BENOMYL

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C14-H18-N4-O3

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

151-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996)HSDB, 1999;(Morgan, 1993; RTECS, 1999)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Benomyl is used on land surrounding airport runways to reduce the population of earthworms. This attracts fewer birds that interfere with air traffic. Benomyl was not toxic to birds and did not accumulate in the soil.
Also used as an oxidizer in sewage treatment (Lewis, 1996; Budavari, 1996), in textile processing and paint pigment manufacture (ACGIH, 1996; HSDB, 1999). It is also effective against mites and is used for the control of storage rots (ACGIH, 1991; HSDB, 1999).
Benomyl has been used in veterinary medicine as an anthelmintic (Budavari, 1996).

FORMS

Introduced in 1967 by E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company (Hayes, 1982). Usually in the form of a wettable powder, for application to a wide range of vegetables, fruits, field crops, and ornamentals. Essentially insoluble in water or in oils.
Benomyl, occupying 50 percent of the worldwide market, is one of the most widely used members of a family of systemic fungicides known as benzimidazoles (IPCS, 1993a).
In aqueous solutions, benomyl decomposes to carbendazim (with the removal of butyl isocyanate) and ethyl analog. Carbendazim is thought to be the active component (Budavari, 1996) HSDB, 1999; (IPCS, 1993a).

SOURCES

Brand names include: Benlate, Tersan 1991 Turf Fungicide, Benlate T seed treatment, and Benex (Meister, 1987; Hayes, 1982).

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

In aqueous solutions, benomyl decomposes to carbendazim (with the removal of butyl isocyanate) and ethyl analog. Carbendazim is thought to be the active component (Budavari, 1996) HSDB, 1999; (IPCS, 1993a). The synonyms for carbendazim are (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) RTECS, 1999b):

A 118
A 118 (PESTICIDE)
AGRIZIM
ANTIBAC MF
BA 67054F
BAS 3460 F
BAS-3460
BATTAL
BAVISTAN
BAVISITIN
BAVISTIN
BAVISTIN 3460
BCM
BCM (FUNGICIDE)
BENGARD
BENZIMIDAZOLE CARBAMATE DE METHYLE (FRENCH)
BENZIMIDAZOLE-2-CARBAMIC ACID, METHYL ESTER
1H-BENZIMIDAZOL-2-YLCARBAMIC ACID, METHYL ESTER
BERCEMA-BITOSEN
BITOSEN
BMK
BMK (FUNGICIDE)
CARBAMIC ACID, 1H-BENZIMIDAZOL-2-YL-, METHYL ESTER
CARBEN VL
CARBENDAZIM
CARBENDAZIME
CARBENDAZOL
CARBENDAZOLE
CARBENDAZYM
2-(CARBOMETHOXYAMINO)BENZIMIDAZOLE
CTR 6669
CUSTOS
DELSENE
DELSENE FUNGICIDE
DELROSAL
DROSAL
EK 578
EQUITDAZIN
FALICARBEN
FUNABEN
FUNABEN 3
FUNABEN 50
G 665
GARBENDA
HOE 17411
IPO-1250
KEMDAZIN
KOLFUGO
KOLFUGO EXTRA
LIGNASAN
MBC
MCAB
MECARZOLE
MEDAMINE
2-(METHOXY-CARBONYLAMINO)-BENZIMIDAZOL (GERMAN)
2-(METHOXYCARBONYLAMINO)-BENZIMIDAZOLE
METHYL 1H-BENZEMEDAZOL-2-YLCARBAMATE
METHYL 2-BENZIMIDAZOLECARBAMATE
METHYL BENZIMIDAZOL-2-YL CARBAMATE
MYCO
PILLARSTIN
PREPARATION G 665
PREVENTOL BCM
SPIN
STEIN
STEMPOR
SUPERCARB
THICOPER
TRITICOL
U-32.104

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Benomyl may be irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Contact dermatitis has been reported from exposure.

Benomyl is a carbamate fungicide with a low degree of toxicity. Exposure is NOT associated with signs and symptoms of cholinergic stimulation. Systemic symptoms have rarely, if ever, been reported following exposure.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

With an acute oral LD50 of 10 g/kg in rats, benomyl is of low acute toxicity (RTECS, 1996; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Sherman et al, 1975). Systemic toxicity from acute exposure is rare. In studies on nursery workers, the primary route of exposure to benomyl was determined to be through the skin (Hoekstra et al, 1996).

Benomyl is a potential mild skin, eye, and respiratory irritant (Morgan, 1982). The insoluble dust or powder would be predicted to have irritant properties due to frictional action. A formulation of 25% benomyl in a 50% wettable powder had negligible skin irritation in guinea pigs (HSDB , 1996). Skin irritation has been noted from occupational exposures, however (Klaassen et al, 1986; Savitt, 1972; Arimatsu et al, 1978). Benomyl was a mild eye irritant in rabbits (HSDB , 1996).

Benomyl is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in rats (Styles & Garner, 1974). It is promptly excreted in the urine as the hydroxylated or methylated conjugates. It is metabolized to CARBENDAZIM (Styles & Garner, 1974; Sherman et al, 1975). Specific metabolites vary from one species to another (Gardiner et al, 1968; Gardiner et al, 1974; Douch, 1973).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Benomyl has been reported to be a dermal sensitizer (van Ketel, 1977). Cases of eczematous dermatitis have been reported (van Joost et al, 1983). Benomyl has been reported to be a photosensitizer and can cause hyperpigmentation in women (Binder, 1976).

Differing results have been obtained in patch tests of workers exposed to benomyl. Some Japanese applicators tested positive (Arimatsu et al, 1978), but none of 62 exposed workers in another study had positive benomyl patch tests (Larsen et al, 1990). Women may be more sensitive than men to developing irritant or contact dermatitis (Arimatsu et al, 1978).

Lethargy and somnolence, weight loss, dizziness and sweating, and an overall "pins-and-needles" feeling were experienced in a worker who had been exposed 3 times to benomyl-"pickled" wheat while cleaning out silos (Gale, 1988). Others have postulated that the effects were not due to benomyl, however (Christophers, 1989).

Olfactory degeneration was seen in rats exposed to 50 to 200 mg/m(3) of benomyl (Warheit et al, 1989). No histopathological abnormalities were seen in the nasal mucosa in rats fed benomyl at levels up to 15,000 ppm in the diet for 32 days (Hurtt et al, 1993).

Signs of liver toxicity were seen in rats and dogs receiving 125 and 62.5 mg/kg/day, respectively, in a 90-day feeding study (IRIS , 1995).

Benomyl showed little or no storage in tissues of rats and dogs in 2-year feeding studies and had a "low order" of toxicity (Gardiner et al, 1974; HSDB , 1996).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory and reproductive systems (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

SUMMARY

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Ingestion may result in significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. The role of gastric decontamination is unclear. The administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Treatment should be symptomatic and supportive in patients demonstrating symptoms.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS17804-35-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Benomyl

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Benomyl
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Benomyl
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS17804-35-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 5x10(-2) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

NOTES: Specific references are included below when differing values are reported for the same animal and route.
- LC50- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- TDLo- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- TDLo- (SKIN)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
NOTES: Specific references are included below when differing values are reported for the same animal and route.
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)CHICKEN:
- LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HAMSTER:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS17804-35-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Benomyl

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 1 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: I, SEN
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
I: Inhalable fraction; see Appendix C, paragraph A (of TLV booklet).
SEN: The designation SEN refers to the potential for an agent to produce sensitization, as confirmed by human or animal data. The notation does not imply that this is the critical effect or that this is the sole basis for the TLV. Although, for those TLVs that are based on sensitization, the TLV is meant to protect workers from induction of this effect, but cannot protect workers who have already become sensitized. The notation should be used to assist in identifying sensitization hazards and reducing respiratory, dermal, and conjunctival exposures to sensitizing agents in the workplace. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr; male repro and testicular dam; embryo/fetal dam
Molecular Weight: 290.32

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS17804-35-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS17804-35-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Benomyl
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix D

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS17804-35-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Benomyl (Total dust)
Table Z-1 for Benomyl (Total dust):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 15

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Listed as: Benomyl (Respirable fraction)
Table Z-1 for Benomyl (Respirable fraction):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS17804-35-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS17804-35-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Benomyl
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Carbamic acid, [1-[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]-, methyl ester
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS17804-35-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS17804-35-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Benomyl
P or U series number: U271
Footnote:
Listed as: Carbamic acid, [1-[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]-, methyl ester
P or U series number: U271
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS17804-35-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS17804-35-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Benomyl
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS17804-35-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Benomyl
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS17804-35-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Carbamic acid, [1-[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]-, methyl ester

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS17804-35-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Do not touch damaged containers unless wearing appropriate protective clothing (HSDB, 1999).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Benomyl should be stored in a dry state. Protect from moisture and keep container tightly closed when not in use (HSDB, 1999). Keep container tightly closed (IPCS, 1993b).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Benomyl should be stored in a cool place or in a refrigerator (Sittig, 1991). It should be stored in a well ventilated area (IPCS, 1993b).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Benomyl is incompatible with heat, strong acids, or strong alkalis (HSDB, 1999). Keep away from moisture and water (IPCS, 1993b).
When exposed to extreme dusting conditions, explosive air-benomyl mixtures may form (IPCS, 1993b).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Inhalation or contact with the material irritates or burns the skin. Appropriate personal protective clothing should be worn to prevent skin contact. Area of the skin should be washed immediately if it becomes contaminated. Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided. Work clothing that becomes wet or contaminated should be removed or replaced (HSDB, 1999).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Inhalation or contact with the material irritates or burns eyes. Eye-wash fountains should be provided, and proper eye protection should be worn (HSDB, 1999).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation (HSDB, 1999).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 17804-35-2.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): > 240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
Editor's Note: The flammability of benomyl varies among different references. The differences may depend on the physical state of the compound and the solvent it is dissolved in.
- Benomyl itself does not burn (Sittig, 1991).
- Benomyl is non-combustible (HSDB, 1999).
- Benomyl is a flammable solid (DuPont, 1997).
- Benomyl is highly flammable and easily ignited by heat, sparks, or flames (HSDB, 1999; (IPCS, 1993b).
Fire produces irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases, such as n-butylisocyanate (DuPont, 1997) HSDB, 1999; (IPCS, 1993b). Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air, may travel to source of ignition and flash back, may spread along ground, and may collect in low or confined areas (HSDB, 1999).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS17804-35-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS17804-35-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Do not use straight streams. Dike fire control water for later disposal (do not scatter the material) (HSDB, 1999).

Small fires: use dry chemical, CO2, water spray, or alcohol-resistant foam (HSDB, 1999).

Large fires: use water spray, fog, or alcohol-resistant foam with unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; withdraw from area and let fire burn if fire is massive and unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles are unavailable (HSDB, 1999).

Isolate for 800 meters (1/2 miles) in all directions and fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles if tank, rail car, or tank truck is involved in a fire. Move containers from fire area if safe to do so. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. Stay away from the ends of tanks. Do not get water inside containers (HSDB, 1999).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated (HSDB, 1999). Under severe dust conditions, benomyl may form explosive mixtures in air (IPCS, 1993b).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Fire produces irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases (HSDB, 1999; (IPCS, 1993b). Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air, may travel to source of ignition and flash back, may spread along ground, and may collect in low or confined areas (HSDB, 1999). Under severe dust conditions, benomyl may form explosive mixtures in air (IPCS, 1993b).

Vapor inhalation may lead to dizziness or suffocation (HSDB, 1999).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

It is non-corrosive to metals (HSDB, 1999).

Optimal pH for hydroxylation is between pH 7 and pH 8. In some solvents, dissociation occurs to form carbendazim and butyl isocyanate (HSDB, 1999). Strong acids and strong alkalis decompose benomyl. At about pH 8, ester cleavage occurs. At acidic pH, butylcarbamoyl side chain is cleaved. (Hartley & Kidd, 1987) HSDB, 1999). Strong acids or strong alkalies can cause decomposition and formation of toxic oxides of nitrogen (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Benomyl decomposes without melting at temperature above 572 degrees F (Budavari, 1996). Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases (HSDB, 1999). Heat can lead to decomposition and formation of toxic oxides of nitrogen (HSDB, 1999; (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It also decomposes on storage in the presence of moisture (HSDB, 1999). Water can cause decomposition and formation of toxic oxides of nitrogen (Pohanish & Greene, 1997). In aqueous solutions, benomyl decomposes to carbendazim and ethyl analog (Budavari, 1996) HSDB, 1999).

Benomyl is non-volatile at room temperature (Hayes, 1982) HSDB, 1999).

Although there is a carbamate grouping, benomyl is not a cholinesterase inhibitor (HSDB, 1999).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS17804-35-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS17804-35-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS17804-35-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS17804-35-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Soil burial disposal is suffice due to low toxicity level (Sittig, 1991).
Fully encapsulating and vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no danger of fire. If safe to do so, attempts to stop the leak should be made. All ignition sources in the immediate area should be eliminated. All equipment used when handling the product should be grounded. Touching or walking through spilled material should be avoided. Care should be taken to prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements, or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam or water spray may be used to reduce vapors. Dry dirt, sand, or other non-combustible material should be used to absorb or cover the material before transferring to containers for disposal (HSDB, 1999).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Plastic sheet should be used to cover the spill to prevent spreading. Spilled material should be dampened with toluene to avoid dust then transferred to a sealable vapor-tight container or bag. Any remaining material should be picked up by absorbent paper dampened with toluene. After spills are cleared, all surface areas should be cleaned thoroughly with soap and water (Sittig, 1991). Use dirt, sand, or other non-combustible material can be used to contain spills followed by transferring to containers for later disposal (HSDB, 1999).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 100 or 200 meters in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal (HSDB, 1999).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

In humans, exposure is through diet and through occupational activities (manufacturing and usage) (IPCS, 1993a).

Although benomyl is well absorbed after oral intake, dietary exposure analysis in the USA (combined benomyl and carbendazim) and the Netherlands (carbendazim) showed a mean intake of about 1/10 of the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) (IPCS, 1993a)
Occupational exposures (mainly by inhalation and dermal contact) are reportedly below established TLV, and they are easily controlled by the use of dust masks and protective clothing (IPCS, 1993b)

Due to the strong adsorption of benomyl's degradation product, carbendazim, on soil and sediments, exposure to terrestrial and aquatic organisms is expected to be low (IPCS, 1993b).

Carbendazim persists on leaf surfaces and in leaf litter, and it can remain in the soil for up to 3 years (IPCS, 1993a).

Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Half-life of benomyl in the atmosphere is estimated to be 1.6 hours due to reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in the vapor phase (Howard, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Benomyl has a half-life of 2 hours in water. Benomyl is converted to carbendazim in water (IPCS, 1993a).
- Benomyl released to water has a tendency to adsorb to sediments. Suspended sediments do not tend to bioconcentrate to any significant extent (HSDB, 2004).
- Benomyl is essentially non-volatile from water surfaces (IPCS, 1993a).
- Volatilization of benomyl from water is probably insignificant. Hydrolysis is likely to be the most significant removal process for benomyl in water (HSDB, 2004).
- Benomyl in aqueous solution under acidic conditions hydrolyzes to methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate (carbendazim) and butyl isocyanate. Conversion to carbendazim occurs within one week (Verschueren, 2001).
- Biodegradation may also be a significant fate process in water (HSDB, 2004).
- In a sterile solution buffered at pH 5, benomyl is hydrolyzed to carbendazim. In a sterile solution buffered at pH 7 and pH 9, benomyl is hydrolyzed to carbendazim and 3-butyl-1,3,5-triazino(1,2a)-benzimidazol-2,4(1H,3H)dione (IPCS, 1993a).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Benomyl adsorbs strongly to sandy loam soils and very strongly to silt loam soils. Adsorption is affected by organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, particle size, etc; desorption is inversely related to organic content (IPCS, 1993a).
- Benomyl released to soils does not tend to move downward or leach extensively. The substance is less mobile in soils of lower sand content, higher silt/clay content, lower organic content, or lower pH (IPCS, 1993a).
- Volatilization of benomyl from soil maybe significant. Benomyl released to the surface of soils may be transported by wind erosion or surface runoff because it strongly sorbs to organic matters in soils. Benomyl has a half-life of 19 hours in soil(IPCS, 1993a).
- Degradation of benomyl (to carbendazim and 2-aminobenzimidazole) in soil is likely to be the most significant removal process (HSDB, 2004; IPCS, 1993a).
- Biodegradation may also be significant in soil (HSDB, 2004; IPCS, 1993a).
- The half-life of carbendazim in soil is about 3 to 6 months on turf and about 6 to 12 months on bare moist soil (IPCS, 1993a).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Benomyl strongly adsorbs to soil and sediment. Adsorption and the potential for soil migration are influenced by organic content, soil type, cation exchange capacity, particle size, and pH. Transport of adsorbed benomyl by wind erosion or surficial runoff is possible. Leaching through soil is not great. Volatilization from surface soil may occur, but it does not volatilize from water. Hydrolysis and photolysis contribute the most to its removal from water. It biodegrades in water and soil. Benomyl degrades primarily to carbendazim in water and soil. Vapors react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (HSDB, 2004; IPCS, 1993a; Howard, 1991).

BIODEGRADATION

Benomyl served as the sole carbon source for mixed bacterial cultures. The degradation rate to carbendazim was small(Verschueren, 2001).

Biodegradation half-life in soil: 2H (Verschueren, 2001)

Biodegradation half-life in water: 19H (Verschueren, 2001)

Benomyl is metabolized to various compounds including ring-opening products of the benzimidazole ring to produce ortho-phenylenediamine, ortho-aminobenzonitrile, methoxycarbonylguanidine, methoxycarbonlylurea, and 2-amino-6-hydroxyphenylurea in plants(HSDB, 2004).

Pseudomonas strains that can grow on benomyl as the sole carbon source have been isolated from water and soil. The hydrolyzed product of benomyl, carbendazim, is mainly decomposed by microorganisms (HSDB, 2004).

BIOACCUMULATION

HUMANS

Neither benomyl nor carbendazim has been reported to accumulate (IPCS, 1993a).

FISH

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) -- Uptake rate constant: 1.78 per hour when exposed to 45 mcg/L of carbendazim for 96 hours, followed by a 96-hour depuration phase (IPCS, 1993a).

PLANTS

TERRESTRIAL
- Benomyl and carbendazim remain stable for several weeks on the exterior of plants, and they are absorbed through leaves and roots of plants with mainly acropetal translocation (Hartley & Kidd, 1987; IPCS, 1993b).

MAMMALS

In animal systems, benomyl is metabolized to carbendazim, which is rapidly excreted (in urine and feces) (IPCS, 1993a; Zenz, 1994).
- Neither benomyl nor carbendazim have been observed to accumulate (IPCS, 1993a).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) (IPCS, 1993a):
- Whole body bioconcentration factor: 27 when exposed to 0.018 mg/L of carbendazim for 4 weeks, followed by a 14-day depuration phase.
- Whole body bioconcentration factor: 23 when exposed to 0.17 mg/L of carbendazim for 4 weeks, followed by a 14-day depuration phase.
- Viscera biconcentration factor: 460 when exposed to 0.018 mg/L of carbendazim for 4 weeks, followed by a 14-day depuration phase.
- Viscera biconcentration factor: 380 when exposed to 0.17 mg/L of carbendazim for 4 weeks, followed by a 14-day depuration phase.
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) bioconcentration factor: 159 when exposed to 45 mcg/L of carbendazim for 96 hours, followed by a 96-hour depuration phase (IPCS, 1993a).
Estimated at 290 (using a water solubility of 3.8 ppm) (Howard, 1991; HSDB, 1999).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Benomyl concentrations from 5 to 15 mcM for 96 hours at 24 degrees C caused various developmental malformations in early embryos of Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog). Abnormalities included external malformations, growth inhibition and edema, and histological abnormalities in the brain, eye, intestine, otic vesicle, skin, muscle, and pronephric duct. Effects also included mitochondrial degeneration and excess residual yolk platelets (Yoon et al, 2003).

The incidence of 11 types of external malformations increased with increasing benomyl concentrations (Yoon et al, 2003).

Test embryos exposed to benomyl levels at 10 and 15 mcM had malformations including centripetal eyes collecting toward the center of the head; narrow head; furrowed fin; notochord bending; tail curvature; gut dysplasia; and stunted bodies.
Dramatic increases in the incidence of malformations occurred from 5 to 10 mcM benomyl in the treated embryos.
Body length was significantly shorter at benomyl concentrations greater than or equal to 10 mcM.

Benomyl inhibits differentiation of neural tissue more strongly than muscle tissue differentiation.
Head malformation was the most definitive external malformation.
Optic abnormalities and dysplasia of the central nervous system were among histological malformations.

Toxicity from benomyl and carbendazim is unlikely to be manifested in terrestrial and aquatic organisms because of the strong adsorption to soil and sediment particles. Benomyl causes deaths, reproductive effects and changes in nerve conduction velocity in different species of earthworms (IPCS, 1993a).

Benomyl is algicidal to green algae (IPCS, 1993b).

Toxicity of benomyl to test animals appears to depend on the route of exposure. In general, benomyl is not considered to be significantly toxic to mammals (Harbison, 1998).

Toxicity to Birds (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB, 1999; IPCS, 1993a):

LC50 - Coturnix, QUAIL: >5000 ppm
LC50 - (ORAL) BOBWHITE QUAIL: >10,000 mg/kg of food for 5D followed by 3D free of exposure
LC50 - (ORAL) BOBWHITE QUAIL: >5000 ppm for 8D
LC50 - (ORAL) MALLARD DUCK: >5000 ppm for 8D
LC50 - (ORAL) MALLARD DUCK: >10,000 mg/kg of food for 5D followed by 3D free of exposure
LC50 - (ORAL) JAPANESE QUAIL: >5000 mg/kg of food for 5 D followed by 3D free of exposure
LC50 - (ORAL) STARLING: >100 mg/kg
LC50 - (ORAL) REDWINGED BLACKBIRD: 100 mg/kg

Freshwater Ecotoxicity Values (HSDB, 1999; IPCS, 1993a):

LC50 - D. magna, WATER FLEA, Adult: 14 mg/L for 3H -- 25 degrees C, static bioassay
LC50 - WATER FLEA, <24H old: 0.11 mg/L for 48H -- 20 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 8.5, water hardness 87 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - D. magna, WATER FLEA, less than 24 hours old: 0.64 mg/L for 48H - 20 degrees C, static bioassay
LC50 - D. magna, WATER FLEA, less than 24 hours old: 2.8 mg/L for 48H - 17 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 40 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - G. pseudolimnaeus, SCUD, Adult: 0.75 mg/L for 96H - 17 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 40 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - O. nais, CRAYFISH, Instar: > 10 mg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 40 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - Procambarus sp., CRAYFISH, Immature: > 100 mg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 40 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - C. plumosus, MIDGE, Instar: 7 mg/L for 48H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 40 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - BLUEGILL, weighing 0.9 g: 0.75 mg/L for 96H - 12 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - BLUEGILL, weighing 0.9 g: 1.3 mg/L for 96H - 17 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - BLUEGILL, weighing 0.9 g: 1.3 mg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - BLUEGILL, weighing 0.6 g: 1.3 mg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 6.5, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - BLUEGILL, weighing 0.6 g: 1.2 mg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.5, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - BLUEGILL, weighing 0.6 g: 6.4 mg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 8.5, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - BLUEGILL, weighing 0.6 g: 1.3 mg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - BLUEGILL, weighing 0.6 g: 2.3 mg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 320 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - BLUEGILL, weighing 0.6 g: 1.2 mg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - BLUEGILL, weighing 0.9 g: 850 mcg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay (without aeration), pH 7.2 - 7.5, water hardness 40 - 50 mg/L as calcium carbonate, alkalinity 30 -35 mg/L
LC50 - BLUEGILL, weighing 0.6 g: 1.2 mg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay (without aeration), pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40 - 50 mg/L as calcium carbonate, alkalinity 30 -35 mg/L
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH, weighing 1.2 g: 29 mcg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH, weighing 0.05 g: 13 mcg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH, weighing 0.15 g: 24 mcg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH, swimup fry: 12 mcg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH, yolk-sac fry: 6 mcg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH, weighing 1.2 g: 28 mcg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH, weighing 0.8 g: 16 mcg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay (without aeration), pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40 - 50 mg/L as calcium carbonate, alkalinity 30 -35 mg/L
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW, weighing 0.9 g: 2.2 mg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW, weighing 0.5 g: 1.3 mg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.1, water hardness 45 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW, weighing 0.5 g: 1.9 mg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, 3 months old: 0.48 mg/L for 48H - 15 degrees C, static bioassay
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, weighing 0.8 g: 170 mcg/L for 96H - 7 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, weighing 0.8 g: 0.20 mg/L for 96H - 12 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, weighing 0.8 g: 0.28 mg/L for 96H - 17 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, weighing 1.2 g: 0.16 mg/L for 96H - 12 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 6.5, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, weighing 1.2 g: 0.19 mg/L for 96H - 12 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.5, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, weighing 1.2 g: 0.88 mg/L for 96H - 12 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 8.5, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, weighing 0.6 g: 0.23 mg/L for 96H - 12 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, weighing 0.6 g: 0.60 mg/L for 96H - 12 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 320 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, fingerling: 0.12 mg/L for 96H - 12 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, swimup fry: 0.16 mg/L for 96H - 12 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, yolk-sac fry: 0.28 mg/L for 96H - 12 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, weighing 1 g: 310 mcg/L for 96H - 12 degrees C, static bioassay, pH 7.4, water hardness 44 mg/L as calcium carbonate
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, weighing 0.2 g: 370 mcg/L for 96H - 12 degrees C, static bioassay (without aeration), pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40 - 50 mg/L as calcium carbonate, alkalinity 30 -35 mg/L
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, weighing 1.2 g: 170 mcg/L for 96H - 12 degrees C, static bioassay (without aeration), pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40 - 50 mg/L as calcium carbonate, alkalinity 30 -35 mg/L
LC50 - C. carpio, CARP, 5 cm long: 7.5 mg/L for 48H - 25 degrees C, static bioassay
LC50 - Fundulus sp., KILLIFISH, 2.5 cm long: 11 mg/L for 48H - 25 degrees C, static bioassay
LC50 - LOACH, 10 cm long: 14 mg/L for 48H - 25 degrees C, static bioassay
LC50 - P. reticulata, GUPPY, 3 weeks old: 3.4 mg/L for 48H - 24 degrees C, static bioassay
LC50 - Bufo sp., TADPOLE, less than 1 month old: 4.3 mg/L for 48H - 25 degrees C, static bioassay

Saltwater Ecotoxicity Values (IPCS, 1993a):

LC50 - EASTERN OYSTER, 25-50 mm long: 1.37 mg/L for 96H - 17-19 degrees C, flow-through bioassay
LC50 - GRASS SHRIMP, 18 mm long: 45.8 mg/L for 96H - 18 degrees C, static bioassay
LC50 - MYSID SHRIMP: 0.175 mg/L for 96H - 23 degrees C, static bioassay
LC50 - DUNGENESS CRAB, Larvae: 7.6 mg/L for 96H
LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW, weighing 0.14 g: 3.88 mg/L for 96H - 22 degrees C, static bioassay

Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Values (IPCS, 1993a):

Earthworm in grass: 0.125 kg/ha (estimated soil concentration: 0.9 mg/kg; time: 63 days)- Effect: 8% reduction in number
Earthworm in grass: 1.25 kg/ha (estimated soil concentration: 3.6 mg/kg; time: 63 days)- Effect: 43% reduction in number
Earthworm in grass: 7.8 kg/ha (estimated soil concentration: 22.2 mg/kg; time: 21 days)- Effects: 95% reduction in number and 91% reduction in biomass
Earthworm in grass: 0.56 kg/ha (estimated soil concentration: 1.6 mg/kg; time: 49 days)- Effect: 79% reduction in cast production
Earthworm in grass/loam: 2.0 kg/ha (estimated soil concentration: 5.7 mg/kg; time: 30 days)- Effect: 70% reduction in number
Earthworm in grass/loam: 2.0 kg/ha (estimated soil concentration: 5.7 mg/kg; time: 180 days)- Effect: 22% reduction in number
Earthworm in grass/loam: 2.0 kg/ha (estimated soil concentration: 5.7 mg/kg; time: 365 days)- Effect: 1% reduction in number
Earthworm in grass/sandy loam: 5.0 kg/ha (estimated soil concentration: 14.3 mg/kg; time: 30 days)- Effect: 89% reduction in number
Earthworm in grass/sandy loam: 5.0 kg/ha (estimated soil concentration: 14.3 mg/kg; time: 180 days)- Effect: 59% reduction in number
Earthworm in grass/sandy loam: 5.0 kg/ha (estimated soil concentration: 14.3 mg/kg; time: 365 days)- Effect: 32% reduction in number
Earthworm in grass/loamy sand: 10.0 kg/ha (estimated soil concentration: 28.6 mg/kg; time: 30 days)- Effect: 80% reduction in number
Earthworm in grass/loamy sand: 10.0 kg/ha (estimated soil concentration: 28.6 mg/kg; time:
180 days)- Effect: 89% reduction in number
Earthworm in grass/loamy sand: 10.0 kg/ha (estimated soil concentration: 28.6 mg/kg; time: 365 days)- Effect: 89% reduction in number

General Ecotoxicity Values (HSDB, 2004):

Nitrobacter agilis: 10 ppm - Effect: nitrification, 444.2 mcg/nitrite/ml/513.2 days
Nitrobacter agilis: 100 ppm - Effect: nitrification, 444.2 mcg/nitrite/ml/440.5 days
Nitrosomonas sp: 10 ppm - Effect: nitrification, 2.0 mcg/nitrite/ml/2.1 days

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

290.32

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Benomyl is an oil-dispersible powder with faint acrid odor (HSDB, 1999).

Benomyl is a white crystalline solid insoluble in oil (Budavari, 1996).

Benomyl is a tan crystalline solid marketed as a wettable powder or as dry flowable, dispersible granules (IPCS, 1993b).

VAPOR PRESSURE

<1x10(-5) mbar (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 1999)

<3.7x10(-8) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (IPCS, 1993a)

Negligible (ACGIH, 1991)

<0.00001 mmHg (Harbison, 1998)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.38 g/cm(3) (IPCS, 1993a)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

140 degrees C

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

0.05 g/L in air (IPCS, 1993a)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Solubility (at 25 degrees C): 4 mg/kg water (at pH 3 to pH 10) (HSDB, 1999)
Solubility (at 25 degrees C): 3.6 mg/L (at pH 5) (IPCS, 1993a)
Solubility (at 25 degrees C): approximately 2 mg/L (Hartley & Kidd, 1987)
Solubility (at 25 degrees C): 2.8 mg/L (at pH 7) (Howard, 1991)
Solubility (at 20 degrees C): 3.8 ppm (at pH 7) (Hayes, 1982) HSDB, 1999)
Solubility: 0.0004% by weight (Harbison, 1998)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Solubility (at 25 degrees C): 94 g/kg chloroform (IPCS, 1993a; Hartley & Kidd, 1987)
Solubility (at 25 degrees C): 18 g/kg acetone (IPCS, 1993a; Hartley & Kidd, 1987)
Solubility (at 25 degrees C): 53 g/kg dimethylformamide (IPCS, 1993a; Hartley & Kidd, 1987)
Solubility (at 25 degrees C): 4 g/kg ethanol (IPCS, 1993a; Hartley & Kidd, 1987)
Solubility (at 25 degrees C): 400 g/kg heptane (IPCS, 1993a)
Solubility (at 25 degrees C): 10 g/kg xylene (IPCS, 1993a; Hartley & Kidd, 1987)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 2.12 (HSDB, 1999; (Howard, 1991)

log Kow = 1.36 (IPCS, 1993a)

log Kow = 2.42 (Howard, 1991)

log Kow = 3.11 (Howard, 1991)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

<4.2x10 (-9) atm-m(3)/mol at pH 5 (at 25 degrees C) (IPCS, 1993a)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

ABSORPTION MAXIMUM: 294 nm (Howard, 1991) HSDB, 1999)

MASS

INTENSE PEAKS: 191 m/z (100%), 159 m/z (99%), 105 m/z (44%), 42 m/z (41%) (HSDB, 1999)

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BENOMYL

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents