ZINC

The most important use of zinc is galvanizing, which is the process of coating iron and steel with zinc and cadmium to prevent corrosion or rusting. Zinc protects iron from rusting by being oxidized before iron; this occurs because zinc is the stronger reducing agent of the two metals (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Budavari, 2000).
Zinc is used in several alloys including bronze and brass; brass is the best known. Brass contains a base of copper with 3-45% zinc. Zinc-based alloys have two major uses, for casting (both die-casting and gravity-casting) and for wrought applications. Twenty-five percent of zinc production is used in die-casting alloys (96% zinc, 4% aluminum, and trace magnesium). Die-casting alloys are used to form metal components by injection molding (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Budavari, 2000).
Five to 10% of zinc produced is used in dry-cell batteries, cans, and sheet zinc for photoengraving (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Budavari, 2000).
Zinc is used for galvanizing sheet iron, Babbit metal, German silver, extracting gold by the cyanide process, purifying fats for soaps, bleaching bone glue, manufacturing sodium hydrosulfite, insulin zinc salts castings, printing plates, building materials, railroad car linings, automotive equipment, deoxidizing bronze. Zinc is used as an ingredient in alloys, a reducing agent in organic chemistry, a reagent in analytical chemistry (eg, in the Marsh and Gutzeit test for arsenic), a reducer in the determination of iron, and a nutritional trace element (Budavari, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2002). It is also used in metal spraying, electrical fuses, storage and dry cell batteries, fungicides, roofing, gutters cable wrappings, and organ pipes (Lewis, 2001).
Zinc is used in the metal refining; manufacturing of dyes; rust proofing of paint; and pharmaceuticals. It used in alloys, as a reducing agent, for galvanizing metals, and for electroplating (ITI, 1995). Zinc is also used to recover cadmium (HSDB , 2002).
Finely divided zinc added to grease can be used to coat the interior surfaces of aluminum connectors for "lower initial contact resistance and better long term resistance stability" (HSDB , 2002).
Zinc is also an essential trace element. In animals, it is found in metallo-enzymes and peptidases (eg, carbonic anhydrase, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase), or as cofactor for enzymes involved in catalyzing the synthesis of DNA, proteins or insulin (eg, arginase and histamine diaminases) (Lewis, 1998).

A lack of dietary zinc is associated with retarded growth and maturity, and may also result in anemia (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
The recommended daily allowance is 15 mg/day for men and 12 mg/day for women (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
"Zinc is extensively used as an alloying agent in brass and other alloys, in metal plating (galvanizing) and for numerous minor industrial applications" (Baselt, 2000).

FORMS

Zinc is a blue-white metal, with a silvery or blue-gray luster (called spelter) and is lustrous when polished. Its atoms are in a distorted hexagonal closed-packed structure. It is a solid at room temperature and forms a white powder (basic zinc carbonate) when exposed to moist air (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) Budavari, 2000; (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2001).
Zinc is malleable at 100-150 degrees C, but is brittle and easily pulverized at 210 degrees C (Budavari, 2000).
Zinc is available in the form of ingots; lumps; rolled (strip, sheet, rod, tubing); wire; shot; slab; sticks; granules; mossy; powder or dust (99% pure); single crystals and zinc anodes (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2001).
Zinc can be found in five grades of purity: special high-grade (99.990%), high-grade (99.95%), intermediate (99.5%), brass special (99%), prime western (98%) (Lewis, 2001).

SOURCES

Elemental zinc is widely found in nature, the 25th most abundant element. The most abundant and important ores are the sulfides (sphalerite or zinc blende), the carbonate (smithsonite or zinc spar), the silicate (calamine or hemimorphite), and mixed oxide with magnesium and iron (franklinite). Zinc also occurs in zincite, willemite and gahnite (ZnAl2O4) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Budavari, 2000).
Zinc is extracted from ores mainly by two distinct methods, both starting with zinc oxide formed by roasting the ores. The pyrometallurgical or distillation process reduces zinc oxide using carbon in retorts; the product is then distilled and condensed. The second method is the hydrometallurgical or electrolytic process. In this process sulfuric acid is used to leach the zinc oxide from the roasted or calcined material to form zinc sulfate solution; this solution is then electrolyzed in cells to deposit zinc on cathodes (Lewis, 2001).

Other production methods include the "Imperial Smelting process," where zinc-lead sulphide ores are mixed with metallurgical coke, and the "vertical retort process," where zinc sulphide ore concentrates are mixed with metallurgical coke (Ashford, 2001).

Zinc is common, in relatively high concentrations, in meat products for animal consumption (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Zinc can be recovered from secondary sources such as scrap and flue dust (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Zinc ores are found in British Columbia, Mexico, U.S. (Colorado), Australia, Belgium (Lewis, 2001).
The five naturally occurring isotopes of Zn are (Budavari, 2000):

64 (48.89%)
66 (27.81%)
68 (18.57%)
67 (4.11%)
70 (0.62%)

For zinc, eight radioactive isotopes and two isomers have been described (Budavari, 2000).

The radioactive isotope Zn-65 is a beta- and gamma-emitter. It is used as a tracer for alloy-wear or phosphor activator studies, and to investigate the function of zinc in metabolism or the function of oil additives in lubricating oils (Lewis, 2001).

In the National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations, EPA has set the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for zinc at 5000 mcg/L. EPA's Lifetime Health Advisory for zinc is set at 2000 mcg/L (HSDB , 2002).
The concentration range of zinc in some foods is as follows (Hayes, 1982):

Fruits, Vegetables, and Meats: 2 to 85 ppm
Grain: 25 to 140 ppm
Seafood: 700 to 1600 ppm

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Exposure to zinc dust particles may be irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Inhalation may cause throat dryness, and cough. Inhalation may also result in metal fume fever which is characterized by generalized aches, weakness, chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, and a sweet taste.

Sideroblastic anemia and leukopenia were reported in a female patient who had taken excessive amounts of dietary zinc supplements. Pneumoconiosis has been reported in miners.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with vapors, substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death.
May produce corrosive solutions on contact with water.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, wipe from skin immediately; flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
One woman died as a result of renal damage and pancreatic hemorrhage after ingesting 28 grams of zinc (Bingham et al, 2001).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-66-6 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Zinc and Compounds

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7440-66-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 3x10(-1) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: Not Assessed under the IRIS Program.
RfC: Information reviewed but value not estimated.

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 2002
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7440-66-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7440-66-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7440-66-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7440-66-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7440-66-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7440-66-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Zinc
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Zinc and compounds

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7440-66-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7440-66-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7440-66-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7440-66-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Zinc (fume or dust)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

Listed as: Zinc Compounds: Includes any unique chemical substance that contains zinc as part of that chemical's infrastructure
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7440-66-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7440-66-6 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Zinc

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1435 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Zinc ashes

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.3

4.3: Dangerous when wet material. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1435
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.3

4.3: Dangerous When Wet.

Special Provisions: A1, A19, IB8, IP4, T1, TP33

A1: Single packagings are not permitted on passenger aircraft.
A19: Combination packagings consisting of outer fiber drums or plywood drums, with inner plastic packagings, are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 151
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1436 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Zinc powder or Zinc dust

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.3

4.3: Dangerous when wet material. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1436
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.3, 4.2

4.3: Dangerous When Wet.
4.2: Spontaneously Combustible.

Special Provisions: A19, IB4, IP1, N40

A19: Combination packagings consisting of outer fiber drums or plywood drums, with inner plastic packagings, are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
IB4: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N).
IP1: IBCs must be packed in closed freight containers or a closed transport vehicle.
N40: This material is not authorized in the following packagings: a. A combination packaging consisting of a 4G fiberboard box with inner receptacles of glass or earthenware; b. A single packaging of a 4C2 sift-proof, natural wood box; or c. A composite packaging 6PG2 (glass, porcelain or stoneware receptacles within a fiberboard box).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 211
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: 15 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 52, 53

52: Stow "separated from" acids.
53: Stow "separated from" alkaline compounds.

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Zinc powder or Zinc dust

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.3

4.3: Dangerous when wet material. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1436
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.3, 4.2

4.3: Dangerous When Wet.
4.2: Spontaneously Combustible.

Special Provisions: A19, IB7, IP2, T3, TP33

A19: Combination packagings consisting of outer fiber drums or plywood drums, with inner plastic packagings, are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
IB7: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F). Additional Requirement: Liners of wooden IBCs must be sift-proof.
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 15 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 50 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 52, 53

52: Stow "separated from" acids.
53: Stow "separated from" alkaline compounds.

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Zinc powder or Zinc dust

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.3

4.3: Dangerous when wet material. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1436
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.3, 4.2

4.3: Dangerous When Wet.
4.2: Spontaneously Combustible.

Special Provisions: IB8, IP4, T1, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 52, 53

52: Stow "separated from" acids.
53: Stow "separated from" alkaline compounds.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1435 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Zinc ashes
UN Number: 1435

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1436 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Zinc dust
UN Number: 1436
Proper Shipping Name: Zinc powder
UN Number: 1436

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7440-66-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

To prevent contamination, wear protective clothing, gloves, footwear, goggles and face shield (unless full-facepiece respiration is worn) (Pohanish, 2002).
Store zinc in tightly closed containers away from sources of ignition (Pohanish, 2002).
"Prevention of metal fume fever is a matter of keeping exposure of workers below level of concentrations currently accepted as satisfactory for working with the metal in industry, preferable by employment of proper local exhaust ventilation to collect fumes at their source. Acceptable respirators are available commercially but should be used only under suitable conditions" (HSDB , 2002).

HANDLING

Skin contact with zinc dust should be avoided by wearing protective clothing, gloves, as well as dust-proof goggles and a face shield or a full facepiece respirator (Pohanish, 2002).

When handling zinc wear a self-contained breathing apparatus (ITI, 1995).

Broken packages of zinc should not be handled unless appropriate personal protective equipment is worn (AAR, 2000).

Do not breathe in zinc vapors or dusts (AAR, 2000).

"In all cases where zinc is heated to the point where fumes are produced, it is most important to ensure that adequate ventilation is provided. Individual protection is best ensured by education of the worker concerning metal-fume fever and the provision of local exhaust ventilation, or, in some situations, by wearing of a supplied-air hood or mask" (ILO , 1998).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Zinc should be stored in tightly closed containers and protected from physical damage and moisture (Pohanish, 2002; ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2002)

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Zinc should be stored in cool, dry, well-ventilated areas. If zinc powder is stored in damp areas, the possibility of fire and explosions increases (HSDB , 2002; ILO , 1998; OHM/TADS , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
- Elemental zinc is stable in dry air, but develops a white coating when exposed to moist air. This coating consists mainly of carbonates, formed by the reaction of zinc with carbon dioxides or sulfur dioxides. Hydrogen peroxide may also be formed during these chemical processes (HSDB , 2002).
- Zinc dust may ignite spontaneously in air, even under dry conditions (Lewis, 2000).
Separate zinc storage from the storage of acids, halogenated hydrocarbons and strong alkalis (HSDB , 2002; Pohanish, 2002; OHM/TADS , 2002).
Prohibit all sources of ignition (smoking, open flames, etc.) where zinc is stored or handled to lessen fire and explosion hazards (Pohanish, 2002).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Zinc dust is explosive when reacted with acids. Zinc is incompatible with "ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), barium dioxide (BaO2), barium nitrate (Ba(NO3)2), cadmium Cd, carbon disulfide (CS2), chlorates, chlorine (Cl2), chlorine trifluoride (ClF3), chromic acid (CrO3), (ethyl acetoacetate + tribromoneopentyl alcohol), fluorine (F2), hydrazine mononitrate, hydrodroxylamine, Pb(N2)2, magnesium + barium nitrate + barium dioxide (Mg + Ba(NO3)2 + BaO2), manganese chloride (MnCl2), nitric acid (HNO3), performic acid, potassium chlorate (KClO3), potassium nitrate (KNO3), potassium peroxide (K2O2), selenium (Se), sodium chlorate (NaClO3), sodium peroxide (Na2O2), sulfur (S), tellurium (Te), water (H2O), ammonium sulfide ((NH4)2S), arsenic trioxide (As2O3), calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), chlorinated rubber, catalytic metals, halocarbons, o-nitroanisole, nitrobenzene, nonmetals, oxidants, paint primer base, pentacarbonyliron, transition metal halides, seleninyl bromide" (Lewis, 2000).
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl) slowly attack zinc, while oxidizing agents or metal ions (eg, Cu+2, Ni-2, Co+2) accelerate the process. Zinc slowly reacts with ammonia water and acetic acid, but rapidly with nitric acid. When zinc reacts with alkali hydroxides, " zincates" [ZnO2]-2 are produced. Zincates are hydroxo complexes -- ie, [Zn(OH)3]-1; [Zn(OH)4]-2; [Zn(OH)4(H2O)2]-2 (Budavari, 2000).
Because violent reactions occur when zinc reacts with chromic anhydride, manganese chloride, chlorates, chlorine and magnesium, zinc should be stored away from these chemicals. Zinc should also be stored away from water, acids and alkali hydroxides because reactions between zinc and these chemicals produce flammable hydrogen gas (NFPA, 2002a; Pohanish, 2002).
Zinc is incompatible with "barium dioxide, barium nitrate, cadmium, carbon disulfide, chlorates, chlorine, fluorine, hydrazine mononitrate, hydroxylamine, sulfur, lead azide, magnesium, barium nitrate, tellurium, barium dioxide, manganese chloride, zinc peroxidenitric acid, potassium chlorate, potassium nitrate, potassium peroxide, selenium" (OHM/TADS , 2002).
Contact with acids and alkali hydroxides (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, etc.) results in evolution of hydrogen with sufficient heat of reaction to ignite the hydrogen gas (HSDB , 2002; NFPA, 2002a).
A violent reaction, releasing steam and zinc oxide, occurs when ammonium nitrate, zinc and a few drops of water come in contact with each other. Below 200 degree C, powdered zinc reacts violently or explosively with fused ammonium nitrate. Zinc will explode when in solution with a concentrated solution of ammonium sulfide. The reaction between zinc dust and chromic anhydride will likely be violent or produce flaming. Heating zinc and hydrazine mononitrate results in flaming decomposition at temperatures just above its melting point (NFPA, 2002a; Urben, 1999).
Zinc dust will ignite when in contact with liquid seleninyl bromide (Urben, 1999).
An alloy containing aluminum (6%), zinc (3%) and rusted steel caused sparks that ignited LPG-air mixtures when impacted (Urben, 1999).
Because of the rapid and vigorous autocatalytic dissolution, the mixture, zinc in a 9:1 methanol-carbon tetrachloride, is rated potentially hazardous. If ignited, the paste of zinc powder and carbon tetrachloride will readily burn (Urben, 1999).
Bromomethane is not compatible with the metallic components of zinc or its alloys. The reaction between zinc and chloromethane may be explosive. In ambient or slightly elevated temperatures, zinc and bromine pentafluoride (or zinc and chlorine tetrafluoride) react violently (Urben, 1999).
Adding concentrated nitric acid to molten zinc (at 419 degrees C) results in incandescence. The oxidation of potassium dioxide and zinc also results in incandescence. The reduction of titanium dioxide by zinc is accompanied by incandescence. If warmed, nitryl fluoride and zinc will react with glowing or white incandescence (NFPA, 2002a; Urben, 1999).
Adding two to three drops of approximately 90% peroxyformic acid to zinc powder causes an immediate violent explosion (Urben, 1999).
Zinc dust-acetic acid reduction operations produce residues that if discarded with paper may ignite. Ignition will also occur when mixed nitrate and chloride is mixed with zinc dust and moistened (Urben, 1999).
Zinc foil reacts explosively when heated with anhydrous manganese dichloride. It will ignite in cold chlorine when trace amounts of moisture are present (Urben, 1999).
The reaction of heating powered zinc and sulfur is too violent for use in school experiments (Urben, 1999).
Urben (1999) reports that poorly mixed priming paint left zinc residues that spontaneously ignited after prolonged exposure to air.
A flake of sodium hydroxide can cause ignition of zinc if contact between the two occurs. The paste of zinc dust and 10% sodium hydroxide solution can spontaneously heat to temperatures above 100 degrees C if exposed to air for 15 minutes (Urben, 1999).
The presence of zinc chloride in commercial zinc dusts or powders may be the cause of its flammability (Urben, 1999).
After extraction with acid, zinc alloys containing iridium, platinum, or rhodium leave residues that explode if allowed to warm in air (Urben, 1999).
Chlorinated rubber and powdered zinc (or its oxide) will react violently or explosively at approximately 216 degrees C whether hydrocarbon or halocarbon solvents are present or not (Urben, 1999).
"Powdered zinc initially reacts more violently with hexachloroethane in ethanol than does aluminum" (Urben, 1999).
After prolonged exposure to calcium chloride, the zinc coating of galvanized iron slowly evolved hydrogen that ignited and exploded. Mixtures of zinc dust and potassium chlorate (or other halogenates) are also explosive and are initiated by heat, impact or friction (NFPA, 2002a; Urben, 1999).
Extremely sensitive azides are formed when zinc and lead azide are in prolonged contact. Zinc azides may initiate the ignition of the whole mass of azides (Urben, 1999).
When mixtures of iodine and zinc powder are moistened with a drop of water flash-ignition will occur (Urben, 1999).
A mixture of zinc peroxide and zinc powder will burn brilliantly (NFPA, 2002a; Urben, 1999).
Above the melting point of 70 degrees C, zinc and its acetylides, nitrides, oxides and sulfides in hydrazinium nitrate cause flaming decomposition (Urben, 1999).
Finely divided zinc will ignite or explode, if warmed, when in contact with hydroxylamine (Urben, 1999).
Zinc may be corroded by allylamine; ammonia; citric acid hydrate; lithium carbonate (violently when a strong acid is added); lithium hydroxide; lithium hydroxide monohydrate; potassium hydroxide (in moist air); propylamine; sodium cyanide; sodium hydroxide (in moist air); and sodium silicate (in moist air) (ILO , 1998).
Diisopropylamine is capable of attacking zinc to form a combustible gas (ILO , 1998).
Zinc may be attacked by carbon tetrachloride, diallylamine or triethylenetetramine (ILO , 1998).
Zinc reacts violently with allyl chloride; chlorobromomethane (unless inhibited); chlorodifluoromethane; dichlorodifluoromethane; dinitrotoluene (causes evolution of heat and an increase in pressure); epichlorohydrin; ethyl chloride; hexachloroethane; methyl isocyanate; nitrobenzene; 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane. Some of these reactions may cause a fire and explosion hazard (ILO , 1998).
2,3-Epoxypropanol will decompose on contact with zinc to create a fire and explosion hazard (ILO , 1998).
Picric acid can react with zinc to form a shock-sensitive compound (ILO , 1998).
When zinc and hydrazine mononitrate are in contact and heated, a flaming decomposition occurs at temperatures just above the melting point of hydrazine mononitrate (NFPA, 2002a).
When hydroxylamine is reduced by being heated with zinc dust, the mixture may either ignite or explode (NFPA, 2002a).
Performic acid can be violently decomposed by powdered zinc. This may cause an explosion (NFPA, 2002a).
"A mixture consisting of barium dioxide, barium nitrate, magnesium and zinc exploded from an unknown cause, demolishing a small plant" (NFPA, 2002a).
In the presence of carbon, the mixture of chlorine trifluoride and zinc reacts violently (NFPA, 2002a).
"Tribromoneopentyl alcohol, ethyl acetoacetate and zinc were being reacted to prepare the zinc chelate of tribromoneopentyl acetoacetate. When the reaction had proceeded to where 80% of the by-product ethanol had been removed, a violent decomposition occurred" (NFPA, 2002a).
"A violent eruptive reaction occurs if a methanolic solution of a cobalt halide, a rhodium halide or a ruthenium halide is treated with both zinc and iron pentacarbonyl" (Urben, 1999).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear protective clothing and gloves to reduce the probability of skin contact with the dust. Ensure that all protective clothing, including suits, gloves, footwear, and headgear, are clean and put on before working. Dust-proof chemical goggles should be worn unless full-facepiece respiratory protection is utilized. Immediately wash with large amounts of water or soap and water should skin become wet or contaminated (AAR, 2000; (Pohanish, 2002)

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear dust-proof goggles, full facepiece and respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus (Pohanish, 2002; ITI, 1995).

Wearing contact lenses is not recommended when working with zinc (Pohanish, 2002).

Should zinc get into the eyes, contact lenses should be immediately removed and the eyes irrigated for at least 15 minutes, lifting the upper and lower lids occasionally. Seek medical attention immediately (Pohanish, 2002)

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

For potential exposures to zinc dust, one should use a full facepiece respirator, approved by MSHA/NIOSH, with a particulate (dust/fume/mist) filter. Filters need to be checked daily for evidence of physical damage and replaced if any damage has occurred. For greater protection, a full facepiece air purifying respirator; a self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece in pressure demand or positive pressure mode; or a supplied-air respirator with full facepiece, hood, or helmet in the positive pressure or continuous flow mode can be used (Sittig, 1991).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7440-66-6.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Produce flammable gases on contact with water.
- May ignite on contact with water or moist air.
- Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water.
- May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
- Some are transported in highly flammable liquids.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
Zinc is flammable, as a dust or powder, when exposed to heat or flame and may spontaneously ignite when in dry air (Lewis, 2000; HSDB , 2002).
Solid zinc, in compact form, will not burn until heated above 500 degrees C (HSDB , 2002).
"Bulk dust in damp state may heat spontaneously and ignite on exposure to air" (HSDB , 2002)

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7440-66-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT USE WATER or FOAM.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or sand.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

DRY sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime or withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

LITHIUM OR MAGNESIUM FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Magnesium Fires:

DRY sand, sodium chloride powder, graphite powder or Met-L-X® powder.

Lithium Fires:

DRY sand, sodium chloride powder, graphite powder, copper powder or Lith-X® powder.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7440-66-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Fires involving zinc should be extinguished using dry chemical, sand, or foam extinguishers (Pohanish, 2002; ITI, 1995).

Extinguish fires using dry chemical, soda ash, lime or sand from as far a distance as possible; use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles if fire cannot be contained from a safe distance. Do not use water or foam to extinguish fires involving zinc (HSDB , 2002).

"If zinc is involved in a fire use agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use dry chemical, dry sand, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources" Do not breathe in dusts or fumes from the burning material (AAR, 2000).

If zinc ashes are on fire, water should not be used to extinguish the fire. A dry powder suitable for extinguishing metal fires should be used. After fire is out, all material should be covered with earth or dry sand to prevent reignition. A positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn when fighting fires involving zinc ashes (AAR, 2000).

Pohanish (2002) recommends the use of sand, dry chemical, or foam extinguishers to fight fires involving zinc. Should the material or contaminated runoff enter waterways, downstream users of potentially-contaminated water as well as local health officials, fire officials, and pollution control agencies should be notified. Water spray can be used to cool exposed containers from a safe, explosion-proof location. Immediately withdraw from the area should these cooling streams be ineffective (demonstrated by tanks discoloring or deforming or by an increase in volume and pitch of venting sounds) (Pohanish, 2002).

Lewis (2000) recommends using "special mixtures of dry chemical" to fight fires involving zinc.

"If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped in OSHA 1910.156" (Pohanish, 2002).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Zinc emits toxic fumes of zinc oxide when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).
"When zinc or one of its alloys is burned, melted, or heated to temperatures above 930 degrees F, zinc metal oxide fume of particle diameter 1 u and below is formed" (HSDB , 2002).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Zinc dust explodes if allowed to react with acids (Lewis, 2000; ITI, 1995).

Zinc dust may form explosive mixtures with air (HSDB , 2002).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Zinc dust is flammable at ambient or slightly elevated temperatures and explosive when allowed to react with acids (Lewis, 2000).

Zinc powder can be explosive when mixed with air. The vapors emitted after zinc is heated can cause "fume fever" (ITI, 1995).

Zinc dust ignites, when brought in contact with the liquid seleninyl bromide (Urben, 1999).

Flammability hazard is considered slight for zinc dust that is exposed to heat or flame (OHM/TADS , 2002).

Explosion hazard is considered slight for zinc dust that is exposed to flame. Reactivity is expected only under extreme conditions (OHM/TADS , 2002).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Zinc dust is explosive when reacted with acids. Zinc is incompatible with "ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), barium dioxide (BaO2), barium nitrate (Ba(NO3)2), cadmium Cd, carbon disulfide (CS2), chlorates, chlorine (Cl2), chlorine trifluoride (ClF3), chromic acid (CrO3), (ethyl acetoacetate + tribromoneopentyl alcohol), fluorine (F2), hydrazine mononitrate, hydrodroxylamine, Pb(N2)2, magnesium + barium nitrate + barium dioxide (Mg + Ba(NO3)2 + BaO2), manganese chloride (MnCl2), nitric acid (HNO3), performic acid, potassium chlorate (KClO3), potassium nitrate (KNO3), potassium peroxide (K2O2), selenium (Se), sodium chlorate (NaClO3), sodium peroxide (Na2O2), sulfur (S), tellurium (Te), water (H2O), ammonium sulfide ((NH4)2S), arsenic trioxide (As2O3), calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), chlorinated rubber, catalytic metals, halocarbons, o-nitroanisole, nitrobenzene, nonmetals, oxidants, paint primer base, pentacarbonyliron, transition metal halides, seleninyl bromide" (Lewis, 2000).

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) slowly attack zinc, while oxidizing agents or metal ions (eg, Cu+2, Ni-2, Co+2) accelerate the process. Zinc slowly reacts with ammonia water and acetic acid, but rapidly with nitric acid. When zinc reacts with alkali hydroxides, " zincates" [ZnO2]-2 are produced. Zincates are hydroxo complexes -- ie, [Zn(OH)3]-1; [Zn(OH)4]-2; [Zn(OH)4(H2O)2]-2 (Budavari, 2000).

Because violent reactions occur when zinc reacts with chromic anhydride, manganese chloride, chlorates, chlorine and magnesium, zinc should be stored away from these chemicals. Zinc should also be stored away from water, acids and alkali hydroxides because reactions between zinc and these chemicals produce flammable hydrogen gas (NFPA, 2002a; Pohanish, 2002).

Zinc is incompatible with "barium dioxide, barium nitrate, cadmium, carbon disulfide, chlorates, chlorine, fluorine, hydrazine mononitrate, hydroxylamine, sulfur, lead azide, magnesium, barium nitrate, tellurium, barium dioxide, manganese chloride, zinc peroxidenitric acid, potassium chlorate, potassium nitrate, potassium peroxide, selenium" (OHM/TADS , 2002).

Contact with acids and alkali hydroxides (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, etc.) results in evolution of hydrogen with sufficient heat of reaction to ignite the hydrogen gas (HSDB , 2002; NFPA, 2002a).

A violent reaction, releasing steam and zinc oxide, occurs when ammonium nitrate, zinc and a few drops of water come in contact with each other. Below 200 degree C, powdered zinc reacts violently or explosively with fused ammonium nitrate. Zinc will explode when in solution with a concentrated solution of ammonium sulfide. The reaction between zinc dust an chromic anhydride will likely be violent or produce flaming. Heating zinc and hydrazine mononitrate results in flaming decomposition at temperatures just above its melting point (NFPA, 2002a; Urben, 1999).

Zinc dust will ignite when in contact with liquid seleninyl bromide (Urben, 1999).

An alloy containing aluminum (6%), zinc (3%) and rusted steel caused sparks that ignited LPG-air mixtures when impacted (Urben, 1999).

Because of the rapid and vigorous autocatalytic dissolution, the mixture, zinc in a 9:1 methanol-carbon tetrachloride, is rated potentially hazardous. If ignited, the paste of zinc powder and carbon tetrachloride will readily burn (Urben, 1999).

Bromomethane is not compatible with the metallic components of zinc or its alloys. The reaction between zinc and chloromethane may be explosive. In ambient or slightly elevated temperatures, zinc and bromine pentafluoride (or zinc and chlorine tetrafluoride) react violently (Urben, 1999).

Adding concentrated nitric acid to molten zinc (at 419 degrees C) results in incandescence. The oxidation of potassium dioxide and zinc also results in incandescence. The reduction of titanium dioxide by zinc is accompanied by incandescence. If warmed, nitryl fluoride and zinc will react with glowing or white incandescence (NFPA, 2002a; Urben, 1999).

Adding two to three drops of approximately 90% peroxyformic acid to zinc powder causes an immediate violent explosion (Urben, 1999).

Zinc dust-acetic acid reduction operations produce residues that if discarded with paper may ignite. Ignition will also occur when mixed nitrate and chloride is mixed with zinc dust and moistened (Urben, 1999).

Zinc foil reacts explosively when heated with anhydrous manganese dichloride. It will ignite in cold chlorine when trace amounts of moisture are present (Urben, 1999).

The reaction of heating powered zinc and sulfur is too violent for use in school experiments (Urben, 1999).

Urben (1999) reports that poorly mixed priming paint left zinc residues that spontaneously ignited after prolonged exposure to air.

A flake of sodium hydroxide can cause ignition of zinc if contact between the two occurs. The paste of zinc dust and 10% sodium hydroxide solution can spontaneously heat to temperatures above 100 degrees C if exposed to air for 15 minutes (Urben, 1999).

The presence of zinc chloride in commercial zinc dusts or powders may be the cause of its flammability (Urben, 1999).

After extraction with acid, zinc alloys containing iridium, platinum, or rhodium leave residues that explode if allowed to warm in air (Urben, 1999).

Chlorinated rubber and powdered zinc (or its oxide) will react violently or explosively at approximately 216 degrees C whether hydrocarbon or halocarbon solvents are present or not (Urben, 1999).

"Powdered zinc initially reacts more violently with hexachloroethane in ethanol than does aluminum" (Urben, 1999).

After prolonged exposure to calcium chloride, the zinc coating of galvanized iron slowly evolved hydrogen that ignited and exploded. Mixtures of zinc dust and potassium chlorate (or other halogenates) are also explosive and are initiated by heat, impact or friction (NFPA, 2002a; Urben, 1999).

Extremely sensitive azides are formed when zinc and lead azide are in prolonged contact. Zinc azides may initiate the ignition of the whole mass of azides (Urben, 1999).

When mixtures of iodine and zinc powder are moistened with a drop of water flash-ignition will occur (Urben, 1999).

A mixture of zinc peroxide and zinc powder will burn brilliantly (NFPA, 2002a; Urben, 1999).

Above the melting point of 70 degrees C, zinc and its acetylides, nitrides, oxides and sulfides in hydrazinium nitrate cause flaming decomposition (Urben, 1999).

Finely divided zinc will ignite or explode, if warmed, when in contact with hydroxylamine (Urben, 1999).

Zinc may be corroded by allylamine; ammonia; citric acid hydrate; lithium carbonate (violently when a strong acid is added); lithium hydroxide; lithium hydroxide monohydrate; potassium hydroxide (in moist air); propylamine; sodium cyanide; sodium hydroxide (in moist air); and sodium silicate (in moist air) (ILO , 1998).

Diisopropylamine is capable of attacking zinc to form a combustible gas (ILO , 1998).

Zinc may be attacked by carbon tetrachloride; diallylamine or triethylenetetramine (ILO , 1998).

Zinc reacts violently with allyl chloride; chlorobromomethane (unless inhibited); chlorodifluoromethane; dichlorodifluoromethane; dinitrotoluene (causes evolution of heat and an increase in pressure); epichlorohydrin; ethyl chloride; hexachloroethane; methyl isocyanate; nitrobenzene; 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane. Some of these reactions may cause a fire and explosion hazard (ILO , 1998).

2,3-Epoxypropanol will decompose on contact with zinc to create a fire and explosion hazard (ILO , 1998).

Picric acid can react with zinc to form a shock-sensitive compound (ILO , 1998).

When zinc and hydrazine mononitrate are in contact and heated, a flaming decomposition occurs at temperatures just above the melting point of hydrazine mononitrate (NFPA, 2002a).

When hydroxylamine is reduced by being heated with zinc dust, the mixture may either ignite or explode (NFPA, 2002a).

Performic acid can be violently decomposed by powdered zinc. This may cause an explosion (NFPA, 2002a).

"A mixture consisting of barium dioxide, barium nitrate, magnesium and zinc exploded from an unknown cause, demolishing a small plant" (NFPA, 2002a).

In the presence of carbon, the mixture of chlorine trifluoride and zinc reacts violently (NFPA, 2002a).

"Tribromoneopentyl alcohol, ethyl acetoacetate and zinc were being reacted to prepare the zinc chelate of tribromoneopentyl acetoacetate. When the reaction had proceeded to where 80% of the by-product ethanol had been removed, a violent decomposition occurred" (NFPA, 2002a).

"A violent eruptive reaction occurs if a methanolic solution of a cobalt halide, a rhodium halide or a ruthenium halide is treated with both zinc and iron pentacarbonyl" (Urben, 1999).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate the area before entry.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7440-66-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7440-66-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Zinc
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 1
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 3
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 20
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7440-66-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7440-66-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.
POWDER SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading and keep powder dry.
- DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Reclaim zinc powder by collecting material in a convenient and safe manner. Deposit reclaimed zinc in sealed containers. Any waste that is unsalvageable can be buried in approved landfills. Monitor leachate for zinc content (Pohanish, 2002; Sittig, 1991).
Land Spill -- If zinc is spilled on land, a holding area should be created to contain the material. Use soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete to dike the surface flow. Bulk liquid can then be absorbed with cement powder fly ash, or commercial sorbents (AAR, 2000).
Water Spill -- If zinc is spilled into water, spill travel should be limited through the use of natural barriers or oil spill control booms. If approved by EPA, a surface active agent (such as detergent, soaps, or alcohols) can be used, and then the trapped material can be removed with suction hoses (AAR, 2000).
Those individuals not wearing protective equipment (or properly trained to clean up spills) should be evacuated from the area of the spill until it has been cleaned up. All ignition sources should be removed before safely collecting the powdered material and depositing it in sealed containers. After the clean-up is complete, the area should be ventilated. This chemical may need to be contained and disposed of as a hazardous waste. Contact the EPA for specific recommendations. Also contact downstream users of potentially-contaminated water should this material (or runoff) enter the waterways (Pohanish, 2002).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Dike for later disposal; do not apply water unless directed to do so.
Only personnel wearing protective equipment should be permitted in area of spill until clean-up is completed (Pohanish, 2002).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Reclaim zinc powder by collecting material in a convenient and safe manner. Deposit reclaimed zinc in sealed containers. Any waste that is unsalvageable can be buried in approved landfills (Pohanish, 2002).
Reclaimed zinc should be properly sorted, classified, boxed, and labeled. Zinc salvage can be sold for profit for reuse as scrap metal (ITI, 1995).
Zinc reclamation is possible through the following processes (ILO , 1998):
- reverberatory sweating
- rotary sweating
- muffle sweating and kettle (pot) sweating
- crushing/screening
- sodium carbonate leaching
- kettle (pot), crucible, reverberatory, electric induction melting
- alloying
- muffle distillation
- retort distillation/oxidation and muffle distillation/oxidation.
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Free zinc is not found in nature. Instead, it exists as the divalent cation (Zn2+), often as zinc sulfide or zinc oxide (HSDB , 2002).

Zinc concentrations above 20 mg/L were toxic to activated sludge and increased sludge volume. Zinc concentrations of 1 ppm inhibited sewage organisms 17%, but stimulated nitrification; 10 ppm inhibited nitrification; and 62.5 ppm caused a 50% reduction in biological oxygen demand (OHM/TADS , 2002).

Zinc is a constituent of tobacco smoke. On average, the maximal emission of zinc in side-stream smoke is 0.4 microgram per cigarette (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

The concentration of zinc in the atmosphere is low, at less than 1 mcg/m(3) in U.S. urban areas and at 0.02-0.16 mcg/m(3) in rural areas. Near industrial emitters of zinc, such as nonferrous smelters and iron and steel smelters, higher concentrations were found (approximately 5 mcg/m(3) on average) (Bingham et al, 2001).
A Yugoslavian air quality monitoring study reported that a 58% reduction in atmospheric zinc resulted in 30% and 17% reductions in zinc concentrations in soil and in cattle feed and milk, respectively (Vidovic et al, 2005).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Zinc concentrations of <10-2000 ppb are found naturally in groundwater (Dragun, 1988).
- "Zinc can persist in water indefinitely" (OHM/TADS , 2002).
- The water uses that are threatened by zinc pollution are fisheries and potable supply (OHM/TADS , 2002).
- In water, zinc is transported to sediment in an absorbed or precipitated state. Zinc concentrations ranged from 45 to 26,840 ppm in sediments of different waters. Concentrations were much lower in the aqueous phase, at 6-48 mcg/L (Bingham et al, 2001).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Natural zinc concentrations in soil range from 10-300 ppm, with extreme limits of 3.0-10,000 ppm. The mean concentration is 40-50 mg/kg, though this concentration can be greatly increased in soil close to zinc smelters. Extreme concentrations are also seen in soils where municipal ash or wastewater has been applied (Bingham et al, 2001; Dragun, 1988).
- Zinc removal in a soil column is 99.7% or greater for a 300 mg/L solution (OHM/TADS , 2002).
- Zinc mobility in soil is reduced by high pH, organic chelates and phosphorate (OHM/TADS , 2002).
- Exchangeable zinc concentrations greater than 10 ppm in soil can be harmful to plants, although the presence of copper can reduce plants' ability to absorb zinc. Zinc concentrations exceeding 1632 ppm in the top 12 inches of soil can cause biomagnification (OHM/TADS , 2002).

BIOACCUMULATION

HUMANS

The half-life of zinc in the total human body is 933 days (OHM/TADS , 2002).
Humans, who do not have an excess intake of zinc, have a body burden half- life of absorbed radio zinc ranging from 162-500 days and 100-500 days after parenteral administration of zinc (HSDB , 2002).

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- Zinc accumulates in the gill and bone tissue of fish (OHM/TADS , 2002).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

OHM/TADS (2002) reports the following bioconcentration factors:

MARINE PLANTS:                      1000
SALTWATER OYSTERS:               100,000
SALTWATER FISH:                     2000
FRESHWATER PLANTS:                  4000
FRESHWATER INVERTEBRATES:         40,000
FRESHWATER FISH:                    1000

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

FRESHWATER TOXICITY

The toxicity of zinc in fish is thought to come from forming insoluble compounds with the mucous that covers the gills; and may also act as an internal poison. Sensitivity to zinc differs for different fish species and with environmental surroundings. Some fish have been able to show an acclimation or resistance to zinc after exposure and are less susceptible to additional toxic concentrations (HSDB , 1999).
REFERENCE: OHM/TADS, 2002

TLm - AMERICAN EEL: 21.6 ppm (as Zn) for 24H -- Hudson River water
TLm - AMERICAN EEL: 20 ppm (as Zn) for 48H -- Hudson River water
TLm - AMERICAN EEL: 14.6 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- Hudson River water
TLm - ATLANTIC SALMON: 4 ppm (as Zn) for 48H -- static
TLm - BANDED KILLIFISH: 22.6 ppm (as Zn) for 24H -- Hudson River water
TLm - BANDED KILLIFISH: 20.7 ppm (as Zn) for 48H -- Hudson River water
TLm - BANDED KILLIFISH: 19.1 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- Hudson River water
TLm - BLUEGILL: 2.86 ppm -- 18 degrees C; soft water
TLm - BLUEGILL: 0.9 ppm -- 30 degrees C; soft water
TLm - BLUEGILL: 6.6 ppm -- 18 degrees C; hard water
TLm - BLUEGILL: 6.18 ppm -- 30 degrees C; hard water
TLm - BLUEGILL: 6.75 ppm (as Zn) for 24H -- 25 degrees C; soft water
TLm - BLUEGILL: 5.46 ppm (as Zn) for 48-96H -- 25 degrees C; soft water
TLm - BLUEGILL: 7.95 ppm (as Zn) for 24H -- 15 degrees C; soft water
TLm - BLUEGILL: 6.14 ppm (as Zn) for 48H -- 15 degrees C; soft water
TLm - BLUEGILL: 6.44 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- 15 degrees C; soft water
TLm - BLUEGILL: 10.1-12.5 ppm for 96H -- hard water
TLm - BLUEGILL: 12.5-12.9 ppm for 96H -- hard water; 20 and 30 degrees C
TLm - BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 3.5 ppm for 96H -- soft, distilled water
TLm - BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 4.2 ppm for 96H -- soft water
TLm - BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 8.02 ppm for 96H -- STD.; distilled water
TLm - BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 1.9-3.6 ppm for 96H -- soft water
TLm - BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 2.9-3.8 ppm for 96H -- soft water
TLm - CARP: 14.3 ppm (as Zn) for 24H -- Hudson River water
TLm - CARP: 9.3 ppm (as Zn) for 48H -- Hudson River water
TLm - CARP: 7.8 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- Hudson River water
TLm - CUTTHROAT TROUT: 0.62 ppm (as Zn) for 24H -- static
TLm - CUTTHROAT TROUT: 0.42 ppm for 24H -- flowing
TLm - CUTTHROAT TROUT: 0.27 ppm (as Zn) for 48H -- static
TLm - CUTTHROAT TROUT: 0.09 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- static
TLm - CUTTHROAT TROUT: 0.42 ppm (as Zn) for 24H -- flowing
TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW: 0.89 ppm (as Zn) for 24H -- 25 degrees C; soft water
TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW: 0.77 ppm (as Zn) for 48-96H -- 25 degrees C; soft water
TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW: 3.21 ppm (as Zn) for 24H -- 15 degrees C; soft water
TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW: 2.55 ppm (as Zn) for 48-96H -- 15 degrees C; soft water
TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW: 2.7 ppm (as Zn) for 48H -- 15 degrees C; soft water
TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW: 2.33 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- 15 degrees C; soft water
TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW: 7.6 ppm for 96H
TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW: 9.2 ppm for 96H -- continuous flow
TLm - HELISOMACAMPAN ULATURM: 3.03 ppm for 96H -- 13 degrees C; hard water
TLm - HELISOMACAMPAN ULATURM: 0.87 ppm for 96H -- 13 degrees C; hard water
TLm - PLATYFISH: 12 ppm for 96H
TLm - POND SNAIL: 0.79-1.27 ppm for 96H -- 20 degrees C; soft water
TLm - POND SNAIL: 0.62-0.78 ppm for 96H -- 30 degrees C; soft water
TLm - POND SNAIL: 2.67-5.57 ppm for 96H -- 20 degrees C; hard water
TLm - POND SNAIL: 2.36-6.36 ppm for 96H -- 20 degrees C; hard water
TLm - PUMPKIN SEED: 25.2 ppm (as Zn) for 24H -- Hudson River water
TLm - PUMPKIN SEED: 21.8 ppm (as Zn) for 48H -- Hudson River water
TLm - PUMPKIN SEED: 20 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- Hudson River water
TLm - SNAIL: 1 ppm -- natural water
TLm - SNAIL: 0.05-0.1 ppm -- distilled water
TLm - STRIPED BASS: 11.2 ppm (as Zn) for 24H -- Hudson River water
TLm - STRIPED BASS: 10 ppm (as Zn) for 48H -- Hudson River water
TLm - STRIPED BASS: 6.7 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- Hudson River water
TLm - TUBICID WORMS: 46 ppm for 24H -- pH 7.5
TLm - WHITE PERCH: 13.6 ppm (as Zn) for 24H -- Hudson River water
TLm - WHITE PERCH: 10.2 ppm (as Zn) for 48H -- Hudson River water
TLm - WHITE PERCH: 14.3 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- Hudson River water
IL50 - EURASION WATERMILFOIL: 21.6 ppm (as Zn)
IL50 - EURASION WATERMILFOIL: 20.9 ppm (as Zn)
LC50 - ACRONEURIA: 16 ppm (as Zn) for 336H -- static; sulfate
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 3.3 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- static; chloride
LC50 - BROOK TROUT, Juvenile: 0.96 ppm (as Zn) for 14D -- flow-through; sulfate; soft water
LC50 - BROWN TROUT, Juvenile: 0.64 ppm (as Zn) for 14D -- flow-through; sulfate; soft water
LC50 - CUTTHROAT TROUT, Juvenile: 0.67 ppm (as Zn) for 14D -- flow; sulfate; soft water
LC50 - EPHEMERELLA: 32 ppm (as Zn) for 264H -- static; sulfate
LC50 - GUPPY: 0.56 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- soft water; 24 degrees C
LC50 - NITZSCHIA LINEARIS: 4.3 ppm (as Zn) for 120H -- static; chloride
LC50 - PHOXINUS: 3.2 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- continuous flow
LC50 - PHYSA HETEROSTROPHA: 0.98 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- static; chloride
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 0.24-0.56 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- soft water; 14-15 degrees C
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 4.76 ppm (as Zn) for 48H -- flow-through; sulfate; hard water
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 4 ppm (as Zn) for 48H -- static
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 0.41-0.83 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- soft water; 6-10 degrees C
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, Juvenile: 7.2 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- flow-through; sulfate; hard water
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, Juvenile: 0.43 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- flow-through; sulfate; soft water
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, Juvenile: 1.2 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- flow-through; sulfate; hard water
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, Juvenile: 0.41 ppm (as Zn) for 14D -- flow-through; sulfate; soft water
LC50 - SOCKEYE SALMON: 1.1 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- soft water; 12 degrees C
LC50 - STEELHEAD TROUT: 0.11 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- soft water; 12 degrees C
LC50 - STRIPED BASS, Fingerling: 0.2 ppm (as Zn) for 24H -- static
LC50 - STRIPED BASS, Fingerling: 0.1 ppm (as Zn) for 48-96H -- static
LC50 - STRIPED BASS, Larvae: 0.5 ppm (as Zn) for 24H -- static
LC50 - STRIPED BASS, Larvae: 0.1 ppm (as Zn) for 48-96H -- static
LC50 - TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS (Protozoa): 6.67 ppm (as Zn) for 96H -- static; distilled
LC50 - ZEBRAFISH, Embryo: 136 ppm (as Zn) for 48H -- static; distilled water
LC50 - ZEBRAFISH, Embryo: 6714 ppm (as Zn) for 24H -- static; distilled water
LC50 - ZEBRAFISH, Embryo: 19 ppm (as Zn) for 72H -- static; distilled water
LC - EEL: 0.65 ppm for 12H
LC - FISH: 5-15 ppm
LC - FISH: 8.0 ppm for 8H -- soft water
LC - FISH: 15.0 ppm for 8H
LC - FISH: 20.0 ppm for <6H -- soft water
LC - FISH: 200 ppm for 3.5H -- soft water
LC - FISH: 2.0 ppm for 18H -- soft water
LC - FISH: 0.3-0.7 ppm
LC - FISH: 0.4 ppm for 144H -- soft water
LC - FISH, Mature: 0.3 ppm -- soft water
LC - FISH, Mixed warm water: 0.5 ppm
LC - GUPPY: 0.13 ppm
LC - MAY FLY NYMPHS: 0.3 ppm
LC - MICRO LIFE: 1-10 ppm
LC - RAINBOW FRY: 3.0 ppm for 48H -- soft water
LC - RAINBOW TROUT: 4.0 ppm for 72H -- hard water
LC - RAINBOW TROUT: 25-50 ppm for 2H -- tap water
LC - RAINBOW TROUT: 0.5 ppm for 72H -- soft water
LC - RAINBOW TROUT, Fingerling: 3.0 ppm for 8H -- soft water
LC - RAINBOW TROUT, Fingerling: 0.13 ppm for 12-24H
LC - RAINBOW TROUT, Fingerling: 0.5 ppm for 72H -- soft water
LC - RAINBOW TROUT, Young: 0.01-0.4 ppm
LC - SALMON FRY: 0.15 ppm
LC - STICKLEBACK: 0.3 ppm
LC - STICKLEBACK: 1.0 ppm for 24H -- soft water
LC - TROUT, Ova and young: 0.01 ppm
LC - TROUT, Young: 6.0 ppm for 48H
LC - TROUT: 8-11 ppm
LC - TROUT: 0.15 ppm

SALTWATER TOXICITY

Reference: OHM/TADS, 2002

EC50 - CRAB, Adult: 14.5 ppm (as Zn) for 48H -- static; sulfate
EC50 - CRAB, Larvae: 1 ppm (as Zn) for 48H -- static; sulfate
LC50 - COCKLE: 257.5 ppm for 48H -- aerated
LC50 - CRAB: 14.5 ppm for 48H -- aerated
LC50 - OYSTER: 116.5 ppm for 48H -- aerated
LC50 - PRAWN: 9.5 ppm for 48H -- aerated
LC50 - SHRIMP: 110 ppm for 48H -- aerated
LC - FUNDULUS LETEROCLITUS: 157 ppm for 24H
LC - MUMMICHOGS: 157-180 ppm for 24-48H -- 20 degrees C

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

65.39

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Zinc is a blue-white metal, with a silvery or blue-gray luster (called spelter) and is lustrous when polished. Its atoms are in a distorted hexagonal closed-packed structure. It is a solid at room temperature and forms a white powder (basic zinc carbonate) when exposed to moist air (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) Budavari, 2000; (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2001).

Zinc is malleable at 100-150 degrees C, but is brittle and easily pulverized at 210 degrees C (Budavari, 2000).

It is considered a fair conductor of electricity (HSDB , 2002).

Compared to most other structural metals (except aluminum and manganese), zinc is electropositive (HSDB , 2002).

When burnt in air, zinc produces a blueish-green flame (Budavari, 2000).

In aqueous solution, zinc loses electrons, forming the divalent cation Zn2+ (Budavari, 2000).

Zinc has the atomic number 30, and belongs to the IIB group of the periodic table (Lewis, 2001).

Zinc volatilizes at temperatures above 500 degrees C to form zinc oxide fumes (Harbison, 1998).

VAPOR PRESSURE

1 mmHg (at 487 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000; HSDB , 2002)

5 mmHg (at 559 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

20 mmHg (at 632 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

60 mmHg (at 700 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2002; HSDB , 2002)

200 mmHg (at 788 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

400 mmHg (at 844 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

7.14 (at 25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
7.14 (OHM/TADS , 2002)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 6.620 g/mL (at 419.5 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

SOLID: 7.13 kg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Ashford, 2001)
SOLID: 7.133 g/cm(3) (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)
SOLID: 7.14 g/cm(3) (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2002)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

419.58 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
419 degrees C (Ashford, 2001)
419.8 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)
419.5 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; Harbison, 1998) HSDB, 2003)
419.4 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2002)
420 degrees C (Pohanish, 2002)

BOILING POINT

907 degrees C (Ashford, 2001; HSDB , 2002; OHM/TADS , 2002)

908 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish, 2002)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

460 degrees C (Pohanish, 2002)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Zinc is insoluble in water at 68 degrees F (Bingham et al, 2001).
Zinc metal is insoluble in water (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Pohanish, 2002).

OTHER

Zinc is soluble in acids or alkalies (HSDB , 2002)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

HEAT OF FUSION

7.387 kJ/mol (at 419.5 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

113 W/m-deg K (at 18 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents