ATRAZINE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

STCC NUMBER

4921666

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C8H14ClN5

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

151-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(HSDB , 1997a; RTECS , 1997)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Atrazine is used as an herbicide, a growth regulator for plants, and a broadleaf and grassy weed control agent in corn, sorghum, rangeland, turf grass sod, pineapple, sugarcane, asparagus, tomato and potato plants, and ornamental plants. It also is used for non-crop and industrial sites and for inhibition of algae photosynthesis in streams (ACGIH, 1996a; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1993).
In some areas, atrazine is used to control weeds on Christmas tree plantations and in conifer reforestation. It also is used for nonselective vegetation control in chemical fallow (HSDB , 1997).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Atrazine may be moderately toxic following ingestion. It may be irritating following eye, skin, and inhalation exposure.

Human poisoning cases have not been reported. In experimental animals, observed effects have included eye and skin irritation, dyspnea, salivation, gastrointestinal tract irritation, hypothermia, weakness, incoordination, CNS depression, and seizures.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

The following first aid measures are suggested (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, CNS and liver.

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation or CNS depression, DO NOT induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

Two daily atrazine doses of 250 mg/kg killed sheep and cattle (HSDB , 1997).
An oral dose of 400 mg/kg of atrazine given to cattle resulted in diffuse subcutaneous hemorrhage, liver necrosis, ataxia, black stool, and death (HSDB , 1997).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1912-24-9 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Atrazine

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Atrazine (and related symmetrical triazines)
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Atrazine
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Atrazine

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Atrazine
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS1912-24-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 3.5x10(-2) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Clayton & Clayton, 1994 Hathaway, 1996; HSDB, 1997 Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 1997
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)HAMSTER:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 mg/L = 113.2 ppm (HSDB , 1997)

1 ppm = 8.83 mg/m(3) (HSDB , 1997)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1912-24-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Atrazine

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 5 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): CNS convul
Molecular Weight: 216.06

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Under Study

Atrazine (and related symmetrical triazines)

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS1912-24-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1912-24-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Atrazine
REL:

TWA: 5 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS1912-24-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS1912-24-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS1912-24-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS1912-24-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS1912-24-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS1912-24-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS1912-24-9 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Atrazine (6-Chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)1,3,5,-triazine-2,4-diamine)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS1912-24-9 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS1912-24-9 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4-diamine, 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS1912-24-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store atrazine in tightly closed containers (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store in a location with ambient temperatures and open venting (HSDB , 1997).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Keep separate from strong acids and bases (NIOSH , 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear appropriate eye protection (NIOSH , 1997).

A dust mask and goggles are recommended (CHRIS , 1997).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 1912-24-9.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
Atrazine is not flammable (ACGIH, 1996a).
Atrazine can be mixed with flammable liquids (NIOSH , 1997).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS1912-24-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS1912-24-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Atrazine is slightly toxic when inhaled (Lewis, 1996).

Those who breathe large amounts of atrazine should be moved to fresh air immediately. If necessary, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and keep the person warm and calm. Get medical attention immediately (NIOSH , 1997).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Atrazine, when heated to decomposition, emits toxic chloride and nitrogen oxide vapors (Lewis, 1996).

Atrazine may react with strong acids and bases (NIOSH , 1997).

The compound is "relatively resistant to decomposition by ultraviolet radiation" (ACGIH, 1996a).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS1912-24-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS1912-24-9 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS1912-24-9 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS1912-24-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Use vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or like material to absorb atrazine spills (Sittig, 1991).
To remove atrazine from water, use activated carbon adsorption, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, ozone oxidation, and ultraviolet irradiation (Sittig, 1991).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Atrazine, in limited quantities, can be hydrolyzed by an acid or base (Sittig, 1991).
- Bring atrazine wettable powders to a pH of 14 by mixing them with an appropriate amount of 10% wt/vol of aqueous sodium hydroxide (HSDB , 1997).
For smaller amounts of atrazine, a suitable method involves using a hydrocarbon fuel to burn the compound in a polyethylene bag (Sittig, 1991).
Combustion to remove nitrogen oxides and hydrogen chloride from atrazine gases probably requires use of a caustic wet scrubber (Sittig, 1991).
When atrazine process wastes undergo wet oxidation, all of the active ingredient is destroyed (HSDB , 1997).
Other recommended disposal methods include: incineration, hydrolysis, or landfill (HSDB , 1997).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

"At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices" (HSDB , 1997).
Dispose of combustible containers from organic pesticides in specified landfill sites or pesticide incinerators (HSDB , 1997).
Triple rinse noncombustible containers from organic pesticides first. Then, if the condition of the containers is good, return them to the pesticide manufacturer or to a container reconditioner for reuse with a similar type of pesticide. (Ensure that such reuse is allowed under Department of Transportation regulations.)
- Puncture containers that are not reused and transport them to a recycling or disposal facility or to a designated landfill for burial (HSDB , 1997).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Pollution sources include manufacturing sites from which effluents may flow and points of application where the compound is used as an herbicide (Howard, 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

The estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of atrazine with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is 147.2 x 10(-12) cm(3)/mol-sec at 25 degrees C. This corresponds to a 2.6 hour atmospheric half-life at an atmospheric concentration of 5 x 10(5) hydroxyl radicals/cm(3) (Howard, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Photolytic degradation is increased three-fold under simulated solar light when low concentrations of humic material (10 ppm organic carbon) are present in aqueous solution (Verschueren, 2001).
- When following first order kinetics, atrazine hydrolysis produced hydroxyatrazine as the transformation product (Howard, 1991).
- Alkaline hydrolysis is twice as rapid as acidic hydrolysis (Howard, 1991).
- At wavelengths of greater than 300 nm, atrazine photolysis did not occur in water; however, in an aqueous solution at wavelengths greater than or equal to 290 nm, atrazine's photolysis half-life at a 10 mg/L concentration at 15 degrees C was 25 hours. When an acetone sensitizer was added at 1 mL/100 mL concentration, atrazine's half-life was 4.9 hours (Howard, 1991).
- Under aerobic conditions at a concentration of 0.10 ppm, half-lives for sunlight-exposed atrazine were 15 and 20 days for 2 estuarine sediments and 3 to 12 days for estuarine water (Howard, 1991).
- Atrazine may partition only moderately from the water column. Bioconcentration and volatilization are not environmentally important processes (Howard, 1991).
GROUND WATER
- A study investigating water table management practices in a shallow groundwater system existing in a corn field found that atrazine concentrations can be greatly reduced by maintaining shallow water table depths during the corn growing season (Kalita et al, 1997).
- Groundwater and river samples were collected after atrazine was applied to the Brazos River floodplain in College Station, Texas, during the corn planting season. Twenty-four days after the second herbicide application, atrazine was detected in the groundwater, having flowed primarily through the 6-m-thick Ships clay surface layer (Chakka & Munster, 1997).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Seventy-five to 100% of atrazine disappeared from soil in a 10-month period (Verschueren, 2001).
- Atrazine's s-triazine ring is fairly degradation resistant. Less than 1% treated in Webster soil at various concentrations was recovered as carbon dioxide and 10-20% was transformed into other compounds (Howard, 1991).
- Fifty percent wettable atrazine powder was applied to sandy-loam soil at 2 to 4 and 6 kg/ha. At various times during the first and second years of the study, samples were collected and indicated rapid atrazine disappearance (Howard, 1991).
- Some of atrazine's degradation products, particularly hydroxylated analogs, remained in soil 1 year after final application of the herbicide (Howard, 1991).
- Loamy soil treated in the spring with atrazine retained 83% of the compound when tested in summer. In addition, 6 metabolites that originated in the parent compound were found in the soil (HSDB , 1997).
- In a study conducted on a coastal plain in the southern U.S., atrazine could be detected for more than 4 months in surface soil (10 cm), but, after 2 months, could not be detected at greater depths (HSDB , 1997).
- Atrazine can also photolyze from surface soils. Half-lives of 330 and 385 days were documented for the compound at a concentration of 0.10 ppm under aerobic conditions (Howard, 1991).
- For four soils, the average Koc value was calculated at 122. This value, as well as others from the literature, indicate that atrazine will maintain a high to medium mobility class in soil (Howard, 1997).
- Atrazine adsorbs to muck or clay soils more readily than to low clay and organic content soils. The compound's ability to adsorb to particular soil constituents affects its downward movement through the soil. Adsorption is reversible, and depending on temperature, pH, and moisture content of soil, desorption can occur readily (HSDB , 1997).
- Atrazine volatilization is not thought to be environmentally important (Howard, 1991).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Atrazine undergoes adsorption in some soils, and desorption is a ready possibility. High to medium mobility in soils is indicated by an organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) of 122 for certain soils. It may partition somewhat to sediment from the water column. Groundwater effects occurred where atrazine migrated through clayey surface soil. It is not particularly degradable. Bioconcentration and volatilization are not significant. It will photolyze to some degree in surface soil after an extended period, but photodecomposition is not considered significant. Catalyzing agents, such as humic material, and the pH of the system will influence hydrolysis in water and soil. Vapor phase atrazine in the atmosphere reacts with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (Chakka & Munster, 1997) (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1991).

Atrazine will hydrolyze in basic or acidic soil or water, but, in neutral pH conditions, it is fairly resistant to hydrolysis. Drastically increased hydrolysis rates will result upon addition of humic matter to the soil or water, thus indicating that atrazine hydrolysis can be catalyzed (Howard, 1991; HSDB, 2004).

Under most field conditions, it appears that photodecomposition of atrazine is of little significance. Most studies reveal that photodecomposition occurs to some extent if prolonged sunlight and high temperatures follow atrazine application before precipitation (HSDB, 2004).

BIODEGRADATION

Biodegradation half-lives for soil in greenhouse environment at 23 degrees C, constant light, 50 day experimental time, and initial concentration of 5-10 mg/kg atrazine (Verschueren, 2001):
Soil Type Biodegradation Half-life (days)
Sandy Soil 30
Organic-rich Orchard Soil 40
Agricultural Soil 41
Volcanic Area Soil 20

Based on carbon dioxide measurements from atrazine, dealkylation is the main process involved in microbial degradation of the compound, although s-triazine is fairly resistant to such degradation (Howard, 1991).

Atrazine degradation rates are not affected by reduced oxygen levels (Howard, 1991).

Atrazine can be degraded by bacteria under anaerobic conditions in a defined medium (Howard, 1991).

A study reports on a mixed microbial culture which, at pesticide mix-load sites, can degrade atrazine concentrations greater than 1.9 nM. At atrazine concentrations in soil of 0.046 M and 0.23 M, the mixed culture degraded 78% and 21% of the compound, respectively. In liquid concentrations, at the same concentrations, 90% and 56% of the herbicide were degraded, respectively (Grigg, Assaf & Turco, 1997).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Algae: 10-83 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)
Green Algae (Chlorella fusca): 52 (BCF, wet weight) (Verschueren, 2001)
Fathead minnow: 0.90 (log BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)
Fish: 3-10 (Verschueren, 2001)
Snail: 2-25 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)
The following bioconcentration factors have been reported: Cottus bairdi (Mottled sculpin): 2.0; Leuciscus idus melanotus (Golden ide): 1.0; Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow): 0.9; Coregonus fera (Whitefish): 0.5; Ictaluras melas (Catfish): 0.3. After 44 weeks of atrazine exposure at a mean concentration of 0.74 mg/L, the tissues of Salvelinus frontinalis (Brook trout) revealed levels of 0.20 mg/kg, below the detectable limit (Howard, 1991).
A log bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 1.9 was predicted for water solubility; for the soil adsorption coefficient, the BCF was 0.8. Atrazine is not expected to bioconcentrate based on uptake and on these measures (Howard, 1991).
In a lab model ecosystem study, atrazine and its degradation products were transferred in only minor amounts to the food chain, with an ecological magnification 11 times in fish (HSDB , 1997).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

AMPHIBIANS

Adrenotoxicity of atrazine (Goulet & Hontela, 2003):
- EC50 - AFRICAN CLAWED FROG (Xenopus laevis): >10,000 mcM for 1H in vitro steroidogenic cells -- endocrine toxicity (Goulet & Hontela, 2003)
- EC50 - BULLFROG (Rana catesbeiana): 11 mcM for 1H, steroidogenic cells in vitro steroidogenic cells -- adrenal cytotoxicity (Goulet & Hontela, 2003)
- LC50 - AFRICAN CLAWED FROG (Xenopus laevis): >100,000 mcM for 1H in vitro steroidogenic cells -- endocrine toxicity (Goulet & Hontela, 2003)
- LC50 - BULLFROG (Rana catesbeiana): >10,000 mcM for 1H in vitro steroidogenic cells -- adrenal cytotoxicity (Goulet & Hontela, 2003)

Gonadal dysgenesis and low to absent germ cells were observed in atrazine-treated American Leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) (Hayes et al, 2003).

Atrazine disrupted gonadal development in exposed larvae, and effects were more pronounced at lower exposure levels of 0.1 ppb. In addition, 29% of the 0.1 ppb exposure group and 8% of the 25 ppb exposure group exhibited varying degrees of sex reversal.

ECOTOXICITY VALUES

LC50 - (ORAL) COLINIS VIRGINIANUS (BOBWHITE QUAIL): >5000 ppm -- age 9 days (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (ORAL) COTURNIX JAPONICA (JAPANESE QUAIL): >5000 ppm for 5 days -- age 7 days (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (ORAL) PHASIANUS COLCHICUS (RING NECKED PHEASANT): >5000 ppm -- age 10 days (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (ORAL) ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS (MALLARD DUCK): >5000 ppm (30% at 5000 ppm) -- age 10 days (HSDB, 2004)
LD50 - (ORAL) ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS, Female (MALLARD DUCK): >2000 mg/kg -- age 6 months, 80% wettable powder (HSDB, 2004)
LD50 - COLINIS VIRGINIANUS (BOBWHITE QUAIL): 5670 mg/kg for 8 days in diet -- 80% wettable powder (HSDB, 2004)
LD50 - ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS (MALLARD DUCK): 19,650 mg/kg for 8 days in diet -- 80% wettable powder (HSDB, 2004)
LD50 - (ORAL) PHEASANT, Male: >2000 mg/kg -- age 3 months, 80% wettable powder (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - SALMO GAIRDNERII (RAINBOW TROUT): 4.5-8.8 mg/L for 96H -- unspecified bioassay conditions (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - CYPRINUS CARPIO (CARP): 76-100 mg/L for 96H -- unspecified bioassay conditions (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - LEPOMIS MACHROCHIRUS (BLUEGILL): 16.0 mg/L for 96H -- unspecified bioassay conditions (HSDB, 2004)
TLm - SALMO GAIRDNERII (RAINBOW TROUT): 12.6 mg/L for 48H -- freshwater, unspecified bioassay conditions (HSDB , 1997b)
LC50 - LEBISTES CYANELLUS (GUPPY): 4.3 mg/L for 96H - unspecified bioassay conditions (HSDB, 2004)
PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA: inhibition of cell multiplication begins at >10 mg/L (HSDB, 2004)
MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA: inhibition of cell multiplication begins at 0.003 mg/L (HSDB, 2004)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

215.72 (Lewis, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Atrazine is a white or colorless, odorless, crystalline powder or crystals (NIOSH , 1997; Sittig, 1991).

VAPOR PRESSURE

3 x 10(-7) mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996a)

2.93 x 10(-7) mmHg at (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.2 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (solid) (estimate) (CHRIS , 1997)
1.187 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.19 g/cm(3) (NIOSH , 1997)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

175 degrees C (CHRIS , 1997)

MELTING POINT

171-174 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
173-175 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

BOILING POINT

Decomposes (at 1 atm) (CHRIS , 1997)

FLASH POINT

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1997)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1997)

UPPER

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1997)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

0.003% (NIOSH , 1997)
70 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996a)
33 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Ether: 12,000 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996a)
Chloroform: 52,000 (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996a)
Methanol: 18,000 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996a)
Dimethyl sulfoxide: 183 g/kg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)
Diethyl ether: 12 g/kg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)
Octan-1-ol: 10 g/kg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)
Ethyl acetate: 28 g/kg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)
n-Pentane: 0.36 g/kg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 2.61 (HSDB , 1997)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Data not available (CHRIS , 1997).

ORGANIC CARBON PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Koc (soil) = 45-63; 100 (Verschueren, 2001)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-9500 Btu/lb = -5300 cal/g = - 220 X 10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 1997)

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Arsenic Trioxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480220305&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Automotive Gasoline Unleaded (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cc17&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bis-Chloromethyl Ether (BCME) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648022db11&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Boron Tribromide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae1d3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromine Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039732a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromoacetone (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187bf&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Calcium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae328&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Sulfide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037ff26&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Chlorobenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803a52bb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Cyanogen (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187fe&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Dimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbf3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Diphenylchloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091884e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Phosphorodichloridate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480920347&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809203e7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hexafluoropropylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1f5&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802a4985&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents