BENZO(A)PYRENE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C20-H12

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

154-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(AAR, 1998; Budavari, 2000; HSDB, 2000; Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 2000a; (RTECS, 2000); Sittig, 1991a)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Benzo(a)pyrene is a by-product of the incomplete burning or a chemical change in organic matter (Harbison, 1998) Raffle, 1994).
It is used frequently in short-term mutagenicity and carcinogenicity laboratory testing as a positive control (RTECS, 2000).

FORMS

Benzo(a)pyrene, when pure, exisits as yellowish crystalline plates and needles formed from benzene and methanol. The crystalline structure may be either orthorhombic, three perpendicular axes of various lengths, or monoclinic, three unequal crystal axes of which two intersect at a slant and are perpendicular to the third (ACGIH, 1991) Budavari, 1999; RTECS, 2000).
Benzo(a)pyrene is released in the vapor state during industrial and natural combustion and is usually bound to small particulate matter in the atmosphere (ACGIH, 1991) Hathaway, 1996).

SOURCES

Benzo(a)pyrene is a primary component of polynuclear, or polycyclic, aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (Hathaway, 1996).
Benzo(a)pyrene is an environmental pollutant produced from industrial and mechanical emissions, however, it can be created naturally and is also present in domestic environments (Harbison, 1998).

Vehicle exhaust, burning fossil fuels and wood also release this chemical. Aluminum production plants, incinerators, coal gasification plants, smokehouses and industries that manufacture or use coal tar pitch, coke, or bitumen also emit benzo(a)pyrene (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Harbison, 1998) HSDB, 2000).
Volcanoes and forest fires generate Benzo(a)pyrene. There is also evidence this chemical develops from living organisms, such as plants, bacteria and algae (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Harbison, 1998) HSDB, 2000; Raffle, 1994).
Benzo(a)pyrene is also present in residual environments. Grilling, smoking meats, and cooking foods at high temperatures elevates the levels of PAHs. Coal and wood burning furnaces are also a source. Direct exposure to humans comes from cigarette smoke, shampoos, medicines, dyes, plastics, some skin care products, some food sources, and water (Harbison, 1998) HSDB, 2000; (Lewis, 1998; Sittig, 1991).
Practically all soil contains some level of PAHs. Soil concentrations are dependent on its location, urban, rural, or agricultural and air concentrations (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Harbison, 1998).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

The acute toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene is low. Prolonged skin contact has caused erythema, pigmentation, desquamation, and formation of verrucae. Significant depression of IgG and IgA have been noted in coke oven workers chronically exposed to benzo(a)pyrene.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in coal tar can cause photosensitivity; eye, respiratory tract, and and skin irritation; cough; bronchitis; oral leukoplakia; mild hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity; and hematuria. It is not known whether benzo(a)pyrene can cause these effects in humans.

Benzo(a)pyrene has caused death due to adverse hematologic effects including aplastic anemia and pancytopenia in chronically exposed experimental animals; hypoplastic anemia has been observed in mice.

The ACGIH has designated benzo(a)pyrene as a suspected human carcinogen (Category A2). The IARC has classified benzo(a)pyrene in Group 2A: probably carcinogenic to humans.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) places benzo(a)pyrene in CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

The acute toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene is low (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Significant depression of IgG and IgA have been noted in coke oven workers chronically exposed to benzo(a)pyrene (Szczeklik et al, 1994). PAHs found in COAL TAR can cause photosensitivity, eye, respiratory tract, and skin irritation, cough, bronchitis, oral leukoplakia, mild hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, and hematuria (ATSDR, 1993). It is unknown whether or not benzo(a)pyrene can cause any of these effects in chronically exposed humans.

Benzo(a)pyrene has caused death due to adverse hematologic effects including aplastic anemia and pancytopenia in chronically exposed experimental animals; hypoplastic anemia has been observed in mice (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996a).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Toxicity is usually due to chronic exposure. Toxicity after acute ingestion is unlikely and gastric decontamination is generally not indicated. In the event of a large ingestion, consider activated charcoal.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
A positive correlation has been established between pulmonary cancer rates and benzo(a)pyrene air concentrations. For each 1 mcg increase in Benzo(a)pyrene per 1000 m(3) of air, pulmonary cancer deaths are thought to rise by 5% (ACGIH, 1991).
Lung cancer death rates were studied in workers exposed to air concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene at 1200 ng/m(3). The study concluded that as the benzo(a)pyrene air concentration increased by 1 ng/m(3)the lung cancer death rate increased by 2.5%. The author of the study assumed the workers were exposed to the chemical 24% of the time (in years) (ACGIH, 1991).
Data on U.S. coke oven workers where the exposure levels were 2000 ng/m(3) in the work environment, shows an increase in lung cancer deaths by 10-fold compared to unexposed persons.(ACGIH, 1991).
A British study also found a slight excess of lung cancer among furnace and maintenance workers exposed to coal-tar pitch fumes in a calcium carbide production plant (IARC, 1987).
Atmospheric concentrations in the work environment range from less than 10 ng/m(3) to greater than 10.000 ng/m3, depending on the work site and the source of exposure (Harbison, 1998).
Benzo(a)pyrene metabolites have been found to attach to the DNA in cultured human liver cells, in the bladder, and tracheobronchial tissue samples (Hathaway et al, 1996a).
Continual direct skin contact with mineral oil containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), Benzo(a)pyrene is classified as a PAH, has led to scrotal cancer (Raffle et al, 1994).
1% solution of Benzo(a)pyrene was applied directly to the skin and caused irritation, swelling, warts, flaking, and some discoloration (Sittig, 1991). In a similar test, 26 patients with various skin types, ranging from normal to those with skin cancer, had 1% of Benzo(a)pyrene applied to 2cm skin for 4 months. Progressive skin alterations were observed. Incubation times were longer for the younger patients as compared to the older population. When the applications ceased, the changes reverted completely within 2 to 3 months (HSDB, 2000).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
A 25 mcg/L dose of Benzo(a)pyrene has been documented as toxic in cultured human liver cells (ACGIH, 1991). Benzo(a)pyrene is classified in group 2A (The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans.) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 1987).
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) places benzo(a)pyrene in CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen (USEPA , 2000). The basis for classification is: Human data specifically linking benzo(a)pyrene to a carcinogenic effect are lacking. There are, however, multiple animal studies in many species demonstrating benzo(a)pyrene to be carcinogenic following administration by numerous routes.
The ACGIH classifies benzo(a)pyrene in category A2, suspected human carcinogen(HSDB, 2000).
Not enough information is available to determine the systematic effects in humans or the effects during pregnancy and breast milk (Hathaway et al, 1996a; ReproTox , 2000).
Normal daily exposures to humans range from 0.2-1.6 mcg (ACGIH, 1991).
It is estimated, humans are exposed to 23 ng/L of Benzo(a)pyrene in drinking water, 100 ng/m(3) in heavily polluted air, and up to 100 mcg/kg in smoked foods (ACGIH, 1991).
The National Academy of Science estimates daily exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are 0.21 mcg from air, 1.6-16 mcg from food, and 0.03 mcg from water (Harbison, 1998).
Average intake of Benzo(a)pyrene in drinking water is approximately 0.001 mcg/day(HSDB, 2000).
Background levels in drinking water range from 4 to 24 ng/L (Harbison, 1998).
0.2 ppb is the Environmental Protection Agency's proposed maximum level for Benzo(a)pyrene in drinking water (Harbison, 1998).
The maximum level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water is 2.8 ng/L. Estimated cancer risks, at this level, are one in a million persons (Sittig, 1991).
Benzo(a)pyene is a tumorigenic and carcinogenic in nine species of experimental animals (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996a; ReproTox , 2000; Sittig, 1991). Based on case studies in rats, the results suggest no threshold dose exist. When the rats were administered 0.1 mg total dose, no tumors developed. However, when repeated doses of 0.1 mg of Benzo(a)pyrene were dispensed via the same route, tumor growth was evident. Animal case studies demonstrate that repeated exposures have more potential for a tumorigenic response than a single dose (ACGIH, 1991).
Data is available to prove that experimental animals exposed to as little as 0.05 mg of Benzo(a)pyrene is enough to initiate the growth of tumors (ACGIH, 1991).
An oral study on mice documented the lowest dosage administered that produced an adverse effect was 10 mg/kg/day, 7-16 days after the exposure (Hathaway et al, 1996a).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS50-32-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A2 ; Listed as: Benzo[a]pyrene

A2 :Suspected Human Carcinogen: Human data are accepted as adequate in quality but are conflicting or insufficient to classify the agent as a confirmed human carcinogen; OR, the agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at dose(s), by route(s) of exposure, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) considered relevant to worker exposure. The A2 is used primarily when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals with relevance to humans.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Benzo[a]pyrene
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B2 ; Listed as: Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)

B2 : Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Benzo[a]pyrene

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS50-32-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor: 7.3 per mg/kg-day
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk: 2.1x10(-1) per mg/L

TOXICITY VALUES

References: (HSDB, 2000; RTECS, 2000)
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HAMSTER:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TD- (INTRATRACHEAL)HAMSTER:
- TD- (RECTAL)MOUSE:
- TD- (SKIN)MOUSE:
- TD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TD- (IMPLANT)RAT:
- TD- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RAT:
- TD- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (IMPLANT)DOG:
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- TDLo- (IMPLANT)HAMSTER:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)HAMSTER:
- TDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)HAMSTER:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HAMSTER:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)HAMSTER:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (RECTAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SKIN)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)PRIMATE:
- TDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (IMPLANT)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRACEREBRAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm is equivalent to 10.32 mg/m(3) (wt/vol) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) HSDB, 2000)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS50-32-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Benzo[a]pyrene

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A2
Codes: BEI(P), L
Definitions:

A2: Suspected Human Carcinogen: Human data are accepted as adequate in quality but are conflicting or insufficient to classify the agent as a confirmed human carcinogen; OR, the agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at dose(s), by route(s) of exposure, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) considered relevant to worker exposure. The A2 is used primarily when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals with relevance to humans.
BEI(P): The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational. Substances identified as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are part of this notation.
L: Exposure by all routes should be carefully controlled to levels as low as possible.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Cancer
Molecular Weight: 252.3

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Under Study

Benzo[a]pyrene

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS50-32-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS50-32-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS50-32-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Benzo(a)pyrene; see Coal tar pitch volatiles
Table Z-1 for Benzo(a)pyrene; see Coal tar pitch volatiles:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3:

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS50-32-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS50-32-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Benzo[a]pyrene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: 3,4-Benzopyrene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS50-32-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS50-32-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Benzo[a]pyrene
P or U series number: U022
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS50-32-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS50-32-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Benzo(a)pyrene
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30:
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28: 100

See 40 CFR 372.28: Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern

Listed as: Benzo(a)pyrene
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS50-32-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS50-32-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Benzo[a]pyrene

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS50-32-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Benzo(a)pyrene should be stored in a dry, cool area with good ventilation. It should be stored away from strong oxidizers to prevent fires and possible explosions. The area where Benzo(a)pyrene is used, stored, and handled should be marked and regulated (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Precautions should be taken when handling Benzo(a)pyrene in the environment. If it is released in its liquid form, poses a threat to surface and ground water, and the soil (AAR, 1998).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Benzo(a)pyrene should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated area in tightly sealed containers (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Establish a regulated, marked area for the handling, storage, and use of benzo(a)pyrene (Sitting, 1991).
Handling Benzo(a)pyrene as a carcinogen is recommended in laboratory settings (HSDB, 2000).
- Keeping Benzo(a)pyrene close to the experimental areas limits the amount and distance it needs to be carried (HSDB, 2000).
- Group Benzo(a)pyrene with other carcinogens in an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer and label appropriately (HSDB, 2000).
- The door leading to experimental testing areas should be posted with appropriate labels; limiting the access to only personnel involved in the experiment, and the name of the Scientific Investigator or person(s) who can give instructions in case of an emergency or recommendations on the safe handling of carcinogens (HSDB, 2000).
Ensure adequate ventilation (HSDB, 2000).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Keep strong oxidizers such as chlorates, perchlorates, permanganates, and nitrates separated from Benzo(a)pyrene to prevent fires and possible explosions (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Nitrogen dioxide and ozone are also considered incompatible with Benzo(a)pyrene (Sitting, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

When handling Benzo(a)pyrene, protective garments, gloves, and respiratory equipment should be worn (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Sittig, 1991).

Disposable one-piece protective suits with fitted wrist and ankle openings, gloves, shoe-coverings and hair coverings are recommended in animal laboratories (HSDB, 2000).

In chemical laboratories, disposable gowns, gloves, and aprons, for additional protection, are recommended. Gowns of an unusual color are a reminder to employees not the wear it outside the designated area (HSDB, 2000).

Reusable personal protective equipment should be cleaned daily and made available for the next use (Sittig, 1991).

Avoid direct contact to skin (HSDB, 2000; (Sittig, 1991).

If there has been an exposure, wash the affected area with generous amounts of soap and water (AAR, 1998; (Harbison, 1998; Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Employees should be provided with at least an 8 inch face-shield and/or splash-proof goggles if they are working with a material containing Benzo(a)pyrene and that can possibly come in contact with the eyes (HSDB, 2000).

If the substance is a powder or dust, employees should don a full-face protection mask, or if one is not available, dust-proof goggles (Sittig, 1991).

If working with coal tar pitch volatiles, do not wear contact lenses (HSDB, 2000).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

Fumes and vapors from burning materials with Benzo(a)pyrene should be avoided (AAR, 1998).

It is imperative fitted respirators or particular masks be worn when exposed to Benzo(a)pyrene in a gas or particulate state (HSDB, 2000).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 50-32-8.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.8
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.8
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.8
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

In laboratories, engineering controls should be in place to change and ventilate room air to prevent Benzo(a)pyrene vapors from settling (HSDB, 2000).

In the hood, the extraction of air needs to be minimized to prevent Benzo(a)pyrene powders from being blown (HSDB, 2000).

An airstream helmet significantly reduces the exposure levels to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Harbison, 1998).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
Benzo(a) pyrene is flammable but does not ignite easily. It is not considered a fire hazard because it is usually found in small concentrations (Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS50-32-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS50-32-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Use a dry chemical, such as foam, sand, or carbon dioxide to combat fires (HSDB, 2004; AAR, 1998).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Benzo(a)pyrene decomposes when heated and emits fumes and acrid smoke (HSDB, 2004; Lewis, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Benzo(a)pyrene mixed with strong oxidizers, chlorates, perchlorates, permanganates, and nitrates can cause explosions (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Respirators should be worn to avoid breathing the dust and vapors from this chemical (AAR, 1998).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Benzo(a)pyrene reacts with strong oxidizers and is incompatible with nitrogen dioxide and ozone (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS50-32-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS50-32-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Benzo(a)pyrene (Coal tar pitch volatiles)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.2
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 1.5
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 10
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 80
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS50-32-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS50-32-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Following a spill incident, personnel should try to contain the material in the safest manner and store the material in sealed containers until it can be transported to a disposal facility or reclaimed (Sittig, 1991).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Following a spill incident, personnel should try to contain the material in the safest manner and store the material in sealed containers until it can be transported to a disposal facility (Sittig, 1991).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Greater than 95% destruction of laboratory wastes is accomplished by using an aqueous saturated potassium permanganate solution (HSDB, 2004).
Concentrated sulfuric acid is 99% effective in eliminating laboratory wastes (HSDB, 2004).
Small quantities of benzo(a)pyrene can be eliminated through oxidation using dichromate-sulfuric acid (HSDB, 2004).
IARC, publication No. 49, recommends disposing of pure benzo(a)pyrene compounds and solutions in organic solvents by using potassium permanganate under acidic conditions or concentrated sulfuric acid (HSDB, 2004).
Build dikes, dig pits or take any necessary measures to prevent run off into water sources and sewers (AAR, 1998).
If the spill is on land, cover the area with plastic sheets to prevent the chemical from dissolving in rain or water from fire fighting efforts and seeping into the soil. If the spill occurred in water, use natural barriers and equipment used for oil spills to contain the material. Suction hoses can be used to siphon off the contaminant (AAR, 1998).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

BIOREMEDIATION

In four soil samples containing benzo(a)pyrene mixed with sludge, the half-life ranged from 120 to 270 days (HSDB, 2004).
Over a period of 36 days, the amount of benzo(a)pyrene soil from an activated sludge pilot reactor was reduced by 64% due to biodegradation (HSDB, 2004).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration is the recommended method for disposing of Benzo(a)pyrene. Burning is easier if the chemical is mixed with a flammable solvent (HSDB, 2004; Sittig, 1991).
Liquid, solid waste, lab animal carcasses, litter, etc., must be incinerated at a temperature that will ensure complete destruction of carcinogens and metabolites (HSDB, 2004).
Biodegradation of carbon(14) radiolabeled benzo(a)pyrene in contaminated soil from a former tar-oil refinery was very slow (<8% in 160 days)(HSDB, 2004).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), is considered an environmental pollutant (Reprotox, 2001). BaP is often used as an index to measure air pollution (ACGIH, 1991).

Regulations have not been established in the United States to control industrial PAH emissions. People living in the vicinity of some manufacturing plants are exposed to 100 mcg daily (ACGIH, 1991). Current BaP levels are difficult to estimate. Since the time data were collected, more industries rely on fossil fuels; and given that BaP is primarily released to the atmosphere in a vapor state, it is not easily detected using the customary collection methods (ACGIH, 1991).

BaP concentrations depend on several factors: the season, geographic location, and the presence of nearby pollution sources such as manufacturing plants, traffic, and dust. Levels can be as much as 100 times higher in urban areas compared to non-urban. Winter months and periods of increased smoke also contribute to high concentrations (HSDB, 2004).

Practically all soil contains some level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Soil concentrations are affected by location: urban, rural, or agricultural (Harbison, 1998).

Dry soil samples taken near an oil refinery registered BaP levels as high as 200 ng/kg. Levels can be ten times that amount in urban or heavy traffic areas (Harbison, 1998).

Soil contamination is directly related and in proportion to the level of BaP in air. BaP concentrations have been measured in urban air worldwide. Consequently, it is possible for this chemical to enter the food chain (Bingham et al, 2001).

BaP has been detected in various food items produced in different countries: meat, spinach, kale, coconut oil, salad, bakers dry yeast, citrus fruits, beet greens, milk, yogurt, olive oil, chocolate, and various types of oats (HSDB, 2004; Harbison, 1998; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

The average daily food intake of BaP is 0.16 to 1.6 mcg/day, assuming the average concentration is 0.15 mcg/kg (HSDB, 2004).

The presence of BaP in food is determined by the temperature at which the food is cooked, the method of cooking, the distance from heat source, the time of exposure, and whether melted fat was allowed to drop into the heat source. Proximity to industrial or high traffic areas are also contributing factors to BaP concentrations in soil (HSDB, 2004; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) predominantly occurs in particulate form in ambient air where it can be removed by wet and dry deposition (HSDB, 2004).
Direct photolysis of BaP is possible since it has the ability to adsorb light in the environmental spectrum (HSDB, 2004).
- The aqueous and atmospheric photolysis half-lives for BaP range from 0.37 to 1.1 hours. This photolysis rate constant is based on 20% aqueous acetonitrile at midday winter sunlight (35 degrees north latitude; adjusted for the approximate intensity of summer sunlight) (Howard et al, 1991).
The half-life for BaP photooxidation ranges from 0.428 hours to 4.28 hours. This scientific judgement is based on the estimated rate constant for reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air (Howard et al, 1991).
BaP exposed to 0.19 ppm ozone had a half-life of 0.62 hours. Following exposures to ozone at 0.70 ppm and 2.28 ppm, the half-lives were 0.4 and 0.3 hours, respectively (HSDB, 2004).
- Following exposure to ozone and irradiation with a Quartz line lamp (290 to 400 nm) the following BaP half-lives were measured: 5.3H at 0 ppm; 0.58H at 0.19 ppm; 0.2H at 0.7 ppm; and 0.08H at 2.28 ppm(HSDB, 2004).
BaP can strongly absorb solar radiation and thus undergo photodecomposition (Verschueren, 2001).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) lacks hydrolyzable functional groups; therefore, it is not expected to hydrolyze in the environment (HSDB, 2004).
- A Henry's Law constant of 4.57 x 10(-7) atm-m(3)/mole indicates BaP volatilization from water surfaces is unlikely (HSDB, 2004).
- The photooxidation half-life, based on the measured rate constant for reaction with alkylperoxyl radicals in water, ranges from 8.6 days to 431 days (Howard et al, 1991).
- A photolysis half-life of 0.48 hours was measured during mid-summer sunlight in pure water. In coal-oil saturated water, the half-life was 5 hours (HSDB, 2004).
- Half-lives for direct photochemical decomposition in freshwater were calculated to be 0.54 hours near the surface; 3.2 hours at 5 meters; and 13 hours at 5 meters and partitioned to the bottom sediment (measurements were simulated at mid-day, mid-summer, at 40 degrees north latitude) (HSDB, 2004).
- BaP generally adsorbs to suspended soils and sediment in the water column, based on its organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) values ranging from 2.7 x 10(5) to 1.7 x 10(6) (HSDB, 2004).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Based on the extrapolated vapor pressure of 5.5 x 10(-9) mmHg, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces (HSDB, 2004).
- Organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) values of 2.7 x 10(5), 1.1 x 10(6), 4.7 x 10(5), and 1.7 x 10(6) suggest that mobility in soil is insignificant (HSDB, 2004).
- BaP can transfer to plants from soil (Bingham et al, 2001).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

In the atmosphere, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) typically occurs in particulate form and can be removed by both wet and dry deposition. BaP can adsorb light in the environmental spectrum, hence direct photolysis is possible. The estimated aqueous atmospheric photolysis half-life for BaP ranges from 0.37 to 1.1 hours. (HSDB, 2004; Howard et al, 1991).

BaP generally adsorbs to suspended soils and sediments in the water column. Volatilization from water surfaces is unlikely given a Henry's Law constant of 4.57 x 10(-7) atm-m(3)/mole. BaP does not typically hydrolyze in the environment, as it lacks hydrolyzable functional groups. (HSDB, 2004; Howard et al, 1991).

BaP generally does not volatilize from dry soil surfaces and its mobility in soil is insignificant. Biodegradation in soil is typically slow with half-lives ranging from 120 to 309 days. BaP can transfer to plants from soil as well as bioaccumulate in aquatic and terrestrial organisms (HSDB, 2004; Bingham et al, 2001).

BIODEGRADATION

WATER

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) biodegradation half-life estimates for surface water, based on the photolysis half-life in water, range from 0.37 to 1.1 hours. Its half-life in ground water ranges from 114 days to 2.90 years, based on an estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al, 1991).
Based on the estimated unacclimated aqueous biodegradation, the anaerobic half-life of BaP ranges from 228 days to 5.8 years (Howard et al, 1991).
Reported biodegradation rates [(mcL/d x 10(3)] of BaP to CO2 in estuarine water are (Verschueren, 2001):

0 -- test conditions: 5 mcg/L BaP for 24H in Jan.
0 -- test conditions: 5 mcg/L BaP for 24H in June.
2 -- test conditions: 5 mcg/L BaP for 96H in May (turnover time of 3,500 days).

Reported biodegradation rates (mcL/d) of BaP to CO2 in seawater are (Verschueren, 2001):

0 -- test conditions: 16 mcg/L BaP and 20 degrees C for 48H in dark.
0.01 --test conditions after addition of water extract from fuel oil 2: 16 mcg/L BaP and 20 degrees C for 24H in dark (turnover time of 1,400 days).

After 12 days, the BaP concentration in seawater declined by 53% (190 to 90 mcg/L) due to microbial degradation (and presence of 0.36 mg/L pyrene and 0.35 mg/L fluorene) (Verschueren, 2001).

SOIL

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) biodegradation in soil is expected to be slow, based on half-lives ranging from 120 to 309 days. Its tendency to adsorb to soil can slow down the biodegradation process (HSDB, 2004). Its half-life in soil can range from 30 to 694 days, given initial BaP soil levels of 0.048 to 32 mg/kg (Verschueren, 2001). The half-life range of BaP in soil is 57 days to 1.45 years based on the aerobic soil die-away test data at 10-30 degrees C (Howard et al, 1991).
BaP degradation rates vary in different soil types The biodegradation rate in soil can be affected by temperature, as well as by presence of other compounds in the soil and previous soil history. (HSDB, 2004; Bingham et al, 2001).

BaP half-lives in McLaurin and Kidman sandy loam soil range from 229 to 309 days, respectively (HSDB, 2004).
The biodegradation half-life for BaP in sandy loam soil is 4 years (700 mg/kg in dark at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001).

No loss of BaP occurred after 16 months under abiotic conditions in sandy loam soil (700 mg/kg BaP in dark at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001). Under anaerobic conditions, approximately 25% of BaP biodegraded within 1 month (HSDB, 2004).

In a 240 day microcosom soils study, the half-life decreased as the temperature increased. The half-life was 530 days at 10 degrees C ; 290 days at 20 degrees C, and 220 days at 30 degrees C (HSDB, 2004).

Reported microbial oxidation products for BaP in soil include the following (Verschueren, 2001):

From Beijerincka B836: 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene; cis 9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dixhydroxybenzo(a)pyrene; and various acid products.
From Cunninghamella elegans: trans-9,10-dihydrodiol; trans-7,8-dihydrodiol; BaP-1,6-quinone; BaP-3,6-quinone; 9-hydroxy-BaP; and 3-hydroxy-BaP.

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Benzo(a)pyrene was detected in various types of fish collected from the Gulf of Naples: anchovy (86 mcg/kg); brill (8 mcg/kg); cleaver wrasse (44 mcg/kg): horse mackeral (3 mcg/kg); scorpion fish (7 mcg/kg) (HSDB, 2004).

PLANTS

TERRESTRIAL
- Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) concentrations have been confirmed in olives, aquatic and terrestrial mosses, leaves of the bay evergreen tree (Laurus nobilis), pine needles, chrysanthemums, post oak leaves, and little bluestem leaves (HSDB, 2004).
- BaP was detected in the condensate from Citrullus colocynthis (coloquint) seeds (HSDB, 2004).

MAMMALS

Benzo(a)pyrene was detected in the fur, blood, and liver of two sea lion populations (HSDB, 2004).

OTHER

INVERTEBRATES
- Aquatic Organisms:
- Terrestrial Organisms:

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) concentrations in aquatic organisms can range from low to very high with bioconcentration factors (BCFs) ranging from 8.7 to 1 x 10(5) (HSDB, 2004).
Bluegill sunfish rapidly accumulated BaP during a 48-hour exposure period when dissolved humic material in the water was absent (BCF was 2,657). In a similar test where humic material was dissolved in the water, the accumulation was reduced by 90% (BCF range was 225-301) (HSDB, 2004).
Reported bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and depuration rates for oysters (Crassostrea virginica) from an oil-treated enclosure included the following(Verschueren, 2001):
- 190 (BAF) -- exposed for 2D; 0.36 mcg/g (oyster), 1.9 mcg/L (water)
- 3000 (BAF) -- exposed for 8D; 0.30 mcg/g (oyster), 0.1 mcg/L (water)
- Depuration half-life = 18 days
Polychaete worm (Prionosspio cirrifera): 13.8 (BCF, ratio of polychaeta dry weight (dw) to sediment dw) (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001).
Polychaete worm (Spiochaetpoterus costarum): 13.8 (BCF, ratio of polychaeta dw to sediment dw) (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001).
Capitella capitata: 0.7 (BCF, ratio of polychaeta dw to sediment dw) (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001).
Amphipod (Rhepoxnius abronius): 1 x 10(5) (BCF, approximate) -- after 10D exposure(HSDB, 2004).
Mudsucker (Gillichthys mirabilis): 0.048 (BCF) -- exposure to undetermined BaP concentration for 96H(HSDB, 2004).
Tidepool sculpin (Oligocottus maculosus): 0.13 (BCF) -- exposure to undetermined BaP concentration for 1H (HSDB, 2004).
Fish: 8,750 (BCF, calculated) (Verschueren, 2001)
Vegetation: -1.25 (log BCF)(Verschueren, 2001)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY STUDIES

Presence of nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs) can reduce microbial mutagenicity from benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in soil by reducing BaP bioavailability up to 80%. A bioassay using a rifampicin-sensitive strain (A11rUV) of Pseudomonas putid in three soil types amended with 50 mg/kg BaP showed genotoxicity reduction varied with identity, viscosity, and hydrophobicity of the NAPL (Sentry 19 oil or Pristane). Test results showed the following(Quinones-Rivera et al, 2003):

Soils not amended with the NAPLs (Sentry 19 oil or Pristane) exhibited no toxicity.
Soils amended with 1% Sentry 19 oil or 1% Pristane reduced mutant induction (genotoxicity) by approximately 40% and 63%, respectively.
Soils amended with 10% Sentry oil or 10% Pristane reduced mutant induction by more than 80%.

ECOTOXICITY VALUES

ALGAE

EC50 - Anabaena flos-aquae: >4 mg/L for 3D -- growth for 3 days(Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Chlamydomonas reinhardi: >4 mg/L for 3D -- growth(Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Euglena gracilis: >4 mg/L for 3D -- growth(Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Poteriochromonas malhamensis: >4 mg/L for 3D -- growth(Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Scenedesmus obliquus: 5 mcg/L for 3D -- growth(Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Scenedesmus capricornutum: 15 mcg/L for 3D -- growth(Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Selenastrum capricornutum: 0.0025 - 0.044 mg/L for 1WK -- growth(Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - Selenastrum capricornutum: 12 mg/L for 1WK -- growth(Verschueren, 2001)

INSECTS

LC50 - MOSQUITO (Aedes aegypti): 0.002 mg/L for 36H; 0.008 mg/L for 12H; (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)

CRUSTACEANS

LC50 - CRUSTACEAN (Daphnia pulex): 0.005 mg/L for 96H(HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)

FISH

EC - TOPMINNOW (Poeciliopsis monacha): 800-1,000 mcg/L for 1D -- enzyme effect(Verschueren, 2001)
LC - TOPMINNOW (Poeciliopsis sp): 3.75 mg/L for 1D - lethal effect(Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - TOPMINNOW (Poeciliopsis lucida): 1.2-3.7 mg/L for 24H(HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)

ANNELIDS

LC50 - ANNELID (Neanthes arenaceodentata): >1.0 mg/L for 96H (HSDB, 2004)

AMPHIBIANS

LC50 - LEOPARD FROG (Rana pipiens): >6.7 mg/L for 24H(HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
NOLC - SALAMANDER (Pleurodeles waltl): 0.1 mg/L for 1WK-- stage 53 larvae(HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

252.32

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Benzo(a)pyrene is released in the vapor state during industrial and natural combustion and is usually bound to small particulate matter in the atmosphere (ACGIH, 1991) Hathaway, 1996).

Benzo(a)pyrene, in its pure form, is pale-yellow crystals in the form of needles or plates (HSDB, 2000; (Lewis, 2000).

Benzo(a) pyrene has a slight aromatic odor; however, this may be due to contaminants rather than the chemical itself (HSDB, 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

5.49 X 10(-9) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2000)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.351 (ACGIH, 1991) HSDB, 2000)

DENSITY

VAPOR DENSITY

8.7 (HSDB, 2000)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

179-179.3 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991) Budavari, 2000; HSDB, 2000)
177 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 2000)

BOILING POINT

310-312 degrees C (at 10 mmHg) (ACGIH, 1991) Budavari, 2000)

312 degrees C (at 10 mmHg) (Lewis, 2000)

FLASH POINT

Not applicable

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Benzo(a)pyene is virtually insoluble in water (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000).

OTHER

Benzo(a)pyrene is soluble in ether, benzene, toluene, xylene, aqueous caffeine, (Budavari, 2000) HSDB, 2000)
Benzo(a)pyrene is soluble to a lesser degree in alcohol, ethanol, and methanol (ACGIH, 1991).
Benzo(a)pyrene is highly soluble in chloroform (HSDB, 2000).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow=5.97 (HSDB, 2000)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

4.57X10(-7) atm-cu m/mole (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2000)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

1189 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection) (HSDB, 2000)

594 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB, 2000)

MASS

4656 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base) (HSDB, 2000)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Data not available.

HEAT OF FUSION

15.69 cal/g (HSDB, 2000)

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents