clay, or other appropriate absorbent material and place into polyethylene containers. Use only non-sparking metals and DO NOT use cellulosic materials (paper, wood, etc) in the spill clean-up process (Sittig, 1991).
For a very small quantity of spilled benzoyl peroxide, carefully add 10 volumes of NH4OH and wait 24 hours. Neutralize the mixture (ITI, 1995).
Mix or absorb small amounts of benzoyl peroxide on sand and soak in 10% NH4OH. Using a plastic spoon, place into an open furnace pit and ignite from a cautious distance (ITI, 1995).
Pretreat benzoyl peroxide with sodium hydroxide; the resulting sodium benzoate solution is biodegradable. It may require mixing with a noncombustible material, followed by controlled incineration (Sittig, 1991).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 146 (ERG, 2004)
- Take up with inert, damp, non-combustible material using clean non-sparking tools and place into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.
For a very small quantity of spilled benzoyl peroxide, neutralize the mixture by carefully adding 10 volumes of NH4OH and wait 24 hours (ITI, 1995).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 146 (ERG, 2004)
- Wet down with water and dike for later disposal.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Pretreat benzoyl peroxide with sodium hydroxide; the resulting sodium benzoate solution is biodegradable. If the quantity of the solution is large, a pH adjustment may be required or it may require mixing with a noncombustible material, followed by controlled incineration (Sittig, 1991).
For a very small quantity of spilled benzoyl peroxide, neutralize the mixture by carefully adding 10 volumes of NH4OH and wait 24 hours (ITI, 1995).
Mix or absorb small amounts of benzoyl peroxide on sand and soak in 10% NH4OH. Using a plastic spoon, place into an open furnace pit and ignite from a cautious distance (ITI, 1995).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

BIOREMEDIATION

Benzoyl peroxide concentrations of 100 ppm reached 84 percent of theoretical BOD in 21 days, as shown by the Japanese MITI test using an inoculum of activated sludge (HSDB, 2004).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

If the sodium benzoate solution from pretreating benzoyl peroxide with sodium hydroxide is large, it may require mixing with a noncombustible material and treatment through controlled incineration (Sittig, 1991).
Mix or absorb small amounts of benzoyl peroxide on sand and soak in 10% NH4OH. Using a plastic spoon, place into an open furnace pit and ignite from a cautious distance (ITI, 1995).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Because of its use in a wide variety of processes and products, benzoyl peroxide may be released to the environment through assorted waste streams (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Benzoyl peroxide, with an approximate vapor pressure of 7.1x10(-5) mmHg at 25 degrees C, exists in both the particulate and vapor phases in the ambient atmosphere according to a gas/particle partitioning model of semivolatile atmospheric organic compounds (HSDB, 2004).
Atmospheric degradation of vapor-phase benzoyl peroxide occurs through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals (HSDB, 2004).
- A rate constant of 3.6 x 10(-12) cu cm/molecule-sec (at 25 degrees C) has been estimated (by a structure estimation method) for the vapor-phase reaction of benzoyl peroxide and photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. Based on this value, the atmospheric half-life for benzoyl peroxide is estimated to be approximately 4.5 days, with a 5x10(5) hydroxyl radicals per cu cm atmospheric concentration (HSDB, 2004).
Based on an estimated rate constant for atmospheric reaction of benzoyl peroxide and hydroxyl radicals, the photooxidation half-life ranges from an estimated low of 51.0 hours (2.1 days) to an estimated high of 510 hours (21.3 days) (Howard et al, 1991).
Physical removal of particulate-phase benzoyl peroxide from the air may occur through wet and dry deposition. Benzoyl peroxide dissolved in dioxane had a reported maximum absorption of 275 nm, with no absorption above 320 nm. The fact that it does show some absorption above 290 nm (sunlight) signifies that benzoyl peroxide may directly photolyze (HSDB, 2004).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- It is probable that benzoyl peroxide adsorbs to sediments and suspended solids in water due to its estimated Koc value of 1,800 (derived from an experimental 3.46 log Kow value), a recommended regression-derived equation, and a recommended classification scheme (HSDB, 2004).
- An estimated 3.5x10(-6) atm-cu m/mole Henry's Law constant (derived from a fragment constant estimation method) suggests that this compound may volatilize from surfaces of water (HSDB, 2004).
- A model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) has an estimated volatilization half-life of 16 days; the volatilization half-life of a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated to be 123 days (HSDB, 2004).
- Using scientific judgment based on aerobic natural water die-away tests revealing measured half-lives for benzoic acid, the estimated half-life for benzoyl peroxide in surface water ranges from a low of 24 hours (1 day) to a high of 168 hours (7 days) (Howard et al, 1991).
GROUND WATER
- The estimated half-life of the compound in groundwater ranges from a low of 48 hours (2 days) to a high of 336 hours (14 days), using scientific judgment based on aerobic natural water die-away tests (Howard et al, 1991).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- It is probable that benzoyl peroxide has low mobility in soil due to its estimated Koc value of 1,800 (derived from an experimental 3.46 log Kow value), a recommended regression-derived equation, and a recommended classification scheme (HSDB, 2004).
- An estimated 3.5x10(-6) atm-cu m/mole Henry's Law constant (derived from a fragment constant estimation method) suggests that this compound's volatilization from surfaces of moist soil may be important (HSDB, 2004).
- Benzoyl peroxide is not likely to volatilize from surfaces of dry soil according to its approximate vapor pressure of 7.1x10(-5) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (derived from a fragment constant method) (HSDB, 2004).
- Based on the anticipated high reactivity of benzoyl peroxide and organic matter in soil, the estimated half-life of benzoyl peroxide in soil ranges from a low of 4 hours to a high of 48 hours (Howard et al, 1991).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Benzoyl peroxide is not expected to have high mobility in soil and it will likely adsorb to sediments and suspended solids in water due to its estimated organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) of 1,800. It quickly reacts with organic matter in soil. Volatilization from surface water or moist soil may occur based on the Henry's Law Constant of 3.5 x 10(-6) atm-m(3)/mole. It is not expected to volatilize from dry soils, based on its approximate vapor pressure of 7.1 x 10(-5) mmHg (at 25 degrees C). It exists in vapor or particulate forms in air, and degrades through reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Biodegradation is possible in aquatic systems (HSDB, 2004; Howard et al, 1991).

BIODEGRADATION

Based on scientific judgment of aerobic natural water die-away tests revealing measured half-lives for benzoic acid, the aqueous biodegradation (unacclimated) aerobic half-life of benzoyl peroxide ranges from a low of 24 hours (1 day) to a high of 168 hours (7 days), and the aqueous biodegradation (unacclimated) anaerobic half-life ranges from a low of 96 hours (4 days) to a high of 672 hours (28 days) (Howard et al, 1991).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

High bioconcentration of the compound in aquatic organisms is suspected from benzoyl peroxide's estimated BCF of 250 (determined from an experimental log Kow) (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

242.23 (Prod Info Benzamycin(R) Pak topical gel, 2006; Prod Info BENZAMYCIN(R) topical gel, 2008)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Benzoyl peroxide exists as a white, granular, crystalline solid which is soluble in acetone, chloroform, and ether, and sparingly soluble in water and alcohol (Prod Info Benzamycin(R) Pak topical gel, 2006; Prod Info BENZAMYCIN(R) topical gel, 2008; CHRIS, 2005; Bingham et al, 2001; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Sittig, 1991). It is tasteless (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000) and has been described both as having a slightly bitter odor similar to almonds (Bingham et al, 2001; ITI, 1995) and as being odorless (CHRIS, 2005; Lewis, 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

< 0.1 torr (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005; ACGIH, 1991)

< 1 mmHg (NIOSH , 2000)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.33 (68/39.2 degrees F) (WATER=1) (NIOSH , 2000)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.334 g/L (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005; Bingham et al, 2001) Chemsoft, 1996; (Lewis, 1997)
1.334 (at 25 degrees C) (WATER=1) (ILO, 1998)
1.33 (at 25 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

SOLID: 1.334 (at 15 degrees C) (CHRIS, 2005)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

103 degrees C; 217 degrees F; 376 degrees K (CHRIS, 2005; NIOSH , 2000)

MELTING POINT

103 - 106 degrees C (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996a)
103 - 106 degrees C, at which point it undergoes explosive decomposition (ACGIH, 1991; ILO, 1998)
103 - 105 degrees C, with explosive decomposition (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997)
106 - 108.6 degrees C, with decomposition (Lewis, 2000)

BOILING POINT

"Explodes" (ILO, 1998)

"Decomposes explosively" (Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 2000)

FLASH POINT

80 degrees C; 176 degrees F (ITI, 1995; NIOSH , 2000; Sittig, 1991)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

80 degrees C; 176 degrees F (ACGIH, 1991) Chemsoft, 1996; (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000; Sittig, 1991)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Slightly soluble in water (HSDB, 2005; ACGIH, 1991; ILO, 1998; Kohler & Meyer, 1993; Lewis, 1997)
Water solubility = 9.10 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005)
< 1% (NIOSH , 2000)
Insoluble in water (Lewis, 2000)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Soluble in nearly all organic solvents (HSDB, 2005; ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997)
Soluble in acetone, benzene, chloroform, ethanol, and ethyl ether (HSDB, 2005)
Slightly soluble in alcohols (HSDB, 2005; Kohler & Meyer, 1993; Lewis, 1997)
Soluble in acetone, benzene, and chloroform (Lewis, 2000)
Soluble in benzene, chloroform, and ether (Kohler & Meyer, 1993).

OTHER

Slightly soluble in vegetable oils (HSDB, 2005; Lewis, 1997)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 3.46 (HSDB, 2005)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

3.5x10(-6) atm-cu m/mole (using a fragment constant estimation method) (HSDB, 2005)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

6113 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB, 2005)

127 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB, 2005)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Odorless (CHRIS, 2005)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

1551.7 kcal/mole (HSDB, 2005)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.543/D (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB, 2005)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

7604 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB, 2005)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 5th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1986.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1991.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.

Anon: Mutagenic Evaluation of Compound FDA 73-81, Benzoyl Peroxide Lucidol-78 (Wet). Contract No FDA-74-2104, USFDA, Rockville, MD, 1975, pp 33.

Ansell-Edmont: SpecWare Chemical Application and Recommendation Guide. Ansell-Edmont. Coshocton, OH. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.ansellpro.com/specware. As accessed 10/31/2001.

Ashford R: Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, Wavelength Publications Ltd, London, England, 1994.

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BENZOYL PEROXIDE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents