2-CHLOROBENZYLIDENE MALONONITRILE

CS is used in civilian life as a sensory irritant to manage civil disturbances and in self-defense devices. Law enforcement personnel and the military also use CS for training (Hathaway et al, 1996a; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997a; US Army, 1997; USACHPPM, 2001).

FORMS

CS is available in both ground and unground forms with 5% silica aerogel or treated Cab-O-Sil (Lewis, 1997a).
The chemical can be contained and disseminated in an aerosol, a fine powder, weapon-fired projectiles, and burning grenades (HSDB , 2001; NBC , 1990; US Army, 1997).

It is dispersed as an aerosol from a solid divided into fine particles, or as a solution from the chemical mixed with methylene chloride or acetone (HSDB , 2001).

SOURCES

CS was developed in the late 1950's for riot control (USACHPPM, 2001).
CS is manufactured through the carbonyl condensation of o-Chlorobenzaldehyde and malononitrile (Ashford, 1994).
CS is 10 times more potent than chloroacetophenone, but is less incapacitating and toxic. CS replaced CN in the late 1960's (APSWEB , 2001; NBC , 1990; USACHPPM, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

CS causes extreme irritation of the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The resultant effects are transient and self-limited, with a rapid onset, beginning immediately upon contact and ending within 15 to 30 minutes of exposure. Tear gases are such severe irritants that they can result in incapacitation within 20 to 60 seconds.

Inhalation exposure results in nasal discomfort and pain, rhinorrhea, sneezing, stinging of the tongue and palate, salivation, nausea and vomiting (if swallowed during massive exposure), sore throat, chest tightness, coughing, choking, retching, dyspnea, increased respiratory tract secretions, and possible bronchospasm and laryngospasm. Tracheitis and bronchitis can result from exposure to very high concentrations.

Fatigue for a period of hours after exposure has been reported.
Pulmonary edema is possible 12 to 24 hours after excessive exposure, and may prove fatal. Inhalation in a poorly ventilated area can be fatal within minutes.

Dermal exposure causes a tingling, prickly, burning feeling and erythema, which resolves in 24 hours. The initial erythema may resolve within an hour, followed by a more intense erythema 2 hours later, depending on the conditions of exposure. Increased severity of erythema with edema and vesiculation may ensue hours later.

Inflammation with blistering, comparable to a sunburn, can result from heavy or prolonged exposure. Longer exposure and exposure in which wet clothing traps the chemical against the skin can result in chemical burns. Contact with water can be painful as much as 48 hours after exposure to CR.
Allergic contact dermatitis may occur subsequent to an initial uneventful exposure; this can include erythema, edema, vesication, and sometimes purpura and necrosis.

Eye exposure causes irritation, burning pain, blinking, copious lacrimation, intense blepharospasm, conjunctival erythema, difficulty keeping the eyes open, and periorbital edema. This slight edema can persist for 2 to 6 hours after exposure. Photophobia, which may also occur, can continue for an hour. Visual acuity returns within minutes after exposure ends.

Tolerance to CS develops after close contact for an extended period of time.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Ingestion may result in significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns, and EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation, DO NOT induce emesis.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

HUMAN DATA

The lethal concentration for humans is estimated at 1000 mg/m(3) over 60 minutes (RRIS , 2001).

ANIMAL DATA Hathaway et al, 1996 HSDB, 2001

ANIMAL DEATH RATIO CONCENTRATION TIME
Hamsters 2:240 150 mg/m(3) 2 hours
Hamsters 31:106 480 mg/m(3) 2 hours
Rats 9:120 480 mg/m(3) 2 hours
Rats 20:20 2700 mg/m(3) 1 hour
The median lethal concentration for male rats is 88,480 mg/min/m(3), and 50,010 mg/min/m(3) for male mice (ACGIH, 1991).
Rats and mice exposed to a CS2 aerosol (a mixture of 94% CS; 5% Cab-O-Sil colloidal silica; and 1% hexamethyldisilazane) at 30 and 100 mg/m(3)and 10, 30, and 100 mg/m(3), respectively, died before the 14 day study was complete (ACGIH, 1991).
When exposed to CS at 3 mg/m(3), one out of 10 female mice died. All of the mice exposed to concentrations at 6 mg/m(3) died before the end of the 13 week study (ACGIH, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

HUMAN DATA

Mild effects were observed when ten mg of CS was applied to the skin for one hour (NTP, 2001; RTECS , 2001).
Severe eye irritations occur at 5 mg/m(3) for 20 seconds (NTP, 2001; RTECS , 2001).
Symptoms were noted in three out of four men following a CS exposure for 90 minutes at 1.5 mg/m(3). Headaches, eye and nose irritations and lacrimation, and burning skin were reported (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 2001).
CS is incapacitating to 50% of the exposed population at 10-20 mg/min/m(3) (USACHPPM, 2001a).
Humans are barely able to tolerate CS concentrations ranging from 4.3-6.7 mg/m(3) for 30 minutes (Hathaway et al, 1996).
Humans could not tolerate CS concentrations at 1 to 3 mg/m(3) for more than four minutes. People can develop a tolerance to CS if they have close contact with the chemical; this may be seen with laboratory workers (ACGIH, 1991; US Army, 1997).
Tolerance to CS was tested on volunteers, with an initial exposure of 0.43 mg/m(3) slowly increased to 2.0 mg/m(3) during the course of an hour. If the volunteers could handle the initial irritation, it was noted they could tolerate higher concentrations. Volunteers did not develop a tolerance level to CS after 10 exposures of 1 to 13 mg/m(3) over a period of two weeks (US Army, 1997).
The minimal irritant concentrations for humans range from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/m(3). Many find concentrations of 1 mg/m(3) intolerable (RRIS , 2001).
No clinical effects were reported in any of the seven volunteers exposed to 1 to 13 mg/m(3) of CS over a 15-day period; however a rising value of the thymol turbidity was noted in one participant (ACGIH, 1991).

ANIMAL DATA

Rats and hamsters were exposed to a single dose of either 28,800 mg/min/m(3) or 18,000 mg/min/m(3). No effects on survival, or other clinical effects were reported up to 32 months following the test (HSDB , 2001).
Rats exposed to 1800 mg/m(3) of CS for 10 minutes survived (Hathaway et al, 1996).
CS did not have any harmful effects on male mice and rats exposed to concentrations at or below 30 mg/m(3) for one hour a day (ACGIH, 1991).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS2698-41-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS2698-41-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1991 Budavari, 2000 HSDB, 2001 Lewis, 2000 US Army, 1997 RRIS, 2001 RTECS, 2001
- ICt50- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LC50- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCt50- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 7.71 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg) (NIOSH , 2001)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS2698-41-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling: 0.05 ppm

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr; skin sens
Molecular Weight: 188.61

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS2698-41-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS2698-41-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling: 0.05 ppm (0.4 mg/m(3))
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 2 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS2698-41-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile
Table Z-1 for o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 0.05

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.4

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS2698-41-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS2698-41-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS2698-41-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS2698-41-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS2698-41-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS2698-41-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS2698-41-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS2698-41-1 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2810 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid

Symbol(s): D, G

D: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials for domestic transportation but may be inappropriate for international transportation under the provisions of international regulations (e.g., IMO, ICAO). An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when either domestic or international transportation is involved.
G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA2810
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: T14, TP2, TP13, TP27

T14: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): section 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA2810
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2, T11, TP2, TP27

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA2810
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB3, T7, TP1, TP28

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
TP28: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 2.65 bar (265 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 2.65 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s

Symbol(s): G

G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: T14, TP2, TP13, TP27

T14: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): section 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2, T11, TP2, TP13, TP27

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB3, T7, TP1, TP28

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
TP28: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 2.65 bar (265 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 2.65 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s. Inhalation hazard, Packing Group I, Zone A

Symbol(s): G

G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: 1, B9, B14, B30, B72, T22, TP2, TP13, TP27, TP38, TP44

1: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone A (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
B30: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331 and DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 7.62 mm (0.300 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig: and d. Have a bolted manway cover.
B72: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 34.47 Bar (500 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105J, 106, or 110.
T22: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 10 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
TP44: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads must be the greater of 7.62 mm (0.300 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 226
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s. Inhalation hazard, Packing Group I, Zone B

Symbol(s): G

G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: 2, B9, B14, B32, B74, T20, TP2, TP13, TP27, TP38, TP45

2: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone B (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
B32: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331, DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig; and d. Have a bolted manway cover.
B74: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 20.68 Bar (300 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105S, 106, 110, 112J, 114J or 120S.
T20: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 8 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
TP45: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for portable tank shells and heads must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 227
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2810 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Toxic liquid, organic, n.o.s.
UN Number: 2810

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS2698-41-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

The hazards of handling and using CS are from its toxic properties. If contact with the eyes should occur, rinse for 15 minutes with copious amounts of tepid water; affected skin should be washed with soap and water (HSDB , 2001).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store in tightly sealed containers (NIOSH , 1990).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Under normal storage conditions, the chemical is stable (US Army, 1997; NTP, 2001; USACHPPM, 2001a).
Store at refrigerated temperatures, and away from oxidizing materials (NTP, 2001; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

If CS is mixed with DMSO or acetone, it will remain stable for approximately 24 hours (NTP, 2001).
Strong oxidizers are incompatible with CS (NIOSH , 2001) OSHA, 1998; (Sittig, 1991; USACHPPM, 2001a).
Detergents with chlorine bleach can react with CS and form compounds more toxic than CS itself (RRIS , 2001; USACHPPM, 2001a).
CS in a powder or granular form can create explosive mixtures with air (NIOSH , 1990).
CS may react slightly with steel (RRIS , 2001).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For prolonged exposures to CS, wear appropriate protective clothing secured at the neck, ankles, and wrists. A protective hood can also be worn with a mask. Recommended clothing includes rubber gloves, an apron, and boots. If clothing becomes wet or contaminated, remove clothing immediately. Eye protection is needed (NBC , 1990; Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Face shields or splash- and dust-proof goggles are recommended (USACHPPM, 2001a).

Wear eye protection if there is potential for contact with CS (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

The following respirators are recommended for CS exposures: (1) a chemical cartridge respirator with a high efficiency particulate filter and organic vapor cartridge, (2) a self-contained breathing apparatus with a full-face piece, (3) one with an organic vapor canister, or (4) a half-face piece used with airtight goggles can be substituted, but offers lower protection than the full-face respirators (RRIS , 2001; USACHPPM, 2001a).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 2698-41-1.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Finely dispersed CS dust forms explosive mixtures in air; therefore, use a closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Attempt to eliminate build-up of electrostatic charges (NIOSH , 1990).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
CS is combustible (NIOSH , 1990).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS2698-41-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS2698-41-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Use dry chemicals, powder, carbon dioxide, a Halon extinguisher, or water spray to control fires (NIOSH , 1990; RRIS , 2001; US Army, 1997).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

CS emits toxic fumes of nitric oxide, chloride, and cyanide when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 1990; US Army, 1997).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

The dust from the finely powdered nitrile is an explosion hazard (NIOSH , 1990; Urben, 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

After CS has been released and the dust and powders have settled to the ground, it can remain active for up to five days (HSDB , 2001).

When CS is heated to decomposition, toxic fumes of nitric oxide, chloride, and cyanide are produced (Lewis, 2000; USACHPPM, 2001a).

The dust from the finely powdered nitrile is an explosion hazard (Urben, 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

CS may be reactive with strong oxidizers (NIOSH , 2001) OSHA, 1998; (Sittig, 1991; US Army, 1997; USACHPPM, 2001a).

The dust from the finely powdered nitrile is an explosion hazard (Urben, 2000).

When CS is heated to decomposition, toxic fumes of nitric oxide, chloride, and cyanide are produced (Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 1990; USACHPPM, 2001a).

Detergents with chlorine bleach can react with CS and form compounds more toxic than CS itself (RRIS , 2001; USACHPPM, 2001a).

CS in a powder or granular form can create explosive mixtures with air (NIOSH , 1990).

CS may have a slight reaction with steel (RRIS , 2001).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 2810 - CS

when used as a weapon
SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 60 meters (200 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.4 kilometers (0.2 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 1.2 kilometers (0.7 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 240 meters (800 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 2.6 kilometers (1.6 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 5.7 kilometers (3.5 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS2698-41-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Methylmalonitrile, o-
ERPG-1 (units = ):
ERPG-2 (units = ):
ERPG-3 (units = ):
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: Yes
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS2698-41-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile, o-; (Tear Gas)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.05
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.050
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 0.50
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 11
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS2698-41-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Tear gas
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 0.05 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 0.05 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 0.05 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 0.05 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 0.05 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Tear gas
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 0.5 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 0.5 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 0.5 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 0.5 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 0.5 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Tear gas
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 140 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 29 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 11 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 1.5 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 1.5 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS2698-41-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 2 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Remove ignition sources and ventilate the area if a spill occurs. If clothing is contaminated, seal in a vapor-tight plastic bag for disposal. Do not enter the contaminated area unless a Safety Officer has determined the area is safe (HSDB , 2001; Sittig, 1991; US Army, 1997).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Sweep small quantity spills onto paper or something similar, place it into an appropriate container, and burn under a hood or another safe place (HSDB , 2001).
Dampen a solid spill with 60-70% acetone to prevent airborne dust, and use a paper towel to wipe up the chemical. Discard the material and towels in a vapor-tight container (HSDB , 2001; Sittig, 1991).
If there is remaining residue, decontaminate the area by one of the methods below, followed by washing with soap and water (HSDB , 2001; US Army, 1997):
- Dampen paper towels with acetone or 5% solution of sodium hydroxide in 50/50 ethyl alcohol/water and wipe down the area (HSDB , 2001; US Army, 1997).
- Add flake sodium hydroxide to a solution or slurry of the spill mixed with isopropyl alcohol (HSDB , 2001).
- Cover the spill with a 10% solution of sodium hydroxide in 50/50 isopropyl alcohol/water and let stand for 20 minutes, then flush with water (HSDB , 2001).
- Equal parts (by volume) of methanol and water mixed with 18% (by wt) sodium hydroxide or commercial lye can be used as a decontaminate (RRIS , 2001; USACHPPM, 2001a).
- 10% Monoethanolamine anionic detergent aqueous solution can be used as a decontaminate (RRIS , 2001; USACHPPM, 2001a).
Absorb decontaminating solutions with clay, fine sand, diatomaceous earth, or vermiculite, and place in a fully removable head drum (RRIS , 2001).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Large quantity spills can be reclaimed. If it is not possible to recover the chemical, dissolve the CS in a flammable solvent such as alcohol, and atomize the solution in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with a gas cleaning device (HSDB , 2001).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Large quantities of CS can be recovered (HSDB , 2001).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

CS can be reduced to o-Chlorobenzaldehyde by aqueous alkaline hydrolysis (HSDB , 2001).
Mix solid parts of CS with 5 parts of 10% solution of monoethanolamine in water containing 0.3% of nonionic detergent (HSDB , 2001).
Stir 1 pound of solid CS in 1 gallon of a 5-15% solution of sodium hydroxide in ethylene glycol, methyl alcohol, or ethyl alcohol for two hours (HSDB , 2001).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Follow local, state and federal guidelines to dispose of the chemical and contaminated clothing. Burning in a high temperature (>2000 degrees F) chemical incinerator facility is recommended (RRIS , 2001; US Army, 1997).
Dissolve CS in a flammable solvent such as alcohol, and atomize the solution in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with a gas cleaning device (HSDB , 2001).
At the time of the review, the criteria for disposal practices (sanitary landfill) is being reassessed. Consult with environmental agencies for the recommended disposal guidelines (HSDB , 2001).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Production of CS (riot control tear agent) may result in its release into environmental waste streams (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

CS will exist in the vapor and particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere (HSDB, 2004).
In the vapor phase, CS can be degraded by photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. The rate has estimated as 3.5 x 10(-12) cm(3)/molecule-sec (at 25 degrees C), and the half-life is estimated to be 110 hours (HSDB, 2004).
In the particulate phase, CS can be removed by wet and dry deposition. The chemical can be removed from the atmosphere via clouds or rain (HSDB, 2004).
CS is persistent and will absorb to porous surfaces, including plaster and soil (USACHPPM, 2001a).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- CS is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment (HSDB, 2004).
- Based on the estimated Henry's law constant of 1.0 x 10(-8) atm-m(3)/mole, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected (HSDB, 2004).
- CS will hydrolyze to form 2-chlorobenzaldehyde in aquatic environments (HSDB, 2004).
- The hydrolysis rate constants in seawater were determined to be 4.10 x 10(-5) per sec (at 0 degrees C), 2.30 x 10(-4) (at 15 degrees C) per second, and 7.97 x 10(-4) per sec (at 25 degrees C). The corresponding half-lives were 281.7, 50.2, and 14.5 min, respectively (HSDB, 2004).
- The hydrolysis half-life of CS in seawater is 281.7 min (at 0 degrees C) and 14.5 min (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004).
- CS, if released in water, may float and travel considerable distances before it dissolves. After CS has dissolved it will degrade by hydrolysis fairly rapidly (HSDB, 2004).
- CS forms o-chlorobenzaldehyde, monononitrile, and AQ alkaline as it is hydrolyzed (Hathaway et al, 1996; USACHPPM, 2001a).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- CS is expected to have low mobility in soil (HSDB, 2004).
- After CS has been released and the dusts and powders have settled to the ground, it has remained active for up to 5 days (HSDB, 2004).
- Volatilization is not expected to be an important fate process (HSDB, 2004).
- The hydrolysis half-life of CS in moist soil is 281.7 min (at 0 degrees C) and 14.5 min (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

CS released to air exists in vapor and particulate form. It is removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Vapors may also be degraded by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. Airborne concentrations can persist and be absorbed by porous materials. It will not have much mobility in soil, and is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in an aquatic environment. It may float and migrate before it dissolves in water. Dissolved CS degrades quickly by hydrolysis. Volatilization is not important (HSDB, 2004; USACHPPM, 2001a).

BIOACCUMULATION

HUMANS

CS does not accumulate in the human body (USACHPPM, 2001a).

FISH

The potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low (HSDB, 2004).

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- The potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low (HSDB, 2004).
- CS accumulates in the landscape (USACHPPM, 2001a).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

BCF = 30 (estimated) (HSDB, 2004)
CS is not expected to bioconcentrate after it is dissolved since hydrolysis occurs rapidly (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT: 1.28 mg/L for 12H (conditions of bioassay not specified) (HSDB, 2004)

LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT: >0.1 mg/L for <1W (HSDB, 2004)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

188.61

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

CS is a white crystalline solid or a light beige powder, and has an odor resembling pepper. It creates a colorless gas when burned (Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991; US Army, 1997).

CS forms a white cloud at the point it is released and for several seconds following (RRIS , 2001).

It has a tendency to agglomerate and lose its effectiveness (US Army, 1997).

VAPOR PRESSURE

3.4 X 10(-5) mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; Hathaway et al, 1996; US Army, 1997; USACHPPM, 2001a)

0.00003 mmHg (NIOSH , 2001)

0.00034 mmHg (RRIS , 2001)

0.005 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (NIOSH , 1990)

<1 mmHg (OSHA, 1998)

DENSITY

VAPOR DENSITY

6.52 (NTP, 2001; RRIS , 2001); several times heavier than air (USACHPPM, 2001a)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

203-205 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001)
93-95 degrees C (USACHPPM, 2001a)

MELTING POINT

90 degrees C; 194 degrees F (NBC , 1990)
95 degrees C (Ashford, 1994a; Lewis, 2000; NTP, 2001)
93-95 degrees C (ILO , 1998; USACHPPM, 2001a)
93-96 degrees C (NIOSH , 1990)
95-96 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991)
199-203 degrees F (OSHA, 1998; (RRIS , 2001)

BOILING POINT

310 degrees C (US Army, 1997)

310-315 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 1997; NTP, 2001; Sittig, 1991; USACHPPM, 2001a)

312 degrees C (Ashford, 1994a)

313 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)

590-599 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001) OSHA, 1998; (RRIS , 2001)

FLASH POINT

197 degrees C (USACHPPM, 2001a)

387 degrees F (RRIS , 2001)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Minimum Explosive Concentration: 25 g/m(3) (NIOSH , 2001)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

1-5 mg/mL (at 16 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)
Sparingly soluble in water (Budavari, 2000; Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 2001)
Insoluble (ILO , 1998; Lewis, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; USACHPPM, 2001a)
Slightly soluble (Ashford, 1994a)

OTHER

ACETONE

50-100 mg/mL (at 16 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)
soluble (Budavari, 2000; USACHPPM, 2001a)

BENZENE: soluble (Budavari, 2000; Hathaway et al, 1996; USACHPPM, 2001a)
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE: slightly soluble (US Army, 1997)
DIOXANE: soluble (Budavari, 2000; Hathaway et al, 1996; NTP, 2001; USACHPPM, 2001a)
DMSO: >=100 mg/mL (at 16 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)
95% ETHANOL: 1-10 mg/mL (at 16 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)
ETHANOL: insoluble (USACHPPM, 2001a)
ETHYL ACETATE: soluble (Budavari, 2000; Hathaway et al, 1996; NTP, 2001; USACHPPM, 2001a)
HEXANE: soluble (USACHPPM, 2001a)
METHYLENE CHLORIDE: soluble (Budavari, 2000; Hathaway et al, 1996; NTP, 2001; USACHPPM, 2001a)
ORGANIC SOLVENTS: completely soluble (US Army, 1997)
OXGENATED AND CHLORINATED SOLVENTS: soluble (Ashford, 1994a)
PYRIDINE: soluble (USACHPPM, 2001a)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

1.0 X 10(-8) atm-cu m/mole (estimated) (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ORGANIC CARBON PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Koc = 1700 (estimated) (HSDB , 2001)

TASTE THRESHOLD

0.25-0.5 mg/m(3) (RRIS , 2001)

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65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

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67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

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2-CHLOROBENZYLIDENE MALONONITRILE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents