ZINC OXIDE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

O-Zn
ZnO

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

154-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

PIGMENT USES

In white paint instead of lead carbonate; also reduces mold growth in paints
In quick-setting cements
In floor tiles
To color drugs

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES -

Opaque glass and certain types of transparent glass
Enamel
Automobile tires; as an accelerator activator and reinforcing agent in rubber
White glue
Matches
White printing inks
Porcelains
Zinc green
As a reagent in analytical chemistry
In electrostatic copying paper; as a photoconductor in office copying machines and in color photography. In electrofax processes, zinc oxide powder is dye-sensitized by adsorption to extend its photosensitivity across the visible region
As a flame retardant
In electronics as a semiconductor, and as electrical insulation. Polycrystalline zinc oxide, with Bi203 and other additives, has nonohmic conduction and is used as a voltage-dependent resistor (varistor) to protect electronic equipment against voltage surges.
In floor covering, fabrics, lubricants, plastics, and rayon manufacture (Stokinger, 1981).
In carbon black mixtures (Kirk-Othmer, 1984)
As an anticaking agent (Kirk-Othmer, 1984)
In elastomer curing; in polybutadiene curing
As a grease filler
In hydrogen manufacture
In hydrogen sulfide absorber cartridge
Is the most commonly used phosphor powder in vacuum fluorescence displays
To remove mercaptans, hydrogen sulfide and, to some extent, chlorine at temperatures of 350 to 400 deg C

OTHER -

Is an insecticidal adjuvant used in high concentration against screwworms and ear ticks (Rossoff, 1974).
When used in many compounds, it makes them mildew resistant.

(REFERENCES - Budavari, 1996; (Lewis, 1997; HSDB , 2001)

FORMS

White or yellow, odorless powder or dust
Hexagonal crystals (sublimed)
Metal oxide fumes
TECHNICAL GRADES - Zinc oxide content of 90% to 99%; may contain <1% lead
(REFERENCES - Lewis, 1997; (Budavari, 1996; Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 2001)

SOURCES

Zinc oxide fumes are produced as a result of welding, cutting on metal, or smelting of zinc alloys.
An oxidation product prepared by vaporizing metallic zinc, franklinite, or zinc sulfide, and treating the vapors with preheated air (Budavari, 1996).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

INHALATION (PRIMARY EXPOSURE/EFFECTS) -

METAL FUME FEVER is a brief, self-limited illness characterized by fever, chills, myalgias, vomiting, and malaise which most commonly results from inhalation of freshly formed zinc oxide fume. Complete recovery generally occurs within 24 to 48 hours. Other metal oxides can cause metal fume fever and may be complicated by other serious health effects (e.g., cadmium).
A few sources claim that finely divided zinc oxide dust can cause metal fume fever. Zinc oxide dust is generally considered a nuisance dust; adverse effects are unlikely when exposures are kept under reasonable control.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Toxicity is low, based on animal studies. It has been speculated that severe oral exposure to airborne powders or dusts of zinc compounds, in general, may cause gastric upset and vomiting due to the swallowed dusts.

CHRONIC EXPOSURE -

It has been reported that working in environments with extremely high, uncontrolled concentrations of zinc oxide fumes or dust for more than 6 months may lead to development of dermatitis, boils, conjunctivitis and gastrointestinal disturbances. Exposures to other chemicals were likely in some reports.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Zinc oxide has low toxicity by the oral exposure route; there are no known cases of human fatalities following ingestion (HSDB). Exposure to massive quantities of the dust would be expected to cause mechanical irritation of the eye and respiratory tract. Mild skin and eye irritation have been reported in exposed laboratory animals (RTECS).

Zinc oxide FUME is a classical cause of METAL FUME FEVER, a flu-like condition involving fever, chills, sweats, nausea, vomiting, cough, muscle aches and pains, and difficulty breathing (Rohrs, 1957; Mueller & Seger, 1985). Symptoms of metal fume fever typically appear within a few hours after exposure to welding or other metal oxide fumes and subside within 24-48 hours with no permanent effect. The no-effect level for induction of metal fume fever is in the range of 5 to 15 mg/m(3) (ACGIH, 1986).

Studies in human volunteers exposed to zinc oxide fume have shown cumulative dose-dependent increases in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-8 in bronchoaveolar lavage fluid (Kuschner et al, 1995).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Tolerance, with decreased likelihood of symptoms of metal fume fever, can occur from repeated daily exposure to zinc oxide (Drinker, 1927), but tolerance typically disappears quickly, even after a weekend break from exposure (Anon, 1969: Kuschner et al, 1995).

While metal fume fever is thought to be caused by exposure to fume and not dust, there is one case report of metal fume fever from chronic exposure to zinc oxide pigment in spray paint (Pazderova, 1970). Metal fume fever has been reviewed (Mueller & Seger, 1985).

Other reported effects of chronic zinc oxide exposure include dermatitis, boils, eye irritation, and gastrointestinal disturbances after at least 6 months of exposure to large quantities of dust (HSDB; (Turner, 1921).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

Zinc oxide inhalation is the primary route of exposure. Ingestion is unlikely; zinc oxide has a low oral toxicity. Gastrointestinal decontamination and activated charcoal should NOT be necessary.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL

The following information is for Zinc Compounds in general.
INHALATION EXPOSURE

Metal fume fever, most often caused by welding galvanized metal, is a brief, self-limiting illness characterized by fever, chills, myalgias, vomiting and some prostration. Symptoms usually start 3 to 10 hours after exposure.
Aspirated zinc stearate may cause severe respiratory irritation.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

Irritation caused by zinc salts is extremely variable. Zinc oxide causes little reaction; zinc dichromate may cause papulovesicular lesions with exfoliation, and zinc chloride and phosphide may cause serious burns.
DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

Zinc salts will precipitate eye protein and cause corneal and lens changes.
DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
Rinsing with a 0.05 M neutral sodium edetate solution may help prevent or reverse a portion of the protein precipitation.
For all caustic zinc salts an ophthalmic exam is indicated.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Zinc oxide inhalation is the primary route of exposure. Ingestion is unlikely; zinc oxide has a low oral toxicity. Gastrointestinal decontamination and activated charcoal should NOT be necessary.
Zinc chloride and phosphide are highly corrosive and emesis or gastric lavage should be avoided.
With corrosive zinc salts, dilute rapidly with water or milk.
Zinc and aluminum phosphide will release phosphine gas in the stomach if they come in contact with water. Gastric lavage may also be dangerous. If activated charcoal is administered, it should perhaps be mixed with sorbitol and not water.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Give calcium disodium edetate orally and IV, or BAL intramuscularly.
SUPPORTIVE CARE - Maintain hydration and observe for metabolic acidosis, hypocalcemic tetany, anuria, liver damage, gastric perforation and pyloric stenosis.

The following information is for Metal Fume Fever.

In the majority of cases, little treatment is needed beyond supportive care. Bedrest, analgesics, and antipyretics are administered to ease a patient through the one to two days of symptoms. Unless the base metal and its coatings are known, a heavy metal screen may be warranted in order to prevent or treat acute toxicity from a more toxic metal moiety.
INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
Milk and antacids are frequent layman's treatments for exposure to metal fumes. This has little effect on pulmonary involvement, but may decrease metal irritation of gastrointestinal tract.
Corticosteroids have occasionally been recommended to reduce the inflammatory response of patients with serious pulmonary involvement.
Nasal oxygen appears to help shortness of breath and dyspnea.
Analgesics and antipyretics should be administered as necessary.
CHELATION - Although several studies have documented elevated zinc or copper levels, chelation has not been considered unless a known toxic metal is involved.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
No serious ocular toxicity has been reported from metal fume fever.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

SUMMARY

The lowest lethal inhalational dose for humans has not been established (Anon, 1969; RTECS , 2001).
Workplace inhalational exposures to concentrations of 500 milligrams per cubic meter may be hazardous to life or health (NIOSH, 1994).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

INHALATION

Metal fume fever or pneumonitis generally occurs with minimal inhalation exposures of air containing 1 to 34 mg of zinc oxide per cubic meter (HSDB , 2001) (ACGIH, 1986) (Anon, 1969).
The phenomenon of tolerance can influence the degree of exposure which results in metal fume fever in previously exposed individuals. Exposure to 52 mg zinc oxide fume per cubic meter in one case and 23 mg per cubic meter in another case, resulted in metal fume fever. The next day, exposures to 330 or 610 mg per cubic meter were well-tolerated by case one and two, respectively (Anon, 1969).
McCord (1960) reports concentrations of 14 mg per cubic meter of zinc oxide were well tolerated for exposures of 8 hours; 45 mg per cubic meter were tolerated for 20 minutes. Levels above this were poorly tolerated (McCord, 1960).
The lowest published toxic concentration (TCLo) for humans is 600 mg per cubic meter. The effects were coughing and dyspnea (RTECS , 2001).
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE: Time Weighted Average concentration for occupational exposure (average over 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek) to zinc oxide fume is 5 mg per cubic meter, with a Short Term Exposure Limit of 10 mg per cubic meter (ACGIH, 1995).
LACK OF EFFECT: No symptoms of metal fume fever were reported in 14 human study subjects following inhalational exposure to ultrafine zinc oxide fume concentrations of about 3 to 37 mg of zinc per cubic meter over 15, 30, 60 or 120 minutes (Kuschner et al, 1995). Pulmonary function changes (decreased FEV (1)), and increases of neutrophils and inflammatory mediators in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were present 18 to 20 hours after exposure.
In many case reports of metal fume fever, the zinc oxide exposure was not quantitated or exposure to other chemicals also occurred (Papp, 1968; Fishburn & Zenz, 1969; Dula, 1978).
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE/GALVANIZERS: In a retrospective cohort study of 71 galvanizers exposed to zinc oxide and 117 workers not exposed (control group), workers exposed to zinc oxide vapors developed more respiratory symptoms including dyspnea, nose and throat irritation. Obstructive respiratory disease was significantly higher in the exposed group (Aminian et al, 2015).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1314-13-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Zinc oxide
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Zinc oxide
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS1314-13-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Lewis, 1992 RTECS, 2001
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LD- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1314-13-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Zinc oxide

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 2 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL: 10 mg/m(3)
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: R
Definitions:

R: Respirable fraction; see Appendix C, paragraph C (of TLV booklet).

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Metal fume fever
Molecular Weight: 81.37

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS1314-13-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1314-13-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Zinc oxide
REL:

TWA: Dust: 5 mg/m(3); Fume: 5 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling: Dust: 15 mg/m(3)
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 500 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS1314-13-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Zinc oxide fume
Table Z-1 for Zinc oxide fume:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Listed as: Zinc oxide (Total dust)
Table Z-1 for Zinc oxide (Total dust):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 15

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Listed as: Zinc oxide (Respirable fraction)
Table Z-1 for Zinc oxide (Respirable fraction):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS1314-13-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS1314-13-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS1314-13-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS1314-13-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS1314-13-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS1314-13-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS1314-13-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS1314-13-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Zinc oxide (ZnO)

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS1314-13-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Protective Equipment

Respirator selection: refer to Zinc Oxide HAZARDTEXT(R) and NIOSH Pocket Guide documents for complete NIOSH Recommended Respiration Selection Guidelines.

Other Protective Measures

In all cases where zinc is heated to the point where fume is produced, it is most important to ensure that adequate ventilation is provided.
Individual protection is best ensured by education of the worker concerning metal-fume fever and the provision of local exhaust ventilation, or, in some situations by wearing of supplied-air hood or mask.

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store in airtight containers (HSDB , 1993).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 1314-13-2.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS1314-13-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS1314-13-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes of zinc oxide (Lewis, 1992).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Zinc oxide has exploded when mixed with chlorinated rubber (Lewis, 1992).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes of zinc oxide (Lewis, 1992).

Inhalation of zinc oxide fume causes an influenza-like illness termed metal fume fever (Hathaway et al, 1991).

The critical factor in the development of the syndrome is the size of the ultrafine zinc oxide particles produced when zinc is heated to temperatures approaching its boiling point of 907 degrees C in an oxidizing atmosphere. The particles must be small enough (less than 1 micrometer) to reach the alveoli when inhaled. The syndrome is not produced when normal zinc oxide powder is either inhaled or taken orally (Hathaway et al, 1991).
The dust of zinc oxide is considered a nuisance dust that has little adverse effect on the lung and does not produce significant organic disease when exposures are kept under reasonable control (Hathaway et al, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Zinc oxide forms a violent reaction with magnesium, and with linseed oil (Lewis, 1992).

It reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce zinc chloride. It reacts with sulfuric acid to produce zinc sulfate, and it reacts with carbon monoxide or hydrogen to produce elemental zinc (HSDB , 1993).

When heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes of zinc oxide (Lewis, 1992).

Zinc oxide has exploded when mixed with chlorinated rubber (Lewis, 1992).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS1314-13-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS1314-13-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Zinc oxide
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 5
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 10
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 15
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS1314-13-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS1314-13-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 500 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
"At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices." (HSDB , 1993)
Chemical precipitation and reverse osmosis are potential wastewater treatment technologies for ZINC COMPOUNDS (HSDB , 1993).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

SOURCES: Zinc oxide fumes are produced during zinc smelting, manufacture of zinc oxide and powder, production of brass, and melting of galvanized iron. Zinc oxide fumes may also be produced secondary to torch welding and cutting of zinc-containing or galvanized materials (HSDB , 1993).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- No information on the environmental kinetics of zinc oxide was found in available references at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information on the environmental toxicity of zinc oxide was found in available references at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

81.39 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Zinc oxide is an odorless, white or yellowish (sometimes grayish) powder, with a bitter taste. It may be hexagonal crystals (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997).

When strongly heated, zinc oxide assumes a yellow color which disappears on cooling (HSDB , 2001).

Zinc oxide is opaque to all wavelengths of light (American Medical Association, 1980).

AMERICAN PROCESS ZINC OXIDE: 6.95 (Budavari, 1996)

FRENCH PROCESS ZINC OXIDE: 7.37 (Budavari, 1996)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS: 5.607 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

5.47 to 5.67 (Lewis, 1992; Budavari, 1996)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

5.47 g/cm(3) (Lewis, 1992)
HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS: 5.67 g/cm(3) (Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

1800 to 1975 degrees C (ACGIH, 1986;(Lewis, 1992; Lewis, 1997)
Sublimes at normal pressure (Budavari, 1996).

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Zinc oxide is practically insoluble in water (Budavari, 1996).

Solubility: 0.00016 g/100 cc water (at 29 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is insoluble in alcohol (Lewis, 1992).

OTHER

Zinc oxide is soluble in dilute acetic or mineral acids, ammonia, ammonium carbonate, and fixed alkali hydroxide solutions (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2001).

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ZINC OXIDE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents