ZINC COMPOUNDS

Zinc is considered an essential element in humans.
Zinc is one of the most widely used micronutrients. It is used as sulfates (both basic and normal hydrates), carbonate, sulfide, phosphate, oxide, chelates, and other organic materials.
RECOMMENDED DAILY INTAKE DURING NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT

Adult: 1.5 to 2.5 mg (HSDB , 2001)
Pediatric: 100 to 300 mcg/kg (less than age 6 years) (HSDB , 2001)

MEDICINAL

Zinc acetate is used for the maintenance treatment of Wilson's disease (Prod Info GALZIN(TM) oral capsules, 2005).

VETERINARY

As a feed additive, dietary supplement, and source of zinc. Bioavailability is adequate for cattle, swine, and chickens, but is poor for poults (Rossoff, 1974).
Oral use in cattle to control development of horm fly and face fly larvae in manure (Rossoff, 1974).

FORMS

METALLIC ZINC: is used in galvanizing, welding, soldering, etc, and ZINC SALTS are used as astringents, antiseptics, deodorants, and smoke generators.
US PENNIES: (after 1982) are composed of a plating of pure copper around a zinc core. The total content is zinc 97.6 percent and copper 2.4 percent. The weight of the copper-clad penny is 2.5 grams.
ZINC ACETATE: colorless crystals with a faint vinegar odor and sharp disagreeable metallic taste which resembles zinc sulfate in its actions.
ZINC CYANIDE: a white tasteless powder with odor of bitter almonds, used as an insecticide.
ZINC DICHROMATE: a brilliant orange-yellow powder used as a pigment in primers.
ZINC GLUCONATE: a white powder. This is the usual form of zinc in zinc supplements.
ZINC NAPHTHENATE: a wood preservative containing 8 to 10 percent zinc (liquid) and 16 percent zinc (solid). This amber, thick, basic liquid or basic solid is thought to have low toxicity.
ZINC STEARATE: powder mixture of zinc salts of stearic and palmitic acids and zinc oxide.
ZINC SULFATE: a white odorless astringent powder. In the past, zinc sulfate was used as a laxative, but it has been replaced with less irritating magnesium salts. Zinc sulfate is used in the experimental treatment of Wilson's disease (Huang & Chu, 1996; Barbosa et al, 1992).

SOURCES

DENTURE CREAM/ADHESIVE: Four patients developed elevated serum zinc concentrations, copper deficiency, and depressed serum ceruloplasmin concentrations along with various neurologic abnormalities following chronic use of large amounts (2 to 3 tubes a week; 68 gram tubes) of denture cream. The concentrations of zinc in three brands of denture creams were: Fixodent Original, 17283.65 mcg/g (SD= 1724.03); Super Poli-Grip Original, 34190.94 (SD=1781.21); Super Poli-Grip Extra Care with Polyseal, 27531.53 (SD=1554.76). It is suggested that these denture creams contain at least 17 mg of zinc per gram of cream. The use of 2 to 3 tubes (68 gram tubes) per week would lead to exposure of at least 330 mg of zinc per day, which exceeds the NIH's recommended daily allowance for adult women (8 mg) and men (11 mg) (Nations et al, 2008).
The following denture adhesives were found to contain zinc: Super Poligrip original, Super Poligrip Ultra Fresh, Super Poligrip Extra Care, Fixodent Original, Fixodent Fresh, Fixodent Control, Fixodent Complete, Fixodent Comfort, Fixodent Control Plus Scope Flavor, Super-Haftcreme Extra Stark (Tezvergil-Mutluay et al, 2010).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Zinc is an essential element. Metallic zinc is found in pennies, and used in galvanizing, soldering, welding, electroplating, stained glass, aircraft manufacturing, jewelry making, and smelting. It is present in cough and cold lozenges and some denture adhesives. Zinc acetate is used for the maintenance treatment of Wilson's disease. Topical zinc oxide, zinc chloride, zinc phosphide, and metal fume fever are covered in separate managements.

PHARMACOLOGY: Zinc is a cofactor for various enzymes in the body including superoxide dismutase, RNA and DNA polymerase, alcohol dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase among many others.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Acute zinc poisoning is rare. Most acute exposures do not produce any symptoms and serious toxicity is not expected from most zinc compounds. Chronic excessive exposure has caused toxicity.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea may develop. Respiratory irritation and bronchospasm may develop after inhalation.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Most often develops after chronic exposure. Ingestion of massive numbers of coins has caused pancreatitis, hepatitis, anemia, hemolysis, acute renal failure, and rarely death. Chronic excessive zinc ingestion from denture adhesives, supplements or coins has caused decreased serum copper concentrations, anemia, neutropenia, and a variety of neurologic anomalies including sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, and impaired coordination. Zinc salts are corrosive; ingestion can cause gastrointestinal burns and hemorrhage. Eye or skin contact may result in mild, moderate, or severe irritation and burns, depending on the concentration and duration of exposure.

WITH THERAPEUTIC USE

ZINC GLUCONATE: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and mouth irritation have been reported in patients taking zinc gluconate tablets dissolved in the mouth for the treatment of the common cold.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with vapors, substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death.
May produce corrosive solutions on contact with water.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

About 20% to 30% of ingested zinc salts are absorbed to some extent from the gastrointestinal tract, but absorption is variable (Baselt, 1997). Oral zinc acetate was absorbed MOST efficiently and zinc oxide LEAST efficiently of several zinc compounds studied in an oral tolerance test in human volunteers (Prasad et al, 1993).

It has been estimated that adverse effects may result from ingestion of 10 to 15 times the recommended daily allowance for zinc, an excess level of about 100 to 250 mg/day in an adult (ATSDR, 1995). Gastrointestinal distress can result from the ingestion of acidic foods or liquids stored in galvanized zinc containers (Bingham et al, 2001).

Ingestion of zinc salts can cause nausea, vomiting, purging, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps (Budavari, 1996; ATSDR, 1995; Friberg et al, 1986). Zinc sulfate, at an oral dose of 1 to 2 grams, is an emetic (Barceloux, 1999). Systemic effects after ingestion include cough, dyspnea, and sweating (Lewis, 2000). Headache and lethargy have also been reported after ingestion of large amounts of zinc, although zinc is regarded as being relatively nontoxic (Friberg et al, 1986).

One fatality is known from zinc toxicity after massive ingestion of 461 coins. Death was from multiple organ failure and involved acute renal tubular necrosis, mild fibrosis of the pancreas, and acute massive hepatic necrosis (Bennett et al, 1997).

Inhalation of zinc dust produces respiratory tract irritation, chest pain, and cough (Baselt, 1997). It can also cause METAL FUME FEVER, a flu-like condition characterized by appearance within a few hours after exposure (lasting from 6 to 48 hours) of chills, headache, fever, fatigue, sweating, extreme thirst, aches in legs and chest, and difficulty in breathing (Baselt, 1997; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Zenz, 1994).

A sweet taste may also be present in metal fume fever, as well as a dry throat, aches, nausea and vomiting, and pale grey cyanosis (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Metal fume fever has never been fatal; recovery is generally within 2 days (Friberg et al, 1986). Exposure to 8 to 12 mg/m(3) has generally not caused metal fume fever (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Tolerance that develops during the workweek is lost over a nonworking weekend (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Inhalation of high concentrations of zinc chloride from smoke bombs can induce chemical pneumonitis and adult respiratory distress syndrome (Barceloux, 1999). Moreover, exposure to zinc chloride fumes has been fatal (Baselt, 1997).

Zinc fumes are irritating to skin and mucous membranes (Budavari, 1996). Zinc chloride is caustic and can cause skin ulceration (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Dermal exposure to zinc can produce leg pains, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss (Baselt, 1997).

In workers exposed to an airborne concentration of 3 to 5 mg/m(3) zinc oxide, urinary zinc levels (0.6 to 0.7 mg/L) were in the normal range (0.75 to 1.2 mg/L) ACGIH, 1991; (Zenz, 1994). The zinc elimination half-life is approximately 1 year (Friberg et al, 1986).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Chronic zinc poisoning has not been reported in humans; zinc DEFICIENCY is well known; it produces growth retardation and sexual hypofunction, as well as anemia, poor wound healing, and skin lesions (Zenz, 1994; Hayes & Laws, 1991; Friberg et al, 1986) . Zinc deficiency is adversely associated with defects in cellular immunity in humans (Prasad, 1998). In addition to being required for many enzymes, zinc is known to antagonize the toxicity of cadmium and lead (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Individuals with a largely zinc-deficient diet may NOT benefit from dietary zinc supplementation, as shown in one 25-year study of children in rural Gambia (Bates et al, 1993).

Sideroblastic anemia and leukopenia (decreased white blood cell count) were reported in a female patient who had taken excessive amounts of dietary zinc supplements (Ramadurai et al, 1993).

Certain features of zinc metabolism change with age, including the relative concentrations among different body compartments and response to zinc loading (Wastney et al, 1992). Whether these changes occur in response to chronic zinc exposure or to other age-related factors is not known.

Some zinc compounds have produced skin irritation in laboratory animals; skin irritation may occur in some persons (ATSDR, 1995).

Concentrations of zinc in hair are linearly related to body weight or body weight/height ratios. Because the zinc hair concentration is related to the degree of obesity, a possible role of zinc in obesity has been postulated (Taneja et al, 1996).

The pancreas is important in maintaining zinc homeostasis (Oberleas, 1996). Low plasma zinc levels (less than 70 mcg/dL) were seen in 18 of 30 (60%) of patients with acute pancreatitis. The authors speculate that the inflammatory process increases uptake of zinc into tissues from plasma, resulting in lower plasma levels (Viedma et al, 1995).

Possibly related to the function of the pancreas in zinc homeostasis is the finding that adequate zinc intake protects against development of type I diabetes (Haglund et al, 1996).

Occupational exposure to zinc for periods greater than 20 years was not associated with increased risk for Parkinson disease (Gorell et al, 1999)

Evidence indicating involvement of zinc in Alzheimer disease is increasing. In one study, carriers of higher plasma zinc levels were an independent risk factor for Alzheimer disease (Gonzalez et al, 1999). Excess zinc was seen in the amyloid plaques, diseased blood vessels, and neurofibrillary tangles of patients with Alzheimer disease, compared with age-matched, non-demented subjects (Suh et al, 2000; Lovell et al, 1998) .

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

Prehospital gastrointestinal decontamination is not warranted. After ingestion of zinc salts, dilute with a small amount of water or milk (4 ounces or less in a child, up to 8 ounces for an adult). Irrigate exposed eyes and wash exposed skin.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, wipe from skin immediately; flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ZINC SULFATE

ORAL: Fatalities have been reported following ingestion of as little as 10 to 30 grams of ZINC SULFATE.
IV: Intravenous infusion of ZINC SULFATE 7.4 grams over 60 hours resulted in death in a 72-year-old woman (Brocks et al, 1977).
A woman developed hemorrhagic pancreatitis and hyperglycemic coma after ingesting approximately 28 g of zinc sulfate (500 mg/kg). Her condition deteriorated and she developed acute renal failure and died 5 days postingestion (Prod Info GALZIN(TM) oral capsules, 2005).

DENTURE CREAM

CASE REPORT: A 63-year-old man who was using zinc-based denture adhesive for years (peak, 45 g weekly or 200 mg daily zinc intake), developed copper deficiency, myelodysplastic syndrome, and severe sensorimotor polyneuropathy. After severe serum copper deficiency was identified, he was treated with copper supplementation (3 mg elemental copper daily) which improved his hematologic indices; however, his sensorimotor neurologic abnormalities did not improve. He died of aspiration from copper deficiency-induced myelopathy several months after the initial presentation (Afrin, 2010).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

INHALATION

Zinc is noncumulative and chronic poisoning is rare, occurring only in unusual cases.

ORAL

ZINC OXIDE (TOPICAL): Ingestion of small amounts of zinc oxide ointment (10% to 40%) by children does not produce significant effects. However, a man developed gastroduodenal corrosive injury after the ingestion of 150 g of 10% zinc oxide lotion (Liu et al, 2006).
DENTURE CREAM: Four patients developed elevated serum zinc concentrations, copper deficiency, and depressed serum ceruloplasmin concentrations along with various neurologic abnormalities following the chronic use of large amounts (2 to 3 tubes a week; 68 gram tubes) of denture cream. All patients improved following copper supplementation (Nations et al, 2008).
DENTURE CREAM: A 50-year-old man with a 4-year history of unsteadiness presented with an ataxic gait, a positive Romberg sign, distal wasting, limbs weakness, impaired coordination, and arms pseudoathetosis. Laboratory results revealed a normochromic, normocytic anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, and a low vitamin B12 (172 ng/L). He was treated with IM cobalamin injections and his serum vitamin B12 concentration increased to 683 ng/L, but no clinical improvement was observed. At this time, laboratory analysis revealed an undetectable ceruloplasmin (less than 0.085 g/L), a very low serum copper (1.1 mcmol/L), and increased serum zinc (38.2 mcmol/L). It was later found that for 3 to 4 years he had been using approximately 2 to 3 tubes (40 g each) of denture fixative Poligrip Ultra (zinc content: 38 mg of zinc/gram) each week instead of every 6 weeks for ill-fitting dentures. Within 3 months of copper therapy, his bone marrow suppression resolved; however, his clinical neurological features did not improve (Barton et al, 2011).

METALLIC ZINC

Ingestion of 12 grams of metallic zinc by a 16-year-old boy caused lethargy, staggering gait, and illegible writing suggesting cerebellar dysfunction (Murphy, 1970).

US PENNIES

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and reversible sideroblastic anemia were reported in a 31-year-old male with chronic paranoid schizophrenia and episodes of pica. A large number of coins ($22.50; or 2250 US pennies) were removed from the stomach. The pennies were almost unrecognizable due to degradation. The serum concentrations of zinc and copper were greater than 45.9 and 2.8 micromoles/liter, respectively (Broun et al, 1990).
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and profound weakness developed in a 57-year-old schizophrenic woman after the massive ingestion of approximately 600 coins, including 585 pennies. The patient's clinical course was complicated by multiple organ dysfunction manifested as hepatitis, pancreatitis, severe anemia with markedly depressed bone marrow response, extravascular hemolysis, and acute renal failure. Following the removal of coins with laparotomy, she gradually recovered (Dhawan et al, 2008).

ZINC GLUCONATE

A healthy adult developed severe sideroblastic anemia secondary to zinc-induced copper deficiency, leukopenia and neutropenia after taking zinc gluconate supplements (850 to 1000 mg/d {recommended daily allowance 15 mg}) for a year to treat acne (Igic et al, 2002).

ZINC SULFATE

7.4 grams of ZINC SULFATE intravenously caused tubular necrosis, renal failure, and "shock lung".
A 57-year-old man developed sideroblastic anemia secondary to zinc-induced copper deficiency associated with a 2-year history of consuming zinc supplements (450 milligrams/day) (Patterson et al, 1985).
CLINICAL USE: administration of zinc sulfate chronically at a dose of 220 mg, 3 times a day, did not induce noticeable clinical symptoms or abnormalities of hematologic, renal, or hepatic function (Tschumi & Floersheim, 1981).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-66-6 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Zinc and Compounds

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7440-66-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 3x10(-1) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: Not Assessed under the IRIS Program.
RfC: Information reviewed but value not estimated.

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

ZINC SULFIDE
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7440-66-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7440-66-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7440-66-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7440-66-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7440-66-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7440-66-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Zinc
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Zinc and compounds

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7440-66-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7440-66-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7440-66-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7440-66-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Zinc (fume or dust)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

Listed as: Zinc Compounds: Includes any unique chemical substance that contains zinc as part of that chemical's infrastructure
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7440-66-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7440-66-6 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Zinc

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1435 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Zinc ashes

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.3

4.3: Dangerous when wet material. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1435
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.3

4.3: Dangerous When Wet.

Special Provisions: A1, A19, IB8, IP4, T1, TP33

A1: Single packagings are not permitted on passenger aircraft.
A19: Combination packagings consisting of outer fiber drums or plywood drums, with inner plastic packagings, are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 151
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1436 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Zinc powder or Zinc dust

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.3

4.3: Dangerous when wet material. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1436
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.3, 4.2

4.3: Dangerous When Wet.
4.2: Spontaneously Combustible.

Special Provisions: A19, IB4, IP1, N40

A19: Combination packagings consisting of outer fiber drums or plywood drums, with inner plastic packagings, are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
IB4: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N).
IP1: IBCs must be packed in closed freight containers or a closed transport vehicle.
N40: This material is not authorized in the following packagings: a. A combination packaging consisting of a 4G fiberboard box with inner receptacles of glass or earthenware; b. A single packaging of a 4C2 sift-proof, natural wood box; or c. A composite packaging 6PG2 (glass, porcelain or stoneware receptacles within a fiberboard box).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 211
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: 15 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 52, 53

52: Stow "separated from" acids.
53: Stow "separated from" alkaline compounds.

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Zinc powder or Zinc dust

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.3

4.3: Dangerous when wet material. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1436
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.3, 4.2

4.3: Dangerous When Wet.
4.2: Spontaneously Combustible.

Special Provisions: A19, IB7, IP2, T3, TP33

A19: Combination packagings consisting of outer fiber drums or plywood drums, with inner plastic packagings, are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
IB7: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F). Additional Requirement: Liners of wooden IBCs must be sift-proof.
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 15 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 50 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 52, 53

52: Stow "separated from" acids.
53: Stow "separated from" alkaline compounds.

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Zinc powder or Zinc dust

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.3

4.3: Dangerous when wet material. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1436
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.3, 4.2

4.3: Dangerous When Wet.
4.2: Spontaneously Combustible.

Special Provisions: IB8, IP4, T1, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 52, 53

52: Stow "separated from" acids.
53: Stow "separated from" alkaline compounds.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1435 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Zinc ashes
UN Number: 1435

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1436 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Zinc dust
UN Number: 1436
Proper Shipping Name: Zinc powder
UN Number: 1436

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7440-66-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7440-66-6.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Produce flammable gases on contact with water.
- May ignite on contact with water or moist air.
- Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water.
- May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
- Some are transported in highly flammable liquids.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7440-66-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT USE WATER or FOAM.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or sand.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

DRY sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime or withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

LITHIUM OR MAGNESIUM FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Magnesium Fires:

DRY sand, sodium chloride powder, graphite powder or Met-L-X® powder.

Lithium Fires:

DRY sand, sodium chloride powder, graphite powder, copper powder or Lith-X® powder.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7440-66-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate the area before entry.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7440-66-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7440-66-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Zinc
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 1
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 3
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 20
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7440-66-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7440-66-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.
POWDER SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading and keep powder dry.
- DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Dike for later disposal; do not apply water unless directed to do so.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

Elemental zinc: 65.39

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

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Gorman RL, Khin-Maung-Gyi MT, & Klein-Schwartz W: Initial symptoms as predictors of esophageal injury in alkaline corrosive ingestions. Am J Emerg Med 1992; 10:89-94.

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Haglund B, Ryckenberg K, & Selinus O: Evidence of a relationship between childhood-onset type I diabetes and low groundwater concentration of zinc. Diabetes Care 1996; 19:873-875.

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Hambidge M, Hackshaw A, & Wald N: Neural tube defects and serum zinc. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100:746-749.

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