XYLIDINE

Xylidine is used in the manufacture of dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, agrochemicals, antioxidants and antiozonants, curing agents, polymers, synthetic resins, textile wetting agents, ore dressing frothing agents, wood preservatives and lacquers, and metal complexes (HSDB , 2002).
It is also used as a gasoline additive (HSDB , 2002).

FORMS

There are six xylidine isomers. Commercial xylidine is a pale yellow to brown liquid that is composed of a varying mixture of the isomers, predominately the 2,4-, 2,5-, and 2,6-isomeric forms. It possesses a weak, aromatic amine odor (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
Xylidine can be either a solid or a liquid, depending upon the isomers that comprise the mixture (AAR, 2000).

SOURCES

Xylidines are prepared by the reduction of the corresponding nitro-compound (S Budavari , 2001).

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

This document contains data specific to the mixture of xylidine isomers (CAS 1300-73-8). For information on an individual isomer, please refer to the document specific to the isomer of interest (ie, 2,6-xylidine, CAS 87-62-7).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Xylidine is toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. It may be irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Xylidine closely resembles aniline in its toxic effects, but is twice as toxic as aniline. It may not produce signs and symptoms such as cyanosis, headache, and dizziness, which characterizes aniline poisoning.

Xylidine may cause liver and kidney damage and is a methemoglobin inducer. The extent of methemoglobin formation from xylidines appears to be species-dependent. Cats are more susceptible than humans and dogs less susceptible.

No data on reproduction and prenatal toxicity in humans are available. There are no published reports of poisoning cases or epidemiological studies in workers. It has been suggested that a 1-hour exposure at 400 ppm xylidine is lethal to humans and that a long-term exposure at 10 ppm is toxic to humans.

Experimental mutation data exist for xylidine. It is a suspected human carcinogen.

Consumer exposure to xylidine is not expected to be significant, given its use primarily as a dye intermediate. Some exposure may occur through contact with residual material in endproduct dyes or pharmaceuticals or through contact with surface waters contaminated with the compound as a result of releases from manufacturing and use operations.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

The following first aid measures are suggested (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000):

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Respiratory and cardiovascular systems, blood, liver and kidneys.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation, DO NOT induce emesis.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
OXYGEN - Administer oxygen to all cyanotic patients.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
At the time of review, no published reports of poisoning cases or epidemiological studies in workers exist.
It has been estimated that a one-hour exposure to 400 ppm xylidine is lethal to humans (ACGIH, 2001).

ANIMAL DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES

Xylidine applied to the intact skin of rabbits at a concentration of 3.3 g/kg for longer than one hour can result in cyanosis and death, but will not produce noticeable local effects on the skin (HSDB , 2002).

CHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES

Cats repeatedly exposed to 138 ppm xylidine developed loss of leg coordination, cyanosis, and death. Upon autopsy, pulmonary edema and lobular pneumonia, necrosis of the liver, and toxic nephrosis were observed (HSDB , 2002).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
At the time of review, no published reports of poisoning cases or epidemiological studies in workers exist.
It has been estimated that a long-term exposure to 10 ppm is toxic to humans (ACGIH, 2001).

ANIMAL DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES

Administered intravenously to cats, 0.28 mmol/kg of xylidine produced 10% methemoglobin, whereas similar exposure in dogs did not produce methemoglobin (Hathaway et al, 1996).

CHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES

Oral doses of 2 to 50 mg/kg given over the course of four weeks induced fatty liver degeneration in dogs. In rats, 20 to 700 mg/kg given orally for four weeks induced hepatomegaly (HSDB , 2002).
Cats exposed to 132 ppm for three days developed methemoglobin levels of 55%. Repeated exposure to 17.4 ppm resulted in toxic hepatitis. No adverse effects were observed after repeated exposure to 7.8 ppm (HSDB , 2002).

OCCUPATIONAL

CARCINOGENICITY

ACGIH assigns xylidine a rating of A3, Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans, based on the increased occurrence of vascular tumors in mice and nasal cavity carcinomas in rats exposed to xylidine in feeding studies (ACGIH, 2001).
Editor's Note: Some xylidine isomers have been categorized separately from the mixture. Please refer to the document specific to the isomer of interest for information on these ratings.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1300-73-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Xylidine (mixed isomers)

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Xylidine
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS1300-73-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

Note: Values are from RTECS, unless otherwise noted.
- LD50- (SKIN)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1300-73-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Xylidine (mixed isomers)

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.5 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: BEI(M), IFV, Skin
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
BEI(M): The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational. Substances identified as Methemoglobin Inducers (for which methemoglobin is the principal cause of toxicity) are part of this notation.
IFV: Inhalable fraction and vapor.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Liver dam; MeHb-emia
Molecular Weight: 121.18

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS1300-73-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1300-73-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Xylidine
REL:

TWA: 2 ppm (10 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 50 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS1300-73-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Xylidine
Table Z-1 for Xylidine:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 5

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 25

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS1300-73-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS1300-73-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS1300-73-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS1300-73-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS1300-73-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS1300-73-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS1300-73-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS1300-73-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Benzenamine, ar,ar-dimethyl-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1711 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Xylidines, liquid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1711
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2, T7, TP2

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 3452 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Xylidines, solid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3452
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP2, IP4, T3, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1711 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Xylidines, liquid
UN Number: 1711
Proper Shipping Name: Xylidines, solid
UN Number: 1711

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN3452 (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS1300-73-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Xylidine is toxic to humans through all routes of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact) (HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 2001). Adequate personal protection should be worn to prevent contact with this material. This includes a self-contained breathing apparatus, full chemical protective clothing, and splash-proof safety goggles (HSDB , 2002) ICSC, 2001; (NFPA, 2002a; NIOSH , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

HANDLING

Wear adequate protective clothing and splash-proof safety goggles to prevent skin or eye contact with liquid xylidine (HSDB , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where xylidine is stored or handled (HSDB , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

Contact lenses should not be worn when working with xylidine (Pohanish, 2002).

If xylidine contacts the skin, rinse the chemical off and then wash affected areas with soap and water (ICSC, 2001; (Pohanish, 2002). If xylidine contacts the eyes, remove any contact lenses, flush the eye(s) with water for at least 15 minutes, and seek medical attention (Pohanish, 2002).

Only non-sparking tools and equipment should be used when working around xylidine, especially when opening and closing containers (Pohanish, 2002).

Smoking should be prohibited in areas where xylidine is handled, used, or stored (Pohanish, 2002).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Keep containers of liquid xylidine tightly closed (Pohanish, 2002).
Liquid xylidine may attack some rubber, plastics, and coatings (HSDB , 2002).
Drums used to store xylidine should be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters (Pohanish, 2002).
Any metal containers used during the transfer of greater than five gallons of xylidine should be grounded and bonded (Pohanish, 2002).
Common shipping containers for xylidine include glass bottles, metal cans, pails, and drums (NFPA, 2002a).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store xylidine in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location away from sources of heat or ignition (NFPA, 2002a; Pohanish, 2002). Outside or detached storage is preferred (NFPA, 2002a).
Xylidine should be stored away from strong oxidizers, hypochlorite bleaches, and heat (HSDB , 2002).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Keep separate from strong oxidizers, acids, acid anhydrides, acid chlorides, isocyanates, aldehydes, hypochlorites, chloroformates, and halogens (NFPA, 2002a; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Xylidine can react vigorously with oxidizing materials (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a). Contact with strong acids may result in explosions (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Contact with hypochlorite bleaches results in the production of explosive chloroamines (ILO, 1998; NFPA, 2002a; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Xylidines are incompatible with strong acids, organic acids and anhydrides, isocyanates, and aldehydes (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Liquid xylidine will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Adequate personal protection should be worn to prevent contact with xylidine. This includes a self-contained breathing apparatus, full chemical protective clothing, and splash-proof safety goggles (HSDB , 2002; (ICSC, 1998); NFPA, 2002a; NIOSH , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

Wear adequate protective clothing and splash-proof safety goggles to prevent skin or eye contact with liquid xylidine (HSDB , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

"Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with xylidine should be removed immediately and not reworn until the xylidine is removed from the clothing" (HSDB , 2002).

Segregate protective clothing that has been in contact with the compound so those who handle or clean the clothing take appropriate precautions (HSDB , 2002).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear splash-proof safety goggles to prevent skin or eye contact with liquid xylidine (HSDB , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas in which xylidine is stored or handled (HSDB , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

Contact lenses should not be worn when working with xylidine (Pohanish, 2002).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 1300-73-8.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Xylidine is combustible (ICSC, 2001; (NFPA, 2002a; Pohanish, 2002).
Xylidine is combustible when exposed to heat or flame (Lewis, 2000).
Contact with strong acids may cause fire (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS1300-73-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Xylidine is a combustible liquid with a flashpoint of 91 to 96 degrees C (ACGIH, 2001; ILO, 1998; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS1300-73-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

To fight fires involving xylidine, use dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Approach fires from upwind to avoid exposure to toxic decomposition products and hazardous vapors (HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a; Pohanish, 2002).

Water may be ineffective on fires involving xylidines, and may cause frothing (HSDB , 2002; NFPA, 2002a).

Use water spray to cool containers of xylidine exposed to fire (Pohanish, 2002). Containers may explode violently in the heat of a fire (HSDB , 2002).

"Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible" (AAR, 2000).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Hazardous nitrogen oxide vapors are emitted when xylidine is heated to decomposition (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a; Pohanish, 2002).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Xylidine vapor forms an explosive mixture with air above 96 degrees C ((ICSC, 1998); Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Contact with strong acids may result in explosions (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Contact with hypochlorite bleaches results in the production of explosive chloroamines (ILO, 1998; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Pohanish, 2002).

Containers of xylidine exposed to the heat of a fire may explode violently (HSDB , 2002).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Xylidine vapors are toxic by inhalation (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2001; Pohanish, 2002). Symptoms of exposure include eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation, confusion, methemoglobinemia, headaches, dizziness, convulsions, nausea, vomiting, and cyanosis. At high concentrations, xylidine vapor may cause difficulty breathing, unconsciousness, liver damage, and death (ILO, 1998; Pohanish, 2002).

Hazardous nitrogen oxide vapors are emitted when xylidine is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a; Pohanish, 2002).

Xylidine vapors will form explosive mixtures with air at temperatures above 96 degrees C ((ICSC, 1998); Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Xylidine can react vigorously with oxidizing materials (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a). Contact with strong acids may result in explosions (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Contact with hypochlorite bleaches results in the production of explosive chloroamines (ILO, 1998; NFPA, 2002a; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Xylidines are incompatible with strong acids, organic acids and anhydrides, isocyanates, and aldehydes (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Liquid xylidine will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

Evacuate all personnel not wearing protective equipment from areas of xylidine spill. Remove all sources of ignition and establish forced ventilation to keep vapor levels below explosive concentration (Pohanish, 2002).

If a person is exposed to large amounts of xylidine, immediately relocate the affected person to an area of fresh air (NIOSH , 2002).

Remain upwind of xylidine spills (AAR, 2000).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS1300-73-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS1300-73-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Xylidine
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.5
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 10
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 10
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 50
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS1300-73-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS1300-73-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 50 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
In case of a xylidine spill, immediately remove any sources of ignition. Evacuate any personnel who are not wearing protective clothing. Stop the leak if it can be done without endangering personnel (NFPA, 2002a; Pohanish, 2002).
- Blanket the material with foam to prevent the release of vapors. Approach the spill from an upwind direction (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 2002a).
If a xylidine spill occurs on land, contain liquids by digging a holding pit, and stop the surface flow by using foamed polyurethane, foamed concrete or soil. Absorb the spilled liquid with vermiculite, cement powder, fly ash, dry sand or earth, peat, carbon, or commercial sorbents and deposit for later disposal. Do not wash spilled xylidine into sewers or other water intakes (AAR, 2000; ((ICSC, 1998)).
- If the spill occurs indoors, forced ventilation is recommended to prevent the build up of explosive vapor concentrations (Pohanish, 2002).
If a xylidine spill occurs in water, use natural containment devices or spill control booms to prevent the contaminant from spreading. Extract trapped material with suction hoses (AAR, 2000).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Prevent xylidine from entering enclosed areas (eg, sewers) because explosive concentrations may accumulate (Pohanish, 2002).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Xylidine may be disposed of through incineration (HSDB , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE

Xylidine is released to the environment via various waste streams associated with its production, its use in the manufacture of various substances including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, polymers, and dyestuffs, and its use as a gasoline additive (HSDB, 2005).

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE

Workers are most likely exposed to xylidines via inhalation or dermal contact in industries where the compound is manufactured or used (HSDB, 2005).

GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE

The general population may be exposed to xylidines through ingestion of contaminated drinking water (HSDB, 2005).
It may be a natural component of Latakia pipe tobacco; xylidine isomers have been detected in its smoke (HSDB, 2005).
Some exposure may occur through contact with commercial products containing xylidine residue, however, such exposure is not expected to be significant (HSDB, 2005).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

When released into the environment, xylidine is expected to exist entirely in the vapor phase, where it is believed to degrade through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and via direct photolysis (HSDB, 2005).
- Vapor phase xylidine degrades via reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals (half-life: approx. 2.0 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5 x 10(5) hydroxyl radicals/cm(3)) (HSDB, 2005).
- Direct photolysis in the atmosphere is possible because xylidine absorbs ultraviolet light in the environmental spectrum (HSDB, 2005).
- Xylidine is not expected to hydrolyze in the environment due to its lack of hydrolyzable functional groups (HSDB, 2005).
The estimated half-life of xylidine through reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is approximately 2.0 hours (HSDB, 2005).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Based upon its classification as an aromatic amine, xylidine is expected to react rapidly in sunlit waters with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and peroxy radicals, or to volatilize from water surfaces. However, in keeping with its aromatic amine characteristics, xylidine may adsorb strongly to suspended organic material in water. Hydrolysis and bioconcentration are not significant environmental fate processes (HSDB, 2005).
- In the water column, significant photooxidation of the compound due to hydroxyl and peroxy radicals may occur (half-life: 19-30 sunlight hours) (HSDB, 2005).
- The half-lives of xylidine in water, based on reaction with hydroxyl and peroxy radicals, are estimated at 19 and 30 sunlight hours, respectively. The rate constant for xylidine's vapor phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is estimated at 2.0 x 10(-10) cm(3)/molecule-sec (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005).
- Volatilization half-lives range from 16 days in a model river to 120 days in a model lake (HSDB, 2005).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Xylidine is expected to be moderately to highly mobile in soil, based on organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) values of 52-240 for the six xylidine isomers ; however, in some soils, xylidine can be expected to bind to organic matter or humus, reducing its mobility. In pure clay minerals or soils at a neutral pH, xylidine exhibits low adsorption (HSDB, 2005).
- Xylidine may also undergo volatilization from moist soil surfaces, although it is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces (HSDB, 2005).
- Xylidine may undergo biodegradation under aerobic conditions (HSDB, 2005).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

In the atmosphere, xylidine exists primarily as a vapor and degrades via hydroxyl radical reaction and direct photolysis. In soils, the compound is expected to have medium to high mobility and may volatilize from moist surface soils. In aquatic systems, xylidine may adsorb to organic material or volatilize from surface waters. Reaction with hydroxyl and peroxy radicals may degrade the compound in sunlit waters (HSDB, 2005).

Xylidine may be biodegraded in soils and water under aerobic conditions. Hydrolysis and bioconcentration are not expected to be significant (HSDB, 2005).

BIODEGRADATION

Based on the results of a biodegradation study using river and sea water inoculum, xylidine (60 ppm) was found to be moderately to easily biodegraded (HSDB, 2005).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Xylidine is not expected to bioconcentrate significantly in aquatic organisms (HSDB, 2005).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Estimated bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for the six xylidine isomers range from <10 to 26. Based on these BCFs, bioconcentration of xylidine in aquatic organisms is expected to be low (HSDB, 2005).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

121.18

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Xylidine exists as a pale yellow to brown liquid and possesses a weak, aromatic amine-like odor (ACGIH, 2001; NIOSH , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

There are six xylidine isomers (S Budavari , 2001). Technical grade xylidine is a varying mixture of the isomers of xylidine (2,4-, 2,5-, and 2,6-xylidine being the prominant isomers present) (ACGIH, 2001) Bingham et al, 2001). The commercial product primarily consists of the 2,4- and 2,6-isomers (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Xylidine can be either a solid or a liquid, depending upon the isomers that comprise the mixture (AAR, 2000).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

<1 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (technical grade) (ACGIH, 2001; Bingham et al, 2001)

<1 mmHg (NIOSH , 2002)

20 Pa (ILO, 1998)

130 Pa (at 20 degrees C) ((ICSC, 1998))

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.97 - 0.99 (Bingham et al, 2001; S Budavari , 2001; (ICSC, 1998); ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001)
1.0 (technical grade) (ACGIH, 2001)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-33 degrees F (NIOSH , 2002)

MELTING POINT

-36 degrees C (HSDB , 2002)

BOILING POINT

212 - 226 (technical grade) (ACGIH, 2001)

213 - 226 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001; S Budavari , 2001; (ICSC, 1998); ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001; Pohanish, 2002)

415 - 439 degrees F (NIOSH , 2002)

FLASH POINT

91 degrees C (ILO, 1998)

94.5 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)

96.7 degrees C; 206 degrees F (ACGIH, 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997)

96 degrees C (closed cup) ((ICSC, 1998))

206 degrees F; 96.6 degrees C (closed cup) (Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

405 degrees C (ILO, 1998)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1% (ILO, 1998; Pohanish, 2002)
1.5% ((ICSC, 1998))

UPPER

7% (ILO, 1998)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Xylidines are sparingly soluble in water (S Budavari , 2001).
Insoluble (ACGIH, 2001)
Slightly soluble (Bingham et al, 2001; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001; NIOSH , 2002)
Poor ((ICSC, 1998))

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Soluble in alcohol (S Budavari , 2001; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001)
Soluble in ether and ethanol (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2001)

OTHER

Xylidines form more or less soluble salts with strong mineral acids (S Budavari , 2001).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Pow = 1.8 (estimated) ((ICSC, 1998))

HENRY'S CONSTANT

No information found at the time of this review.

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

- No information found at the time of this review.

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

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62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 7th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 2001.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

Alaspaa AO, Kuisma MJ, Hoppu K, et al: Out-of-hospital administration of activated charcoal by emergency medical services. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45:207-12.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.

Bingham E, Cohrssen B, & Powell CH: Patty's Toxicology, Vol 4. 5th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 2001.

Burgess JL, Kirk M, Borron SW, et al: Emergency department hazardous materials protocol for contaminated patients. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2):205-212.

CHRIS: CHRIS Hazardous Chemical Data. US Department of Transportation, US Coast Guard. Washington, DC (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

DFG: List of MAK and BAT Values 2002, Report No. 38, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 2002.

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents