BARIUM SULFATE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

DESIGNATIONS

C.I. NUMBER:77120
EPA PESTICIDE CHEMICAL CODE:007502
IMO CLASSIFICATION:6.1 - Barium compounds, not otherwise specified

MOLECULAR FORMULA

BaSO4
O4-S.Ba
Ba.H2-O4-S

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

154-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(Budavari, 2001; HSDB, 2003; NIOSH, 2003; RTECS, 2003)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

MEDICAL

Barium sulfate is used as a contrast medium for radiographic examination of the gastrointestinal tract involving single- or double-contrast techniques or computed tomography. It is also used as a contrast medium in brachography where it is introduced into the bronchial tract, and it used in X-ray examination of the urinary system (S Sweetman , 2001; ACGIH, 2001a).

INDUSTRIAL

The majority of barite (crude barium sulfate) is employed for lubrication purposes as a high-density mud weighting compound in oil and gas well drilling(Pohanish, 2002; ATSDR, 1992; ATSDR, 1995).
Barium sulfate is also used in the manufacture of cellophane, artifical ivory, and photographic papers; as a water-color pigment in wallpaper or colored paper; in heavy concrete for radiation shielding; in battery plate expanders; in brake linings; in some sealants and adhesives; as a filler for plastics, rubber, polymeric fibers and resins, papers and inks; as a weighting substance in some golf balls; as a pigment extender in paints; as a delustrant for textiles; and as a hardening agent for cement (Budavari, 2001; HSDB, 2003; IPCS, 2001; Lewis, 2001).

In its chemically treated form, "blanc fixe," barium sulfate is used as a pigment in high-quality paints and in paper and glass making (ACGIH, 2001a; ATSDR, 1992; Pohanish, 2002).

Lithopone, a white powder containing approximately 70% barium sulfate, is used as a pigment in white paints. However, lithopone may be phased out of commercial use as the U.S. markets increasingly turn to titanium dioxide for use as a white pigment (ATSDR, 1992; Harbison, 1998; HSDB, 2003).

FORMS

Barium sulfate is a white or yellowish, odorless, tasteless, fine, heavy orthorhombic powder or crystalline solid (Budavari, 2001; HSDB, 2003; IPCS, 2001). Barite, the mineral from which barium sulfate is produced, exists as a moderately soft, crystalline, white opaque or transparent mineral (IPCS, 2001).

Impurities of iron(III) oxide, aluminum oxide, silica, and strontium sulfate may occur in barium sulfate (IPCS, 2001).

The barium sulfate used in drilling muds is ground to an average particle diameter of 44 mcm, with no more than 30% of particles smaller than 6 mcm in diameter (IPCS, 2001).
Barium sulfate is found in the following grades (Lewis, 2001):

technical
dry
pulp
bleached
ground
floated
natural
CP
USP
X-ray

SOURCES

Barium sulfate occurs in nature as the mineral barite ("heavy spar" or "barytes"); barite can be comprised of as much as 80 - 90% barium sulfate (Budavari, 2001; Harbison, 1998; IPCS, 2001; Lewis, 2001).
It is produced from high-grade (>75%) barite ore, generally found in association with shale and granite. The ore is crushed, then beneficiated by froth floatation or jigging, and dried (ACGIH, 2001a; ATSDR, 1992).
It can be derived by treating a solution of a barium salt with sodium sulfate (e.g., barium sulfide + sodium sulfate), or by treating barium chloride or barium carbonate with sulfuric acid (Ashford, 2001; HSDB, 2003).
"Blanc fixe" is produced by mixing an aqueous solution of barium sulfide and sodium sulfate in order to precipitate uniform particles of pigmentary fineness (HSDB, 2003).
It occurs as a by-product of hydrogen peroxide manufacturing (HSDB, 2003).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Barium sulfate is used as an oral or rectal contrast agent in radiologic studies. In industry it is used as a lubricant, as a pigment in paints, and in manufacturing of cellophane, photographic papers, brake linings and adhesives.

PHARMACOLOGY: Barium is used in radiologic procedures because it is radiopaque.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Overdose is very rare, exposure rarely causes significant adverse effects.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Barium sulfate is almost insoluble and lacks the severe toxicity characteristic of the barium ion.

WITH THERAPEUTIC USE

Oral or rectal barium sulfate administration may cause constipation, impaction, obstruction, cramping, and diarrhea. Appendicitis, bowel perforation, peritonitis and proctitis have been reported rarely after oral or rectal barium sulfate use in radiologic procedures.
ECG abnormalities have been reported. Aspiration of barium sulfate may cause pneumonitis, granuloma formation, severe dyspnea, and hypoxemia. Dyspnea and hypoxemia usually resolve quickly with supportive care.
Venous intravasation has been reported following the use of barium enemas, and may be complicated by barium pulmonary emboli.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

PHARMACOLOGY: Barium is used in radiologic procedures because it is radiopaque.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Overdose is very rare, exposure rarely causes significant adverse effects.
TOXICITY: Barium sulfate is almost insoluble and lacks the severe toxicity characteristic of the barium ion.
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Constipation, impaction, obstruction, cramping, diarrhea, and rarely, appendicitis, bowel perforation, and peritonitis can occur. ECG abnormalities have been reported. Aspiration can cause pneumonitis, granulomas, and transient dyspnea and hypoxia. Venous intravasation can cause pulmonary emboli.

CARDIOVASCULAR

CONDUCTION DISORDER OF THE HEART: ECG changes have been reported during the use of barium sulfate enema (S Sweetman , 2001).

GASTROINTESTINAL

DRUG INDUCED GASTROINTESTINAL DISTURBANCE: Constipation, impaction, obstruction, diarrhea, cramping, and barium granuloma have been reported following the use of barium sulfate (S Sweetman , 2001).
APPENDICITIS: The development of acute appendicitis with perforation, possibly due to retained barium sulfate fecolith, has been reported after barium sulfate enema (Sisley & Wagner, 1982).
PERFORATION OF INTESTINE: Bowel perforation occurs rarely after oral or rectal administration of barium sulfate for radiographic studies, but it may cause peritonitis, adhesions, granulomas, and a high mortality rate (S Sweetman , 2001).
ANGIOEDEMA: An allergic reaction during a barium sulfate study of the gastrointestinal tract resulted in angioedema of the stomach and small bowel (Shaffer et al, 1988).

IMMUNOLOGIC

ACUTE ALLERGIC REACTION: Anaphylactoid reaction (wheezing, tightness in chest, or troubled breathing) may occur following the use of barium sulfate (USPDI , 2001).

RESPIRATORY

PNEUMONITIS: Aspiration of barium sulfate may result in severe pneumonitis and respiratory failure (S Sweetman , 2001; Penington, 1993).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Barium sulfate can accumulate in the lungs with chronic dust exposure. This is reversible and does not affect pulmonary function. The condition is called BARITOSIS.

ANIMAL STUDIES - Rats inhaling barium sulfate at an airborne concentration of 40 mg/m(3) for 2 months had no adverse effects (Holusa, 1973).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

Minimal toxicity is expected after acute ingestion. Gastrointestinal decontamination is generally not necessary.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE: If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.
Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical contacts the skin, wash the contaminated skin with soap and water.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, respiratory system(NIOSH, 2003; OSHA, 2000).

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
Persons who are exposed to barium sulfate dust could be monitored with periodic chest x-rays and pulmonary function tests.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Significant toxicity is not anticipated after ingestion. Gastrointestinal decontamination is not generally necessary.
In case of barium sulfate overdose ingestion, treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Significant toxicity is not expected after ingestion unless the patient develops an anaphylactoid reaction. Barium can cause significant toxicity after aspiration, intravasation or leakage into the peritoneum from a perforated viscus.
ALLERGIC REACTION: MILD/MODERATE: Antihistamines with or without inhaled beta agonists, corticosteroids or epinephrine. SEVERE: Oxygen, aggressive airway management, antihistamines, epinephrine, corticosteroids, ECG monitoring, and IV fluids.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

CASE REPORTS

Ingestion of radioactive barium sulfate used in gastrointestinal imaging caused fatal acute hypersensitivity reactions to in two patients (amount not specified) (IPCS, 1990).
Accidental inhalation of barium sulfate caused fatal acute inflammation of the bronchi and peripheral airways in two cases (concentration not specified) (IPCS, 1990).
An adult female died following acute intraversion of barium sulfate during a barium sulfate enema. Cardiorespiratory failure was thought to have been caused by direct entry of the barium sulfate into the blood stream (amount not specified) (ATSDR, 1992).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

No specific maximum tolerated exposure amount has been determined.
The paucity of case reports on its systemic toxicity, despite routine oral administration of 450 grams barium sulfate as an x-ray medium, indicate that ingestion of barium sulfate is not toxic (IPCS, 2001).

ANIMAL DATA

Barium sulfate exposure at 40 mg/m(3) (particle size 1-2 mcm) for 5 hours/day, 5 days/week for up to 2 months caused minor histopathological changes in the lungs of rats, with no evidence of fibrogenic potential. Singular exposure caused thickening of the alveolar septa, loss of ciliated epithelial cells, and the formation of multicellular epithelium. The alveolar septa returned to normal after14 days of treatment, though changes in the bronchiolar epithelium were noted after a 28 day recovery period (IPCS, 2001).
Intratracheal administration of up to 0.6 mL/kg "Ba147," a preparation containing 85% barium sulfate, to rabbits did not affect pulmonary ventilation, levels of blood gases, or lung weights. Twenty-eight of the 36 animals tested exhibited symptoms of bronchopneumonia, bronchitis, or bronchiolitis within the first week after dosing (EPA, 1998).
Instillation of barium sulfate in the respiratory tract of animals resulted in granuloma formation and inflammatory responses, as would be expected with exposure to high levels of any low-solubility dust (IPCS, 2001).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7727-43-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Barium sulfate
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Barium sulfate
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Barium sulfate
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7727-43-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

LD- (INTRATRACHEAL)MOUSE:
- >600 mcL/kg - changes to lung, thorax, and/or respiration(RTECS, 2003)
LDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT:
- 250 mg/kg (barium sulfate dust) - interstitial fibrosis; changes to the lung, thorax, and/or respiration(RTECS, 2003)
TCLo- (INHALATION)UNASSIGNED:
- 250 mg/m(3) (barium sulfate dust) for 1 H/24W, intermittent - structural or functional change in the trachea or bronchi(RTECS, 2003)
TCLo- (INHALATION)UNASSIGNED:
- 40 mg/m(3) (barium sulfate dust) for 8W, intermittent - structural or functional change in the trachea or bronchi(RTECS, 2003)
TDLo- (INTRAPLEURAL)RAT:
- 200 mg/kg - tumors of the lung and/or thorax(RTECS, 2003)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7727-43-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Barium sulfate

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 10 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Pneumoconiosis
Molecular Weight: 233.43

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Under Study

Barium sulfate

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7727-43-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7727-43-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Barium sulfate
REL:

TWA: 10 mg/m(3) (total) 5 mg/m(3) (resp)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7727-43-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Barium sulfate (Total dust)
Table Z-1 for Barium sulfate (Total dust):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 15

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Listed as: Barium sulfate (Respirable fraction)
Table Z-1 for Barium sulfate (Respirable fraction):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7727-43-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7727-43-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7727-43-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7727-43-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7727-43-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7727-43-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7727-43-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7727-43-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Sulfuric acid, barium salt (1:1)

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7727-43-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

To help prevent ingestion of the chemical, do not eat, drink, or smoke while working with barium sulfate (ICSC, 1999).

HANDLING

If local exhaust ventilation is absent or inadequate, use respiratory protection when working with or handling barium sulfate (ICSC, 1999; Harbison, 1998).

Wear eye protection, protective gloves, and appropriate protective clothing to prevent eye and skin contact with barium sulfate (ICSC, 1999; NIOSH, 2003).

To help prevent ingestion of the chemical, do not eat, drink, or smoke while working with barium sulfate (ICSC, 1999).

Keep barium sulfate separated from aluminum and phosphorous because of the potential for explosion (Lewis, 2000).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store barium sulfate in tightly closed containers (Pohanish, 2002).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store barium sulfate in a cool, well-ventilated location. Separate containers of barium sulfate from aluminum and phosphorous (Pohanish, 2002).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Barium sulfate in contact with aluminum in the presence of heat may result in an explosion (Lewis, 2000; NIOSH, 2003; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Barium sulfate is also incompatible with potassium and phosphorus (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Barium sulfate may irritate the eyes, nose, and upper respiratory system. Wear eye protection, protective gloves, and appropriate protective clothing to prevent eye and skin contact with barium sulfate. Respiratory protection or minimization of dust is also recommended and may be accomplished through engineering controls or use of breathing protection (ICSC, 1999; NIOSH, 2003).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Prevent barium sulfate from contacting the eyes through use of adequate eye protection (e.g., dust-proof chemical goggles, safety goggles, or full facepiece respirator) (ICSC, 1999; NIOSH, 2003; Pohanish, 2002).

Do not wear contact lenses when working with or around barium sulfate (NIOSH, 2003; Pohanish, 2002).

Provide eye wash fountains in locations where worker exposure to barium sulfate is a possibility, regardless of whether or not workers have been instructed to wear eye protection (NIOSH, 2003; Pohanish, 2002).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

If local exhaust ventilation (LEV) is absent or inadequate, use breathing protection when working with or handling barium sulfate (ICSC, 1999; Harbison, 1998).

Wear respiratory protection (P1 filter respirator) while cleaning up spilled barium sulfate to prevent exposure to inert dust particles (ICSC, 1999).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7727-43-7.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

When possible, use closed machinery and adequate ventilation to minimize exposure. When local exhaust ventilation (LEV) is used to control the level of exposure, the level of barium sulfate released during barite processing and use are not expected to be of concern for human health (IPCS, 2001).

OTHER

INDUSTRIAL DECONTAMINATION

Provide eyewash fountains and emergency showers or a quick drench facility in areas where worker exposure to barium sulfate is a possibility (NIOSH, 2003; Pohanish, 2002).
If barium sulfate comes into contact with the eyes, remove contact lenses if present, then immediately flush the eyes with copious amounts of water, occasionally lifting upper and lower eyelids. Seek medical attention right away (ICSC, 1999; NIOSH, 2003; Pohanish, 2002).
In case of accidental dermal exposure to barium sulfate, workers should immediately remove contaminated clothing and equipment and wash skin with soap and water (Harbison, 1998; ICSC, 1999; NIOSH, 2003; Pohanish, 2002).
Segregate contaminated clothing to prevent other personnel from being exposed (HSDB, 2003).
Workers should wash at the end of each work shift (NIOSH, 2003).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
Barium sulfate is not combustible (ICSC, 1999; Lewis, 2001).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7727-43-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7727-43-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Extinguish fires involving barium sulfate with dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or alcohol foam extinguishers (Pohanish, 2002).

All types of extinguishing agents are allowed when fighting barium sulfate fires (ICSC, 1999).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, barium sulfate emits fumes containing toxic sulfur oxides(Lewis, 2000).
Irritating or toxic fumes are released in a fire involving barium sulfate (ICSC, 1999).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Barium sulfate in contact with aluminum in the presence of heat may result in an explosion (Lewis, 2000; NIOSH, 2003; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

An inhalation hazard is associated with barium sulfate or barite dust. At high concentrations, it is known to cause a baritosis, a benign pneumoconiosis, in individuals subjected to prolonged or repeated exposure(ACGIH, 2001; Bingham et al, 2001).

Nuisance dust concentrations can be reached quickly when barium sulfate is released to the ambient environment. The material can be absorbed into the body through inhalation of its aerosol form (ICSC, 1999).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Barium sulfate is incompatible with potassium, phosphorous, and aluminum (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Explosions may result from heating barium sulfate in contact with aluminum (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH, 2003).
Reduction of barium sulfate by aluminum results in violent explosions (NFPA, 2002).
Barium sulfate reacts violently with aluminum powder (ICSC, 1999).
When primed at a high temperature with a potassium nitrate + calcium silicide mixture, excess red phosphorous will burn when mixed with barium sulfate (Urben, 1999).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

Evacuate people from the area of a barium sulfate spill or leak; restrict people from entering the area unless they are wearing protective clothing until spill cleanup is complete(Pohanish, 2002).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7727-43-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7727-43-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Barium sulfate
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 15
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 30
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 50
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7727-43-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7727-43-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
After removing all ignition sources from the area, collect spilled barium sulfate into sealed containers. If desired, moisten the powered material before sweeping to prevent suspension of dusts. Wear respiratory protection (P1 filter respirator) while cleaning up spilled barium sulfate to prevent exposure to inert dust particles (ICSC, 1999; Pohanish, 2002).
Barium sulfate can be swept up and treated as "normal refuse" (Armour, 2003).
Ventilate the area of the spill once the clean up is complete(Pohanish, 2002).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Barium sulfate can be treated as "normal refuse" (Armour, 2003).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Occupational sources of exposure to barium sulfate are through its use in drilling muds and the manufacture of paint pigments and various products where it is used as a filler, and from emissions resulting from the mining, refining, and processing of barite (IPCS, 2001).

As reported from various industry sites throughout the U.K., the manual addition of barite to mixing hoppers in the oil drilling industry resulted in airborne exposure levels of barium sulfate ranging from 3.5 to 9.1 mg/m(3) (as averaged over 8-hour shifts, total inhalable dust), with short-term exposure levels as high as 34.1 mg/m(3) (10-min time-Weighted average, total inhalable dust). Processing of barite ore where enclosed processes and local exhaust ventilation (LEV) were employed resulted in exposure levels of 1.3 to 3.7 mg/m(3) (total inhalable dust), with one factory measuring 55.4 mg/m(3). Formulation of plastics and coatings in which barium sulfate was used, also with enclosed processes and LEV, resulted in exposure levels between 1 and 3.5 mg/m(3) (IPCS, 2001).

Possible exposure to barium sulfate also occurs through its use as an x-ray contrast medium for gastrointestinal examination (IPCS, 2001).

Barium sulfate is one of the forms of barium most likely to exist as airborne particulate matter. Industrial emissions, particularly the combustion of diesel and coal and waste incineration, contribute to atmospheric levels of barium in dust and suspended particulate. Dusts from mining operations and soils also contribute to atmospheric concentrations (IPCS, 2001).

Barium sulfate is present in soil through the natural process of soil formation. It is also found in bodies of salt water due to the reaction of released barium with sulfate ions present in the salt water(IPCS, 2001).

The disposal of drilling fluids or muds through the process of "land farming" may introduce additional barium sulfate to soil (ATSDR, 1992).

Due to its use as a drilling mud, barium sulfate in the mud is often discharged along with drilling cuttings into oceanic waters during offshore drilling operations. These discharges may cause an increase in the level of barium present in coastal sediments (ATSDR, 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Barium sulfate particles in the atmosphere are generally removed by wet deposition, or, in the case of larger particles, settle back down to the ground. Residence times in the atmosphere can be up to several days, depending on the size of the particulate matter (IPCS, 2001).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Barium sulfate is highly insoluble in water. Sedimentation of suspended solids is the main removal process of barium sulfate from surface waters (ATSDR, 1992).
- The solubility of barium sulfate increases in the presence of chloride and other anions (including carbonate and nitrate). At pH levels at 9.3 or lower, the barium ion dominates (ATSDR, 1992).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Barium sulfate is expected to have low mobility in soils because of its inability to form soluble complexes with humic and fulvic materials and due to the formation of water-insoluble salts. However, under acidic conditions, barium sulfate may become soluble and leach into groundwater (IPCS, 2001).
- When released to land, barium sulfate will combine with particles of soil (ATSDR, 1992).
- Colloidal clays can decompose barium sulfate by binding barium. The reaction between purified sodium clay and barium sulfate solubilizes the sodium ion, thus releasing the barium to the clay (IPCS, 1990).
- Barium sulfate deposits in geological faults result from the weathering of soluble barium-containing minerals that then come into contact with sulfate containing solutions (IPCS, 1990).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Barium sulfate is not expected to be very mobile in soils, nor is it readily soluble in water. In the atmosphere, the primary removal mechanisms for barium sulfate are wet and dry deposition (ATSDR, 1992; IPCS, 2001).

BIOACCUMULATION

HUMANS

Barium sulfate is not thought to bioaccumulate in humans. Inhaled barium sulfate is cleared from the respiratory tract via ciliary action. Small amounts of ingested barium sulfate may be absorbed, however the majority is eliminated through the faeces (IPCS, 1990; IPCS, 2001).

MAMMALS

Barium sulfate is not thought to bioaccumulate in laboratory animals. Inhaled barium sulfate is cleared from the respiratory tract via mucociliary action. Small amounts of ingested barium sulfate may be absorbed; the majority is eliminated through the faeces (EPA, 1998; IPCS, 1990; IPCS, 2001).
- The biological half-life of inhaled radioactive barium sulfate (131BaSO4) in the lower respiratory tract has been estimated at 8 days in dogs inhaling 1.1 mg barium sulfate/liter for 30 - 90 minutes (EPA, 1998; IPCS, 2001).
- In the rat, radioactive barium sulfate in the pulmonary region has an estimated half-life of 10 days (ATSDR, 1992).
- Radioactive barium sulfate was cleared from the lungs 24 hours after intratracheal injection of 133BaSO4 (EPA, 1998; IPCS, 2001).
- Clearance half-times for barium sulfate of 66 and 88 days were calculated for the cranial and caudal regions of the trachea in rats administered 2 mg of radioactive barium sulfate (133BaSO4) intratracheally (EPA, 1998; IPCS, 2001).
- Barium sulfate instilled in the trachea or bronchus of laboratory animals remained present in the lungs for up to 126 days post administration (IPCS, 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

EC50 - (WATER) DAPHNIDS: 52.8 mg/L for 24H - 50% immobilization (IPCS, 2001)

EC50 - (WATER) DAPHNIDS: 32.0 mg/L for 48H - 50% immobilization (IPCS, 2001)

Drilling muds containing barium sulfate as their principal constituent were not lethal to unspecified marine fish, crustaceans, and molluscs at levels as high as 7500 mg/kg (duration unspecified) (IPCS, 2001).

Based on reported results from a 1975 study, barium sulfate (from drilling muds) was not toxic to salt or fresh water fish at concentrations as high as 100,000 ppm (duration unspecified) (DOSE, 2001).

Populations of molluscs and/or annelids were reduced in estuarian water containing barite (concentration unspecified); however, it is unclear whether study results were due to barite toxicity or larval avoidance of barite (IPCS, 2001).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

233.39

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Barium sulfate is a white or yellowish, odorless, tasteless fine, heavy powder or polymorphous crystalline solid. It is practically insoluble in water, but is soluble in hot concentrated sulfuric acid (ACGIH, 2001; Budavari, 2001; HSDB, 2003; Lewis, 2001).

Barium sulfate exists as white, orthorhombic crystals (Lide, 1996).

5% barium sulfate suspension in water is neutral (HSDB, 2003)

VAPOR PRESSURE

approximately 0 mmHg (NIOSH, 2003)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

4.25 - 4.5 (ACGIH, 2001; NIOSH, 2003)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
4.49 g/cm(3)(Lide, 1996)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

4.50 g/cm(3) at 15°C(Lewis, 2000)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

4.25 - 4.5 g/cm(3)(Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 2001)
4.5 g/cm(3) (ICSC, 1999)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

2876 °F (NIOSH, 2003)

MELTING POINT

1580 °C (Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001; Lide, 1996; Pohanish, 2002)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Insoluble in water (Budavari, 2001; ICSC, 1999; Lewis, 2000; Lide, 1996)
One gram of barium sulfate dissolves in 400,000 parts water(Budavari, 2001).
Practically insoluble in water: 0.002 g/L at 20° C (ACGIH, 2001)
0.0002% at 64°F (NIOSH, 2003)
0.000222 g/100 cc water at 18°C (HSDB, 2003)
0.000246 g/100 cc water at 25°C (HSDB, 2003)
0.000336 g/100 cc water at 50°C (HSDB, 2003)
0.000413 g/100 cc water at 100°C (HSDB, 2003)
Barium sulfate's solubility in water increases notably in the presence of chloride and other anions (HSDB, 2003).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Insoluble in ethanol(Lide, 1996)
Practically insoluble in alcohol(Budavari, 2001)
Insoluble in alcohol (ACGIH, 2001)

OTHER

Practically insoluble in dilute acids(Budavari, 2001)
Insoluble in dilute acids (Lewis, 2000)
Soluble in hot, concentrated hydrochloric acid (H2SO4)(ACGIH, 2001; Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 2001)
0.006 g/100 cc 3% H2SO4 (HSDB, 2003)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

DECOMPOSITION TEMPERATURE

Barium sulfate decomposes above 1600 °C (ACGIH, 2001; Budavari, 2001).
1600°C (ICSC, 1999)
2912° F (NIOSH, 2003)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.64 (HSDB, 2003)

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GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020cc0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene Oxime (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26d&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Propargyl Alcohol (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec91&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Silane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d523&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Strontium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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BARIUM SULFATE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents