2-BROMOPROPANE

As an alternative to ozone-depleting solvents, 2-Bromopropane gained increased industrial use in cleaning and spray adhesive applications. However, as its toxic effects were identified, 1-bromopropane was almost entirely substituted for 2-bromopropane in these applications. Currently, the US Environmental Protection Agency restricts the presence of 2-bromopropane in commercial bromopropane solvents in certain end-use applications to 0.05% (68 FR 33284, 2003).
It is also used in chemical processes for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, dyes, and other organic compounds (HSDB, 2004).

FORMS

2-Bromopropane exists as a colorless liquid (HSDB, 2004).

SOURCES

2-Bromopropane is produced by heating isopropyl alcohol with hydrogen bromide (HSDB, 2004; Merck & Co., 2003; Ashford, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation, ingestion, and skin. Hematological or reproductive toxicity may occur following exposure to more than 10 ppm for a prolonged period. Ovarian failure, amenorrhea, high follicle-stimulating hormone levels, irregular menstrual periods, hot flashes, azoospermia, and oligospermia have been reported following inhalational exposure to 2-bromopropane. Headache, dizziness, weakness, anemia, and leukopenia have also been reported.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection. Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers .
DERMAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Reproductive, blood, skin, and CNS (Boekelheide et al, 2004; Yu et al, 2001; Yu et al, 1999b; Ichihara et al, 1999; Koh et al, 1998).

ORAL EXPOSURE

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
Respiratory tract irritation, if severe, can progress to pulmonary edema which may be delayed in onset up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL

Rats exposed to 1000 ppm 2-bromopropane, 8 hours a day for 12 weeks, showed significant reduction in body weights and evidence of peripheral neuropathy, including significantly decreased motor nerve conduction velocity and prolonged distal latency in tail nerves. However, researchers observed no overt changes in neurobehavior. Significant hematological effects included reductions in number of erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes. Testicular germ cell loss and seminiferous atrophy were also observed (Yu et al, 2001).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS75-26-3 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS75-26-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- 31,171 ppm for 4H -- aggression; weight loss or decreased weight gain (RTECS, 2004)
- 36,000 mg/m(3) (RTECS, 2004)
LC50- (INHALATION)UNASSIGNED:
- 36 g/m(3) (RTECS, 2004)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- 483.7 mg/kg (RTECS, 2004)
TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- 1000 ppm for 6H -- male (RTECS, 2004)
- 172 g/m(3) for 30 minutes for 14D, intermittent -- respiratory changes; hemorrhage (RTECS, 2004)
- 2000 ppm for 6H for 14D, intermittent -- changes in testicular weight (RTECS, 2004)
- 300 ppm for 8H for 9W, intermittent -- changes to the endocrine system (RTECS, 2004)
TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- 18,900 mg/kg -- female, affected fallopian tubes and ovaries; menstrual cycle changes (RTECS, 2004)
- 3000 for 8H for 4W, intermittent -- changes in heart and kidney weights; hyperglycemia (RTECS, 2004)
- 1500 mg/kg for 4W, intermittent -- weight loss or decreased weight gain (RTECS, 2004)
- 6000 mg/kg for 4W, intermittent -- changes in adrenal and testicular weights; testes, epididymis, and sperm duct changes (RTECS, 2004)
- 12,000 mg/kg for 4W, intermittent -- changes in brain, lung, and liver weights (RTECS, 2004)
TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- 13.8 g/kg -- female, 6-21D of pregnancy and 3-20D after birth -- affected fertility index; developmental abnormalities of urogenital system and germ cells in offspring (RTECS, 2004)
- 13770 mg/kg for 34D, intermittent -- weight loss or decreased weight gain (RTECS, 2004)
- 41.3 g/kg -- female, 6-21D or pregnancy and 3-20D after birth -- decreased viability index; developmental abnormalities of urogenital system and reduced weight gain in offspring (RTECS, 2004)
- 6775 mg/kg -- male, 5D prior to mating; affected spermatogenesis (RTECS, 2004)
- 5 g/kg -- male, 5W prior to mating -- affected spermatogenesis (RTECS, 2004)
- 6480 mg/kg for 16D, intermittent -- death (RTECS, 2004)
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- 9240 g/kg for 28D, intermittent -- blood changes (RTECS, 2004)
- 28 g/kg for 28D, intermittent -- changes in thymus weight; normocytic anemia; weight loss or decreased weight gain (RTECS, 2004)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS75-26-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS75-26-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as 2-Bromopropane
Not Listed
Ceiling or Short-term TWA:
Skin Notation: No
Dermal Sensitizer: No
Candidate WEEL: No
WEEL Under Review: No

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS75-26-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS75-26-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS75-26-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS75-26-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS75-26-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS75-26-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS75-26-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS75-26-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS75-26-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS75-26-3 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Propane, 2-bromo-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2344 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Bromopropanes

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2344
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: IB2, T4, TP1

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Bromopropanes

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2344
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: IB3, T2, TP1

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T2: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2344 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Bromopropanes
UN Number: 2344

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS75-26-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Do not handle broken or leaking packages or 2-bromopropane unless wearing adequate protective clothing (AAR, 2002).

HANDLING

Use only non-sparking tools and equipment when working with this chemical, especially when opening and closing containers (Pohanish, 2002).

Prohibit ignition sources in areas where 2-bromopropane is used (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store 2-bromopropane in tightly-closed containers (Pohanish, 2002).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

2-Bromopropane should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated location, preferably in a detached storage area (Pohanish, 2002).
Protect containers of this chemical from physical damage (Pohanish, 2002).
Store 2-bromopropane in a cool, well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight and ignition sources (HSDB, 2004).
Store separated from metallic or other azides, as explosive compounds may result from prolonged contact (Urben, 1999).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Do not allow sources of ignition, such as lit cigarettes or open flames, into areas where 2-bromopropane is stored (Pohanish, 2002).
Store separated from metallic or other azides, as explosive compounds may result from prolonged contact (Urben, 1999).
Store separated from strong oxidizers; contact may cause fire or explosion (Pohanish, 2002).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Use appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment when working with or around 2-bromopropane. Take precautions to avoid inhalation, dermal contact, and accidental ingestion (HSDB, 2004; AAR, 2002).

Minimize contact with and exposure to 2-bromopropane liquid and vapors. Wear protective clothing including gloves, suits, and safety goggles and use respiratory protection when working with or around this compound (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

Primary 2-bromopropane exposure hazards are through dermal contact and inhalation (Pohanish, 2002).

2-Bromopropane can be absorbed through and irritate the skin; take precautions to prevent dermal contact by wearing appropriate chemical protective clothing, including gloves and outerwear, when handling or using this chemical (Pohanish, 2002).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Do not wear contact lenses when working with 2-bromopropane (Pohanish, 2002).

Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield to protect eyes and face unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn (Pohanish, 2002).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Use adequate respiratory protection when working with or around 2-bromopropane (Pohanish, 2002).

At any detectable concentration, wear a NIOSH-approved self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) with full facepiece, or a supplied-air respirator with full facepiece and an auxiliary SCBA. Operate in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode (Pohanish, 2002).
For escape conditions, wear an air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister with high-efficiency particulate filter (Pohanish, 2002).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 75-26-3.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Engineering controls should be implemented when feasible to decrease vapor concentrations in work areas (Pohanish, 2002).

OTHER

INDUSTRIAL DECONTAMINATION

Wash affected area(s) immediately with soap and water if 2-bromopropane contacts the skin. Remove any nonimpervious contaminated clothing and shoes right away (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
If 2-bromopropane contacts the eyes, remove contact lenses if present, and flush with water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the upper and lower eyelids (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
Provide emergency showers and eyewash in locations where 2-bromopropane is handled (Pohanish, 2002).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
2-Bromopropane is extremely flammable, and presents a dangerous fire hazard (Lewis, 2000).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS75-26-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Prolonged contact between 2-bromopropane and metallic or other azides can result in the formation of explosive compounds (Urben, 1999).
Contact between 2-bromopropane and strong oxidizers may cause fire or explosions (Pohanish, 2002).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane or nitroethane.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS75-26-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or alcohol foam extinguishers for fires involving 2-bromopropane (Pohanish, 2002).

Containers may explode in fire. If it can be done safely, use water spray to cool containers exposed to flame (Pohanish, 2002).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, 2-bromopropane emits toxic bromine and hydrogen bromide gases (Pohanish, 2002; Lewis, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

2-Bromopropane vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors in confined areas may explode if exposed to ignition sources (Pohanish, 2002).

2-Bromopropane vapors are denser than air and may collect in low areas and travel long distances. Flashback may occur if vapors reach an ignition source (Pohanish, 2002).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

2-Bromopropane vapor is a toxic inhalation hazard, with the potential to cause CNS damage and reproductive health problems upon exposure to high levels, or prolonged or repeated exposure (HSDB, 2004).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Contact between 2-bromopropane and strong oxidizers may cause fire or explosions (Pohanish, 2002).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS75-26-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS75-26-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Bromopropane, 2-
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 600
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 1500
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 12500
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 25000
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS75-26-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS75-26-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Wear adequate protective equipment while cleaning up spills. Evacuate personnel from area of spill. Remove all sources of ignition and ventilate area. Use vermiculite, dry sand, or similar absorbant to absorb spilled liquid. Deposit in sealed containers for later disposal (Pohanish, 2002).
Notify appropriate authorities if material or runoff enters waterways and downstream contamination is suspected (Pohanish, 2002).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

BIOREMEDIATION

2-Bromopropane is susceptible to rapid biodegradation, as shown in the results of a 2 week closed-bottle biodegradation study using 100 mg/L 2-bromopropane and 30 mg/L sludge. Half-lives for biodegradation by Pseudomonas sp. and Flavobacterium sp. ranged from 25 to 279 hours (HSDB, 2004).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

INCINERATION

Incineration has been a suggested disposal method for 2-bromopropane (Pohanish, 2002).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

2-Bromopropane may be introduced to the environment during its production, transport, or use as a solvent or other industrial applications (HSDB, 2004).

Occupational exposure to 2-bromopropane can occur as it is being handled or used. Inhalation and dermal are the most common routes of exposure (HSDB, 2004).

2-Bromopropane may be encountered as a component of commercial 1-bromopropane mixtures. The US Environmental Protection Agency has set restrictions on the amount of 2-bromopropane allowable in certain specified end use products (68 FR 33284, 2003).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

If released to the atmosphere, 2-bromopropane is expected to exist in vapor phase, where it will degrade through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals or be removed via wet deposition. The estimated half-life of 2-bromopropane through reaction with hydroxyl radicals is 24 days (HSDB, 2004).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- 2-Bromopropane is expected to volatilize rapidly from surface waters; predicted half-lives are 3.329 hours from a model river (1 meter deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 4.42 m/sec) and 4.4 days from a model lake (1 meter deep) (HSDB, 2004).
- Hydrolysis is expected to be significant for 2-bromopropane, based on a neutral hydrolysis half-life of 2.1 days (HSDB, 2004).
- Neither bioaccumulation by aquatic organisms nor adsorption to sediment is expected to be important fate processes (HSDB, 2004).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Based on estimated organic carbon partition coefficients of 35.04 and 51.72, 2-bromopropane is expected to be very mobile in soil. It will also hydrolyze in moist soils, with an estimated neutral hydrolysis half-life of 2.1 days (HSDB, 2004).
- 2-Bromopropane is expected to volatilize from both moist and dry soil surfaces, based on its experimental vapor pressure of 216.47 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

2-Bromopropane is not persistent in the environment. In vapor form, it is removed from the atmosphere via wet deposition or degraded through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. In soils and surface water, it both volatilizes and hydrolyzes rapidly. Biodegradation may also be an important fate process in these media (HSDB, 2004).

BIODEGRADATION

Biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process for 2-bromopropane in soils (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

122.99

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

2-Bromopropane exists as a colorless liquid (HSDB, 2004).

VAPOR PRESSURE

216.47 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (extrapolated from experimentally derived coefficients) (HSDB, 2004)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.31 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 2001)

RELATIVE VAPOR DENSITY

4.27 (air = 1) (HSDB, 2004)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

-91 degrees C (Ashford, 2001)
-89 degrees C (HSDB, 2004)

BOILING POINT

59 degrees C (Ashford, 2001)

59.35 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)

59.38 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (HSDB, 2004)

FLASH POINT

<14 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

slightly soluble in water (Merck & Co., 2003; Ashford, 2001)
water solubility = 3180 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

soluble in oxygenated solvents (Ashford, 2001)
slightly soluble in acetone (HSDB, 2004)
miscible with alcohol, benzene, chloroform, and ether (Merck & Co., 2003)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 2.14 (HSDB, 2004)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

6313 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB, 2004)

MASS

494 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB, 2004)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

SURFACE TENSION

3.5348 x 10(-2) N/m (at melting point) (HSDB, 2004)

HEAT OF FUSION

6.527 x 10(6) J/kmol (HSDB, 2004)

HYDROLYSIS CONSTANT

1.42 x 10(-7) L/mol-sec (base-catalyzed) (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)
3.77 x 10(-6) L/mol-sec (neutral rate) (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.4251 (Merck & Co., 2003)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

391 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue) (HSDB, 2004)

VISCOSITY

1.0012 x 10(-3) Pa.s (liquid) (at -23.15 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)

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2-BROMOPROPANE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents