BARIUM-SOLUBLE SALTS

Barium carbonate, used as a rodenticide and frequently mistaken for flour; used in some welding fluxes;
Barium fluoride, used in some welding fluxes;
Barium sulfide, an ingredient of various depilatories;
Barium oxide, used in the manufacture of glass;
Barium chloride and barium acetate, used as agents in dyeing textiles;
Barium styphenate, a 2,4,6-trinitroresorcinol salt, is made from styphnic acid and used in the manufacture of explosive detonators (Jacobs et al, 2002).
Barium sulfate, used as an opaque contrast media for gastrointestinal studies, is insoluble and not well absorbed. Refer to "BARIUM SULFATE" management for further information.

FORMS

All water or acid soluble barium salts are highly toxic. The most commonly involved in poisoning (accidental or intentional) are as follows:

Barium carbonate, a white powder
Barium fluoride
Barium sulfide, an ingredient of various depilatories
Barium oxide, a white to yellowish powder
Barium chloride
Barium acetate
Barium styphenate, a 2,4,6-trinitroresorcinol salt, is made from styphnic acid (Jacobs et al, 2002)
Barium sulfate

Refer to "BARIUM SULFATE" management for further information.
Isolated case reports indicate that intoxication may be possible after repeated radiological examinations (Savry et al, 1999) or as a result of direct transfer of barium from the gastrointestinal tract into the vascular system during radiological examination (Pelissier-Alicot et al, 1999).
BARIUM CHLORATE: A 35-year-old man, with severe mental retardation, developed barium toxicity, including dysrhythmias and severe hypokalemia, after ingesting 16 small fireworks, identified as "color snakes" and "black snakes" and believed to contain barium chlorate, that he had mistaken as chewing gum. A serum barium concentration, obtained approximately 15 hours postingestion, was 20,200 mcg/L (reference range less than 200 mcg/L). With supportive therapy, the patient recovered and was discharged 12 days postingestion (Rhyee & Heard, 2009).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Soluble barium salts are used in some rodenticides, in welding fluxes and some depilatories, in glass manufacture, in textile dyeing, in explosive detonators and fireworks (sparklers).

TOXICOLOGY: Rapid onset, severe hypokalemia is caused by sequestration of potassium in skeletal muscle cells, secondary to barium blocking potassium efflux via the sodium-potassium pump in those cells.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Poisoning is rare, and most often occurs when barium carbonate, a white powder, is mistaken for flour, or after deliberate ingestion. Toxicity from dermal exposure to intact skin or inhalation has not been reported. One case describes systemic toxicity after an explosion, with presumed barium absorption through wounds and burns.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE POISONING: Nausea, vomiting, colicky abdominal pain and diarrhea, paresthesias, increased salivation, onset usually within one hour. Chronic inhalation can produce a pneumoconiosis (baritosis). Barium oxide and barium hydroxides are alkaline in contact with water, can cause burns.
SEVERE POISONING: Profound hypokalemia, tremors, seizures, vertigo, severe muscle weakness, mydriasis, hypertension, chest pain, bradycardia, ventricular dysrhythmias, respiratory failure, shock, and cardiac arrest.

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

TOXICOLOGY: Rapid onset, severe hypokalemia is caused by sequestration of potassium in skeletal muscle cells, secondary to barium blocking potassium efflux via the sodium-potassium pump in those cells.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Poisoning is rare, and most often occurs when barium carbonate, a white powder, is mistaken for flour, or after deliberate ingestion. Toxicity from dermal exposure to intact skin or inhalation has not been reported. One case describes systemic toxicity after an explosion, with presumed barium absorption through wounds and burns.
MILD TO MODERATE POISONING: Nausea, vomiting, colicky abdominal pain and diarrhea, increased salivation, paresthesias, onset usually within one hour. Barium oxide and barium hydroxides are alkaline in contact with water, can cause burns.
SEVERE POISONING: Profound hypokalemia, tremors, seizures, vertigo, severe muscle weakness/paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, mydriasis, hypertension, chest pain, bradycardia, ventricular dysrhythmias, respiratory failure, shock, and cardiac arrest.

Symptoms of acute barium poisoning are nausea, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, hypokalemia, muscle stimulation, weakness, skin irritation, tingling in the extremities, vertigo, loss of tendon reflexes, seizures, renal failure, cardiac fibrillation, muscular paralysis, and death from cardiac and respiratory failure (Bingham et al, 2001; Goldfrank, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996; Jourdan et al, 2001).

A dose of only 3 to 4 grams of a soluble barium salt may be lethal following ingestion (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Friberg et al, 1986; Hathaway et al, 1996).

The toxic dose in humans is approximately 0.2 to 0.5 grams of barium absorbed from the gut (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Barium ion is a MUSCLE POISON and also accumulates in the pigmented part of the eye. Barium antagonizes POTASSIUM (Hathaway et al, 1991). It accumulates in the muscle for the first 30 hours, then is stored in the BONE. The mechanism of its toxicity is by potassium ion displacement from the sodium-potassium pump in cell membranes.

Muscle weakness with hypokalemia was seen in a man who ingested a large amount of barium. Respiratory failure, secondary to muscular weakness, and anuria developed. Delayed neurological effects included tremor, myoclonia, hypertonia, and structural damage in the basal ganglia and thalamus detected by MRI (Fogliani et al, 1993).

Nearly all cases of barium poisoning are the result of intentional or accidental ingestion of soluble barium salts. Industrial poisonings are very rare.

Barium oxide and barium hydroxide are strongly alkaline in contact with water and can cause severe burns (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996).

Barium chloride, infused IV at a rate of 1.1 mg/kg, followed by 0.1 mg/kg/min, lowered the defibrillation energy in open-chest dogs (Dorian et al, 1996).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Chronic inhalation exposure to insoluble barium salts, primarily barium sulfate, can produce a specific pneumoconiosis termed BARITOSIS. This condition (in which the barium salt accumulates in the lungs) is considered a benign pneumoconiosis with no loss of pulmonary function or increased susceptibility to thoracic disease. Chest radiographs show discrete, dense images. (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Friberg et al, 1986).

High risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease has been associated with increased levels of barium in the drinking water in some studies. However, other studies have shown that barium in drinking water does not affect cardiovascular risk factors (Bingham et al, 2001).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/ NOT RECOMMENDED

Charcoal administration is not advised since ionic barium would likely not be adsorbed by charcoal. Spontaneous vomiting and risk of loss of airway protection both due to the barium puts the patient at risk for charcoal aspiration.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

Wash exposed skin with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The toxic dose of barium salts may be as low as 0.2 gram and the lethal dose as low as 3 grams. It has been reported that the LD50 for barium ingestion is 1 gram (Jacobs et al, 2002; Hathaway et al, 1996) Kunkel, 1993).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE

BARIUM CARBONATE - Adults have recovered after ingesting as much as 30 grams of barium carbonate and it is thought that much depends on the food ingested (food high in sulfate may precipitate barium as barium sulfate and, thus detoxify some of the ingested barium), and on medical attention and supportive care received.
BARIUM SULFIDE - Ingestion of 15.8 grams of barium sulfide was associated with survival in a 26-year-old man (Gould et al, 1973).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-39-3 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Barium and soluble compounds, as Ba

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Barium and Compounds

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Barium (soluble compounds, as Ba)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7440-39-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 2x10(-1) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: Not Assessed under the IRIS Program.
RfC: Information reviewed but value not estimated.

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

BARIUM ACETATE: (Values are from Bingham et al, 2001)
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
BARIUM CHLORIDE: (Values are from Bingham et al, 2001)
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
BARIUM ZIRCONATE: (Values are from Bingham et al, 2001)
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7440-39-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Barium and soluble compounds, as Ba

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye, skin and GI irr; muscular stim
Molecular Weight: 137.3

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7440-39-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7440-39-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Barium (soluble compounds, as Ba)
REL:

TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): [*Note: The REL also applies to other soluble barium compounds (as Ba) except Barium sulfate.]

IDLH:

IDLH: 50 mg Ba/m3 (as Ba)
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7440-39-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Barium, soluble compounds (as Ba)
Table Z-1 for Barium, soluble compounds (as Ba):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7440-39-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7440-39-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Barium (D005)
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information: Unlisted Hazardous Wastes Characteristic of Toxicity

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7440-39-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7440-39-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7440-39-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7440-39-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Barium Compounds: Includes any unique chemical substance that contains barium as part of that chemical's infrastructure (except for barium sulfate, (CAS No. 7727-43-7)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

Listed as: Barium
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7440-39-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7440-39-3 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Barium

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7440-39-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7440-39-3.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7440-39-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7440-39-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Barium reacts readily and violently with (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997) Urben, 1999):

acids (fire and explosions)
ammonia
carbon tetrachloride (fire and explosions)
fluorotrichloroethane
halogenated solvents (fire and explosions)
halogens
hydrogen (at 200 degrees C; forms barium hydride)
oxidizers (fire and explosions)
oxygen
tetrachloroethylene
trichloroethylene
trichlorofluoroethane
trichlorotrifluoroethane (fire and explosions)
1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoretane
water (rapid decomposition with possible ignition)

When in powder form, barium is pyrophoric; it should, therefore, be stored under petroleum, inert gas, or another oxygen-free liquid (Lewis, 1997) Urben, 1999).

"The peroxide, nitrate, and chlorate of barium are reactive and may present fire hazards in storage and use" (ACGIH, 1991).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7440-39-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7440-39-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Barium
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.5
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 1.5
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 50
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 50
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7440-39-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7440-39-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 50 mg Ba/m3 (as Ba)
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

Elemental barium: 137.33

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Note: values refer to barium metal, unless noted otherwise.

VAPOR PRESSURE

10 mmHg (at 1049 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

3.6 (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1997)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

725 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)
727 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)
Approximately 710 degrees C (Budavari, 2000)
704-850 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)
710 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

BOILING POINT

1640 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000)

1600 degrees C (Budavari, 2000)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Barium acetate: 588 g/L (at 0 degrees C)
Barium chloride: 375 g/L (at 26 degrees C)
Barium cyanide: 800 g/L (at 14 degrees C)
Barium hydroxide: 16.7 g/L (at 0 degrees C)
Barium oxide: 1500 g/L (at 0 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1991.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

Agarwal SK, Bansal A, & Mani NK: Barium sulfide poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India 1986; 34:151.

Aks S, Vanden Hoek T, & Hryhorczuk D: Barium sulfide ingestions in a prison population (abstract). Vet Human Toxicol 1991; 33:370.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.

Ananda S, Shaohua Z, & Liang L: Fatal barium chloride poisoning: four cases report and literature review. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2013; 34(2):115-118.

Bahlmann H, Lindwall R, & Persson H: Acute barium nitrate intoxication treated by hemodialysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49:110-112.

Bahlmann H, Lindwall R, & Persson H: Acute barium nitrate intoxication treated by hemodialysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005a; 49(1):110-112.

Baselt RC: Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 5th ed, Chemical Toxicology Institute, Foster City, CA, 2000.

Berning J: Hypokalemia of barium poisoning. Lancet 1975; 1:110.

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BARIUM-SOLUBLE SALTS

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents