BENZOYL CHLORIDE

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

-IDENTIFICATION

SYNONYMS

BENZOYL CHLORIDE
BENZALDEHYDE, alpha-CHLORO-
BENZENE CARBONYL CHLORIDE
BENZENECARBONYL CHLORIDE
BENZOIC ACID CHLORIDE
BENZOIC ACID, CHLORIDE
BENZOYLCHLORID (German)
alpha-CHLOROBENZALDEHYDE

IDENTIFIERS

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER

98-88-4(Benzoyl chloride)

NIOSH/RTECS NUMBER

DM6600000

UN/NA NUMBER

1736-Benzoyl chloride

STCC NUMBER

49 317 25 - Benzoyl chloride

DESIGNATIONS

STANDARD INDUSTRIAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION NUMBER:51139

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C7-H5-Cl-O

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

137-SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE - CORROSIVE(for UN/NA Number1736)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(ACGIH, 1996; Ariel GlobalView, 2002; CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002; NTP , 2001; RTECS , 2002)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

The major use for benzoyl chloride is in the industrial production of benzoyl peroxide. It is also used in organic synthesis for introduction of the benzoyl radical into alcohols, phenols, and amines (Schotten-Baumann reaction) (ACGIH, 1996; Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2001).
Benzoyl chloride is employed as an analytical reagent (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2001).
Additional uses of benzoyl chloride include the formulation of herbicides and the production of dyes, pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, and perfumes (ACGIH, 1996; Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995).

FORMS

Benzoyl chloride exists as a colorless to slightly yellow or brown, hygroscopic liquid with a pungent odor (Ashford, 1994; HSDB , 2002; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2001; NTP , 2001).
It is available in 99+ percent, special, technical, peroxide and agricultural grades of purity (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002).

SOURCES

Benzoyl chloride is produced through the following reactions (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 2001):

Acetic acid + benzotrichloride
Benzoic acid + benzotrichloride
Benozic acid + sulfuryl chloride
Benzotrichloride + water, zinc chloride present
Phosphorous tri- or pentachloride + benzoic acid
Propionic acid + ebnzotrichloride

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Benzoyl chloride may be irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Signs and symptoms of exposure may include nose, throat, and lung irritation; coughing; sneezing; choking; difficulty breathing; acute lung injury; and liver and kidney damage.

Skin contact can cause burns; eye contact may result in lacrimation, pain, inflammation, and blurred vision. Ingestion may cause vomiting and abdominal pain. Chronic pharyngitis, chronic sinusitis, hyposmia or anosmia, parachroma, and warts have been reported in workers engaged in benzoyl chloride production; however, because it goes through several intermediates during production, exactly what substance contributes to these findings has not been determined.

IARC classifies benzoyl chloride in Group 3: not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. Mutations have been observed in S typhimurium.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

CORROSIVE and/or TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Reaction with water may generate much heat which will increase the concentration of fumes in the air.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation, DO NOT induce emesis.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

HUMAN

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

HUMAN

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
A one minute exposure to concentrations of as little as 2 ppm have been reported as irritating and intolerable (ACGIH, 1996; RTECS , 2002).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS98-88-4 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Benzoyl chloride

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2A ; Listed as: benzoyl chloride

2A : The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent (mixture) may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 1 ; Listed as: alpha-Chlorinated toluenes: mixture of benzoyl chloride

Category 1 : Substances that cause cancer in man and can be assumed to make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Epidemiological studies provide adequate evidence of a positive correlation between the exposure of humans and the occurence of cancer. Limited epidemiological data can be substantiated by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS98-88-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1996 HSDB, 2002 ITI, 1995 RTECS, 2002
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TD- (SKIN)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SKIN)MOUSE:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS98-88-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Benzoyl chloride

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling: 0.5 ppm

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and eye irr
Molecular Weight: 140.57

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS98-88-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Benzoyl Chloride
Not Listed
Ceiling or Short-term TWA: 1 ppm, 15 min.
Skin Notation: No
Dermal Sensitizer: Yes
Candidate WEEL: No
WEEL Under Review: Yes

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS98-88-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS98-88-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS98-88-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS98-88-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Benzoyl chloride
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS98-88-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS98-88-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS98-88-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS98-88-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Benzoyl chloride
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS98-88-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS98-88-4 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Benzoyl chloride

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1736 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Benzoyl chloride

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 8

8: Corrosive material. See 49 CFR section 173.136 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1736
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8

8: Corrosive.

Special Provisions: B2, IB2, T8, TP2, TP12, TP13

B2: MC 300, MC 301, MC 302, MC 303, MC 305, and MC 306 and DOT 406 cargo tanks are not authorized.
IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T8: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP12: This material is considered highly corrosive to steel.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 154
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: C

C: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1736 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Benzoyl chloride
UN Number: 1736

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS98-88-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Benzoyl Chloride
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 3

(3) Seriously toxic material. Short term exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect small animal carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 2

(2) Materials which in themselves are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate. This rating includes materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: W

W: Water Reactive. Denotes materials that are water reactive. These compounds undergo rapid energy releases on contact with water.

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

When working with benzoyl chloride, wear NIOSH-approved full face positive pressure supplied-air respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus (NTP , 2001). Bodily contact should be avoided; wear protective gloves, boots and face-shield (AAR, 2000).

HANDLING

Benzoyl chloride should only be used in well-ventilated areas (Sittig, 1991).

Personnel should wear respiratory protection, safety goggles, and adequate protective clothing to prevent skin contact (AAR, 2000; (Sittig, 1991). This compound is a severe skin irritant and can cause second- and third-degree burns on short contact (CHRIS , 2002).

Do not handle broken containers of benzoyl chloride unless wearing appropriate personal protection. If material comes into contact with skin, it is extremely important to remove it immediately. Affected skin should be washed with copious amounts of water or soap and water (AAR, 2000; (Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Benzoyl chloride should be stored in a tightly closed container away from oxidizing materials (NTP , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2002). It is reportedly stored in bottles, carboys and tank cars (NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2002).
It is corrosive to metal containers, forming flammable hydrogen gas (AAR, 2000; (ILO , 1998; OHM/TADS , 2002; NTP , 2001). It will also attack some plastics, rubber and coatings (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store this material in a cool, dry, well-ventilated, detached area away from sources of ignition (CHRIS , 2002; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; NTP , 2001; Sittig, 1991).
Showers, sinks and eyewash stations should be readily available (Sittig, 1991).
Detached or outdoor storage areas are preferrable (OHM/TADS , 2002).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Benzoyl chloride is incompatible with alkalies, amines, basic compounds, strong oxidizing materials, alcohols and water. It can react explosively with dimethyl sulfoxide, sodium azide + potassium hydroxide, and water and steam at fire temperatures, (Lewis, 2000; ILO , 1998; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991) Urben, 1999).
Benzoyl chloride can react violently with water. Hydrochloric acid and benzoic acid fumes are produced from the reaction of this compound with both water and steam (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2002).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Adequate protective clothing should be worn at all times when working with or around benzoyl chloride. This includes chemical protective gloves, boots, aprons, goggles and self-contained breathing apparatus (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002; Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Benzoyl chloride is a severe eye irritant. A face-shield, goggles or full-face respirator should be worn (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

For concentration levels up to 50 ppm, use a chemical cartridge respirator with an acid scrubber gas cartridge, supplied-air respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus (Sittig, 1991).

For concentrations up to 100 ppm, use a chemical cartridge respirator with an acid scrubber gas cartridge and a full face-piece, gas mask with an acid gas cansiter, supplied-air respirator with a full face-piece, or self-contained breathing apparatus with a full face-piece (Sittig, 1991).

Use a NIOSH-approved full-face, positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 1997; NTP , 2001).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 98-88-4.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 3

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <.001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.05
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.05
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.05
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.05
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.05
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.05
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 372
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 16600
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Neoprene

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stanzoil/NL-34

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 28
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 36
Notes: 100%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Nitrile

North Safety Products

Nitrile Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Insufficient Data
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Insufficient Data
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Store and use benzoyl chloride in a well-ventilated location (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
- EXCEPT FOR ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (UN1715), THAT IS FLAMMABLE, some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily.
- May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases.
- Flammable/toxic gases may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars etc.)
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Do not use water to extinguish fires involving benzoyl chloride. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide (CHRIS , 2002).
Do not allow water to enter containers of benzoyl chloride (CHRIS , 2002).
Poisonous gases of hydrogen chloride, phosgene, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide are emitted when benzoyl chloride is heated to decomposition. Wear a self-contained breathing apparatus when in the vicinity of a fire involving benzoyl chloride (CHRIS , 2002; NFPA, 1997; NTP , 2001).
Benzoyl chloride flashes upon heating (ITI, 1995).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS98-88-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Benzoyl Chloride
Flammability Rating: 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

At fire temperatures, benzoyl chloride may react violently with water or steam to produce heat and corrosive fumes (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 2000).
Benzoyl chloride is a combustible liquid and is flammable if exposed to heat or flame (Lewis, 2000).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

When material is not involved in fire: do not use water on material itself.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical or CO2.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

Flood fire area with large quantities of water, while knocking down vapors with water fog. If insufficient water supply: knock down vapors only.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not get water inside containers.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS98-88-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Benzoyl Chloride
Extinguishing Method(s): Not Listed

Do not use water to extinguish fires involving benzoyl chloride. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide (CHRIS , 2002; NFPA, 1997).

If the material is not on fire nor involved in a fire, use water spray to knock-down vapors from surrounding fires and in flooding quantites to cool containers; apply water from as far away as possible. Do not use water on benzoyl chloride itself (AAR, 2000).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Highly poisonous gases of hydrogen chloride, phosgene, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide are emitted when benzoyl chloride is heated to decomposition (CHRIS , 2002; NTP , 2001).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Benzoyl chloride forms explosive mixtures with air; it has a flash point of 162 degrees F (Pohanish & Greene, 1997). At fire temperatures, it may react violently with water or steam (HSDB , 2002).

Violent or explosive reactions have been observed when benzoyl chloride is mixed with dimethyl sulfoxide, and aluminum chloride + napthalene (Lewis, 2000). Addition of aluminum chloride to a mixture of benzoyl chloride and napthalene should be effected above the melting point of the mixture to avoid a violent reaction (NTP , 2001) Urben, 1999).

This compound reacts vigorously or violently with oxidizing materials and is highly reactive (ILO , 1998; OHM/TADS , 2002).

Benzoyl chloride reacts violently with dimethyl sulfoxide and vigorously with water, steam, alkalies, amines, alcohols, and other basic compounds (ILO , 1998; NTP , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Contact with benzoyl chloride vapor should be avoided. Wear a full-face, positive pressure supplied-air respirator or a self-contained breathing apparatus when working around this chemical (CHRIS , 2002; NTP , 2001).

Benzoyl chloride vapors are highly irritating to the eyes, nose and throat, and may be harmful to the respiratory system and eyes. They cannot be tolerated even at low concentrations; exposures of two ppm for one minute have been reported as intolerable (ACGIH, 1996; CHRIS , 2002; NFPA, 1997).

It is a lacrimator and severe irritant to the eyes and mucous membranes (AAR, 2000; (ACGIH, 1996; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001).

Inhalation of benzoyl chloride vapors can cause lung edema and may be fatal in severe cases (NTP , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

When heated to decomposition, benzoyl chloride emits poisonous fumes of hydrogen chloride, phosgene, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide (CHRIS , 2002; NFPA, 1997; NTP , 2001).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Benzoyl chloride can react violently with water. Hydrochloric acid and benzoic acid fumes are produced from the reaction of this compound with both water and steam (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2002).

This compound reacts vigorously or violently with oxidizing materials and is highly reactive (ILO , 1998; OHM/TADS , 2002).

Violent or explosive reactions have been observed when benzoyl chloride is mixed with dimethyl sulfoxide, and aluminum chloride + napthalene (Lewis, 2000). Addition of aluminum chloride to a mixture of benzoyl chloride and napthalene should be effected above the melting point of the mixture to avoid a violent reaction (NTP , 2001) Urben, 1999).

Benzoyl chloride reacts violently with dimethyl sulfoxide and vigorously with water, steam, alkalies, amines, alcohols, and other basic compounds (ILO , 1998; NTP , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It is corrosive to metals (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

If this material is spilled, immediately leave the area of contamination. Do not re-enter the contaminated area until it has been properly cleaned (CHRIS , 2002; NTP , 2001).

Safety personnel entering the contaminated area should wear adequate respiratory protection and goggles (CHRIS , 2002; NTP , 2001).

Stay upwind of spilled materials. Remove and isolate contaminated shoes and clothing at the site. Flush affected skin with copious amounts of water (AAR, 2000).

Notify local health and pollution control agencies and protect water intakes (CHRIS , 2002). Keep water away from spilled material (NFPA, 1997).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS98-88-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS98-88-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Benzoyl chloride
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.1
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.3
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 5
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 20
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS98-88-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS98-88-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors; do not put water directly on leak, spill area or inside container.
- Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Contact with benzoyl chloride vapor should be avoided. Wear a full-face, positive pressure supplied-air respirator or a self-contained breathing apparatus when working around this chemical (CHRIS , 2002; NTP , 2001).
Contact with liquid benzoyl chloride is very irritating to skin, eyes and mucous membranes and should be avoided (Budavari, 2000; Sittig, 1991)

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment and clothing and avoid contact with the liquid and its vapor. Protect water intakes and notify local health and pollution control agencies (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002). Remove all sources of ignition from the area (NTP , 2001).
Keep water away from spilled benzoyl chloride. Stop the leak if it can be done without undue risk (NFPA, 1997). Stay upwind of the spilled material (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 1997).
Use absorbent material to pick up spilled liquid material. Seal all contaminated clothing and clean up paper in a vapor-tight bag for later disposal (NTP , 2001).
Decontaminate affected surfaces with toluene followed by washing with a solution of soap and water (NTP , 2001).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Wear appropriate personal protective equipment and clothing and clothing and avoid contact with the liquid and its vapor. Evacuate areas surrounding spill. Protect water intakes and notify local health and pollution control agencies (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002). Remove all sources of ignition from the area (NTP , 2001).
Keep water away from spilled benzoyl chloride. Stop the leak if it can be done without undue risk (NFPA, 1997). Stay upwind of the spilled material (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 1997).
Dig a pit or holding area to contain spilled material. Dike surface flow using sand, soil or foamed polyurethane or concrete. Neutralize the material with agricultural lime, soda ask or sodium bicarbonate and absorb liquid with fly ash or cement powder (AAR, 2000).
If the material spilled in water is equal to concentrations to ten ppm or greater, apply activated carbon at ten times the amount spilled. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to extract the immobilized mass (AAR, 2000).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Acids formed through the hydrolization of benzoyl chloride can be neutralized with sodium bicarbonate. Pour the spilled material into a large glass or plastic container containing large amounts of sodium bicarbonate, and mix with a large quantity of water (OHM/TADS , 2002).
Contact your local environmental response team for assistance with disposal of neutralized waste materials at a local sewage facility (OHM/TADS , 2002).
Agricultural lime, soda ash or crushed limestone may also be used to neutralize spilled benzoyl chloride (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002).
At the time of review, land treatment or landfill disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Always consult local regulatory agencies prior to implementing disposal of benzoyl chloride (HSDB , 2002).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Do not burn (CHRIS , 2002).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Occupational exposure to benzoyl chloride is to be expected, however, human exposure in the environment is not likely (HSDB, 2004).

Benzoyl chloride in not known to exist in nature. It is released into the environment through its use in the production of dyes, resins, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, benzoyl peroxide, polymerization catalysts, stabilizers, and as a reagent (HSDB, 2004).

The threat of air and water pollution is high; if released into water sources, benzoyl chloride is harmful to recreational bodies of water, fisheries and aquatic life (CHRIS , 2002; OHM/TADS , 2002).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Benzoyl chloride may directly photolyze in the atmosphere, with an estimated half-life for the reaction of photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals of 2.01 days to 42.7 days (HSDB, 2004; Howard et al, 1991) .
The half-life for benzoyl chloride in air has been estimated at 102 hours (4.3 days) to 1024 hours (42.7 days) (Howard et al, 1991).
In methyl cyclohexane, it exhibits an absorption maximum of 282.9 nm (E-1752) and a significant absorption at 293.0 nm (E=1108). Benzoyl chloride in the vapor phase absorbs light from 255-292 nm (Howard et al, 1991; HSDB, 2004).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Hydrolysis is believed to be the major aquatic fate process for benzoyl chloride. The rate constant for the hydrolysis of benzoyl chloride is 0.042 L/sec at 25 degrees C; the hydrolysis half-life is 16 seconds to 2.5 minutes (Howard et al, 1991; HSDB, 2004).
- Products of hydrolysis of benzoyl chloride are benzoic acid and hydrochloric acid (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2002).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Benzoyl chloride is not expected to adsorb to soils, photolyze, volatilize or leach into groundwater. Because of benzoyl chloride's short half life in water (16 seconds), the major terrestrial fate in the presence of water is expected to be hydrolysis. In the absence of water, benzoyl chloride could form a number of esters through reaction with soil constituents (HSDB, 2004).
- The half-life of benzoyl chloride in soil has been estimated to be from 17 seconds to 2.5 minutes (Howard et al, 1991).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Benzoyl chloride released into the environment will undergo significant and rapid hydrolysis in the presence of water. This is the most significant fate process in water and soil. Photolysis may also occur in the atmosphere, although very little is expected to partition there. In soil it is not expected to adsorb, photolyze, volatilize, or leach to groundwater. In dry soil conditions, it may form esters through reaction with soil constituents(HSDB, 2004; Howard et al, 1991).

BIODEGRADATION

Due to benzoyl chloride's short half-life, biodegradation is not expected to be a significant fate process (HSDB, 2004).

Benzoyl chloride decomposes in water forming benzoic acid and hydrochloric acid; the resultant low pH retards bacterial degradation on the benzoate (OHM/TADS , 2002).

BIOACCUMULATION

OTHER

OTHER
- Benzoyl chloride is not thought to bioaccumulate (CHRIS , 2002).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Bioconcentration does not occur with benzoyl chloride (CHRIS, 2000).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Benzoyl chloride is harmful to aquatic species in very low concentrations (CHRIS , 2002).

(Values are from HSDB, 2004, unless otherwise specified:)

LC - (WATER) Goldfish: 200 ppm for 7H, freshwater (CHRIS, 2002)
LC - (WATER) Sunfish: 500 ppm for 1H, freshwater (CHRIS, 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) Palaemonetes pugio (Grass shrimp): 180 mg/l for 96H, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50 - (WATER) Pimphales promelas (Fathead minnow): 43 mg/l for 24H, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50 - (WATER) Pimphales promelas (Fathead minnow): 35 mg/l for 48H, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50 - (WATER) Pimphales promelas (Fathead minnow): 35 mg/l for 96H, conditions of bioassay not specified
IRRITATING - (WATER) Fish, species not specified: 10 ppm, saltwater (OHM/TADS, 2002)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

104.5667

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Benzoyl chloride exists as a colorless to slightly yellow or brown, hygroscopic liquid with a pungent odor (Ashford, 1994; HSDB , 2002; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2001; NTP , 2001).

At 15 degrees C and 1 atm, benzoyl chloride is in a liquid state (CHRIS , 2002).

Data not available.

VAPOR PRESSURE

1 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997)

1 mmHg (at 32.1 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 2000; NTP , 2001)

0.700 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (extrapolated) (HSDB , 2002)

1 torr (at 32.1 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996)

0.4 torr (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996)

100 mmHg (at 128 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2002)

50 Pa (ILO , 1998)

0.4 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (NTP , 2001)

5 mmHg (at 59.1 degrees C) (NTP , 2001)

10 mmHg (at 73.0 degrees C) (NTP , 2001)

20 mmHg (at 87.6 degrees C) (NTP , 2001)

40 mmHg (at 103.8 degrees C) (NTP , 2001)

60 mmHg (at 114.7 degrees C) (NTP , 2001)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.2188 (Lewis, 2001)
1.211 (at 25 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2002)
1.21 (NFPA, 1997)
1.207 (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996)
1.2070 (at 25/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2002; NTP , 2001)
1.2 (OHM/TADS , 2002)
1.22 (at 15/15 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
1.21 (at 25/4 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)
1.2120 (ILO , 1998)
1.2120 (at 20/4 degrees C) (NTP , 2001)
1.12187 (at 15/15 degrees C) (NTP , 2001)
1.12050 (at 22/21 degrees C) (NTP , 2001)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.21 kg/l (at 25 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)
10.2 lb/gal (AAR, 2000)
1.2188 g/mL (NTP , 2001)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-0.5 degrees C (Lewis, 2001)
-0.6 degrees C; 30.9 degrees F; 272.6 K (CHRIS , 2002)
-1 degree C (Lewis, 2000)

MELTING POINT

-1 degree C; 30 degrees F (ACGIH, 1996; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000; ILO , 1998; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; NTP , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2002)
-0.5 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)

BOILING POINT

197 - 199 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

197.2 degrees C (ACGIH, 1996; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2001; NTP , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2002)

197.3 degrees C; 387 degrees F; 470.5 K (CHRIS , 2002; NFPA, 1997)

197.2 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000; Sittig, 1991)

100 degrees C (at 35 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000; NTP , 2001)

82.3 degrees C (at 15 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000; NTP , 2001)

71 degrees C (at 9 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000; NTP , 2001)

49 degrees C (at 3 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000; NTP , 2001)

197 degrees C (Grant & Schuman, 1993; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000)

FLASH POINT

162 degrees F; 72.2 degrees C (Lewis, 2001)

162 degrees F; 72 degrees C (open cup) (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002; NFPA, 1997)

190.4 degrees F; 88 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; ILO , 1998; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991)

72 degrees C; 162 degrees F (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1996; Lewis, 2000; NTP , 2001)

88 degrees C (open cup) (ACGIH, 1996)

73 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2002)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

185 degrees F (HSDB , 2002)

197 degrees C (ILO , 1998)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.2% (ACGIH, 1996; ILO , 1998; NFPA, 1997; NTP , 2001)

UPPER

4.9% (ACGIH, 1996; ILO , 1998; NFPA, 1997; NTP , 2001)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Decomposes in water (ACGIH, 1996; Lewis, 2001; NFPA, 1997; NTP , 2001)
Decomposes violently in water (ITI, 1995)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Miscible with oxygenated and aromatic solvents (Ashford, 1994)
Soluble in carbon disulfide and ether (Lewis, 2001)
Miscible with ether, benzene, carbon disulfide and oils (ACGIH, 1996; HSDB , 2002; NTP , 2001)
Decomposes in 95% ethanol (NTP , 2001)
>=100 mg/mL in toluene (at 22 degrees C) (NTP , 2001)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

5402 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection) (HSDB , 2002)

2 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Special Collection) (HSDB , 2002)

MASS

736 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data) (HSDB , 2002)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

SURFACE TENSION

36.3 dynes/cm; 0.0363 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (estimated) (CHRIS , 2002; NTP , 2001)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-10,030 Btu/lb; -5570 cal/g; -233.3 x 10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 2002; NTP , 2001)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

3147 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Special Collection) (HSDB , 2002)

VISCOSITY

0.96 centistokes (at 38 degrees C) (NTP , 2001)

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BENZOYL CHLORIDE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents