XYLENE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
XYLENE AROMATIC OIL BENZENE, DIMETHYL- DIMETHYLBENZENE KSYLEN (Polish) METHYL TOLUENE METHYLTOLUENE VIOLET 3 XILOLI (Italian) XYLENE, MIXED XYLENEN (Dutch) XYLENES XYLOL XYLOLE (German)
IDENTIFIERS
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1993; Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 2000; RTECS , 2001)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Xylene is used as a solvent in paints, printing inks, varnishes, dyes, cements and cleaning fluids. Other uses include the manufacture of plastics, synthetic textiles, perfumes, insect repellants,epoxy resins, herbicides and pharmaceutical preparations (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1998). It is the raw material for the production of benzoic acid, phthalic anhydride, isophthalic and terephthalic acids and their dimethyl esters, and it is used to sterilize catgut (Budavari, 1996). It is commonly used as a safer replacement for benzene, in the synthesis of synthetic agents and it is a component of gasoline (HSDB , 2001). Xylenes are also a component of aviation fuels (Lewis, 1997). Laboratory exposure frequently occurs during the preparation of histology tissue specimens (Baselt, 2000). Xylene is used as an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives, and it is used as an indirect food additive polymer for use as a basic component of single and repeated use food contact surfaces. It is a solvent used in polysulfide polymer-polyepoxide resins (HSDB , 2001). The most frequent harmful effects on the user's health occur during spray painting (Sandmeyer, 1981).
The specific distribution of the various isomers depends in the raw material, but typically, 44 to 85% of the isomers are the meta-form (Baselt, 2000; HSDB , 2001). Xylene may be contaminated with benzene; benzene toxicity may be seen if it constitutes more than 0.02 percent (200 ppm). Other impurities may include ethylbenzene or trimethylbenzene, toluene, phenol, thiophene, pyridine and pseudocumene (Cavender, 1994; Harbison, 1998; HSDB , 2001) NIOSH, 1975; Riihimaki & Cavender, 1987). The grade of xylene is determined by the boiling point range and isomer content of the solvent. Typical available grades are nitration, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 degrees grade, and industrial grade (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997).
Xylene is produced by fractional distillation of petroleum, coal tar, or coal gas, by catalytic reforming from petroleum followed by separation of p-xylene by continuous crystallization, and from toluene by transalkylation or dysproportionation (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997). When heated to decomposition, xylene emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes (Lewis, 2000). It can be obtain via pyrolysis of gasoline, and is a by-prduct of coke manufacturing (HSDB , 2001). Xylene was first isolated from a crude wood distillate. It is now manufactured from pseudocumene (Budavari, 1996).
SYNONYM EXPLANATION
- Editor's note: This document covers primarily the mixture of the three xylene isomers. However, in certain sections (e.g., physical/chemical properties), important information may have been available only for the individual isomer, but not their mixture. In these cases, individual isomer information is given and clearly indicated as such. For more complete information on a particular xylene isomer, please refer to the information on the m-, o- and p-xylene isomers.
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- USES: Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of a benzene ring with 2 methyl substituents. It is widely used as a solvent in paint, printing inks, varnishes, dyes, cement and cleaning fluids. Xylene is also found in gasoline and aviation fuels. It is used in the manufacture of plastics, synthetic textiles, perfumes, insect repellants, epoxy resins, herbicides and pharmaceutical preparations.
- TOXICOLOGY: Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent that causes CNS depression and is an irritant of skin and mucus membranes. It preferentially accumulates in the brain and fatty tissue after inhalation. It has a lower volatility, lower affinity for the CNS, and a lower acute toxicity compared to toluene or benzene.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: Hundreds of exposures to aromatic hydrocarbons are reported to poison centers every year and exposure is common in certain petrochemical industries but serious toxicity is rare.
INHALATION: Low concentrations are irritating to mucous membranes. Xylene may cause reversible hepatic and renal toxicity. High vapor concentrations can cause initial CNS excitation followed by narcosis, olfactory changes, respiratory tract irritation, and acute lung injury. Severe exposures may be fatal due to respiratory arrest and/or ventricular dysrhythmias. INGESTION: Minor ingestions can cause mucous membrane irritation, a burning sensation in the oropharynx and stomach and vomiting. Large ingestions can cause ventricular fibrillation, reversible hepatic and renal toxicity and CNS depression. Pulmonary aspiration can cause pneumonitis and acute lung injury. DERMAL: Exposure to xylene liquid can cause defatting of the skin with irritation, dryness, erythema, and cracking. Blistering may occur if exposure or concentrated xylene is prolonged. OCULAR: Exposure to high vapor concentrations of xylene can cause ocular irritation. Vacuolar keratopathy has occurred in a few workers with prolonged exposure to high vapor concentrations. Splash accidents produce transient superficial injury in most cases, though there are older reports of conjunctivitis and corneal burns following eye contact with liquid xylene. CHRONIC: Exposure to xylene may cause a defatting dermatitis, reversible eye damage, dyspnea, confusion, dizziness, apprehension, memory loss, headache, tremors, weakness, anorexia, nausea, tinnitus, irritability, thirst, liver function test abnormalities, renal impairment, and anemia. Xylene contaminated with benzene has been associated with blood dyscrasias.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
USES: Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of a benzene ring with 2 methyl substituents. It is widely used as a solvent in paint, printing inks, varnishes, dyes, cement and cleaning fluids. Xylene is also found in gasoline and aviation fuels. It is used in the manufacture of plastics, synthetic textiles, perfumes, insect repellants, epoxy resins, herbicides and pharmaceutical preparations. TOXICOLOGY: Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent that causes CNS depression and is an irritant of skin and mucus membranes. It preferentially accumulates in the brain and fatty tissue after inhalation. It has a lower volatility, lower affinity for the CNS, and a lower acute toxicity compared to toluene or benzene. EPIDEMIOLOGY: Hundreds of exposures to aromatic hydrocarbons are reported to poison centers every year and exposure is common in certain petrochemical industries but serious toxicity is rare. ADVERSE EFFECTS: INHALATION: Low concentrations are irritating to mucous membranes. Xylene may cause reversible hepatic and renal toxicity. High vapor concentrations can cause initial CNS excitation followed by narcosis, olfactory changes, respiratory tract irritation, and acute lung injury. Severe exposures may be fatal due to respiratory arrest and/or ventricular dysrhythmias. INGESTION: Minor ingestions can cause mucous membrane irritation, a burning sensation in the oropharynx and stomach and vomiting. Large ingestions can cause ventricular fibrillation, reversible hepatic and renal toxicity and CNS depression. Pulmonary aspiration can cause pneumonitis and acute lung injury. DERMAL: Exposure to xylene liquid can cause defatting of the skin with irritation, dryness, erythema, and cracking. Blistering may occur if exposure or concentrated xylene is prolonged. OCULAR: Exposure to high vapor concentrations of xylene can cause ocular irritation. Vacuolar keratopathy has occurred in a few workers with prolonged exposure to high vapor concentrations. Splash accidents produce transient superficial injury in most cases, though there are older reports of conjunctivitis and corneal burns following eye contact with liquid xylene. CHRONIC: Chronic exposure to xylene may cause a defatting dermatitis, reversible eye damage, dyspnea, confusion, dizziness, apprehension, memory loss, headache, tremors, weakness, anorexia, nausea, tinnitus, irritability, thirst, liver function test abnormalities, renal impairment, and anemia. Xylene contaminated with benzene has been associated with blood dyscrasias.
Xylene can be absorbed through the skin, and is quickly absorbed after ingestion, but is absorbed mainly through the mucous membranes and pulmonary system after inhalation (Bingham et al, 2001; Harbison, 1998). The main routes of occupational exposure are by inhalation and through the skin (Hathaway et al, 1996). Xylene vapors produce a sensation of irritation of the eyes, nose, throat and mucous membranes at levels from 200 to 460 ppm (ACGIH, 2001; Baselt, 1997; Bingham et al, 2001). Xylene is a cilia toxin and mucous coagulating agent (Bingham et al, 2001). Inhalation of 10,000 ppm caused CNS depression, 'lung congestion', and death (Baselt, 1997; Pohanish, 2002). Ingestion of xylene posed a significant risk of aspiration that can result in severe breathing difficulty, pulmonary edema, chemical pneumonitis, hemorrhage and death. Ingestion of as little as 15 ml of xylene can cause severe gastrointestinal distress and CNS depression. Aspiration can occur both in swallowing and vomiting the solvent (Baselt, 1997; Budavari, 1996). Prolonged contact with the skin can cause defatting dermatitis and the formation of vesicles (HSDB, 2002). Direct eye contact may result in conjunctivitis and corneal burns (Budavari, 1996). Xylene can cause potentially blinding ocular injury, similar to alkali burns, when splashed into the eye (Ansari, 1997). The main effect of acute xylene overexposure is CNS depression (Bingham et al, 2001). Depending on the degree and extent of overexposure, signs and symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, shivering, loss of appetite, tremors, disturbed vision, salivation, hyporeflexia, slurred speech, unconsciousness, cardiac stress, facial flushing, and difficulty breathing (Budavari, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001; Harbison, 1998; ILO, 1998). Xylene has a narcotic and anesthetic effect (Zenz, 1994). Other CNS depressant effects include headache, weakness, fatigue, lassitude, drowsiness, irritability, confusion, transient memory loss, dizziness, giddiness, impaired equilibrium, loss of coordination, coma, convulsions, seizures, respiratory failure and death (ACGIH, 2001; Baselt, 1997; Budavari, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 1998). Abdominal pain, polyuric renal failure, necrosis of the brain, liver, kidney and heart, respiratory failure and blood dyscrasias have been reported. Effects on the gastrointestinal and neurological systems and the heart, including ventricular fibrillation, have also been reported (ACGIH, 2001; Harbison, 1998; Lewis, 1998). Mixed exposures and hypoxia have been present in some cases and may have contributed to these effects (Morley et al, 1970).
Prolonged visual reaction times were seen in human volunteers exposed to peak concentrations of 400 ppm of m-xylene; reaction times returned to normal by the morning after cessation of exposure (Laine et al, 1993). The main urinary metabolites of xylene in humans are o-, m-, and p-toluic acid and methylhippuric acid (Bingham et al, 2001). Xylenols may also be formed by hydroxylation of the aromatic ring, with urinary excretion (Zenz, 1994). m-Xylene may be preferentially metabolized in exposures to mixtures of the isomers, based on urinary metabolite profiles (Miller & Edwards, 1999).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- The effects of chronic overexposure to xylene are similar to those of acute exposure, but may be more severe (Bingham et al, 2001). Repeated contact with the skin can cause defatting dermatitis (HSDB, 2002). Reversible eye damage, including vacuoles in the cornea (in experimental animals), conjunctival irritation, and nosebleeds have occurred with chronic xylene exposure (Bingham et al, 2001; ILO, 1998).
- Chronic inhalation overexposure is associated with CNS excitation followed by CNS depression (Budavari, 1996). Signs and symptoms of chronic overexposure include headache, nausea, loss of appetite, flatulence, tremors, paresthesia, apprehension, memory loss, weakness, dizziness, vertigo, decreased peripheral nerve function,ringing in the ears, irritability, thirst, anemia, mucosal bleeding, enlarged liver, and hyperplasia but not destruction of the bone marrow (Budavari, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001; Harbison, 1998; ILO, 1998).
- Some earlier reports of effects of chronic exposure to xylene may not have been specific for xylene, as exposures may have included benzene, toluene, or other compounds (Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996).
- Effects on the blood have been reported in workers from chronic exposure to as little as 50 mg/m(3) (Pap & Varga, 1987). Most reviewers agree that anemia previously reported with xylene exposure may have been due to BENZENE $BD 0192$ contamination, especially in older studies.
- Chronic xylene exposure (usually mixed with other solvents) has produced irreversible damage to the central nervous system, so-called VEGETATIVE DYSTONIA (ILO, 1983). CNS effects may be exacerbated by ETHANOL abuse (Savolainen, 1980).
- Xylene may be ototoxic (damages hearing or enhances sensitivity to noise) in chronic occupational exposures (Morata et al, 1994), probably from a neurotoxic mechanism.
- Tolerance to xylene can occur over the work week and disappear over the weekend (ACGIH, 2001).
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. Keep victim warm and quiet. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
INHALATION EXPOSURE INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm. If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents. ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
DERMAL EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999). Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
EYE EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
ORAL EXPOSURE
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
INHALATION CASE REPORT (ADULT, LETHAL): 10,000 ppm for a 6 hour exposure (RTECS , 2001). CASE REPORT (ADULT, LETHAL): 10,000 ppm for an exposure of up to 18.5 hours; 2 similarly-exposed coworkers survived (Morley et al, 1970).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
INHALATION ADULT: 200 ppm; conjunctivitis, respiratory effects (RTECS , 2001). 100 ppm for 8 hours (Hathaway et al, 1996). INTRAVENOUS
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1330-20-7 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Xylene (o, m, and p isomers) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Xylene (o, m, and p isomers) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Xylenes IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Xylenes 3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS1330-20-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
Oral: Slope Factor: RfD: 0.2 mg/kg-day
Inhalation: Unit Risk: RfC: 0.1 mg/m(3)
Drinking Water:
Reference: ACGIH, 1991; ATSDR, 1995; Clayton & Clayton, 1981; Hathaway (et al, 1996; Hayes & Laws, 1991 HSDB, 2001 IRIS, 2001 Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2001 LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE: LC50- (INHALATION)RAT: 5000 ppm for 4H 6350-6700 ppm for 4H (Hathaway et al, 1996) 6350 ppm for 4H (Clayton & Clayton, 1981)
LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE: LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE: 2119 mg/kg 1590 mg/kg (Hayes & Laws, 1991) Female, 5251 mg/kg (ACGIH, 1991) Male, 5627 mg/kg (ACGIH, 1991)
LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT: > 1700 mg/kg > 5 mL/kg (ACGIH, 1991) > 43 g/kg (ACGIH, 1991)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT: LD50- (ORAL)RAT: 4300 mg/kg -- changes in liver and respiratory system 10 mL/kg (Hayes & Laws, 1991) 1590 mg/kg (Hayes & Laws, 1991) 3523-8600 mg/kg (ACGIH, 1991)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT: LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG: LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN: LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT: TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE: Female, 1 g/m(3) for 12H at 6-15D of pregnancy -- Fetotoxicity; Developmental abnormalities in musculoskeletal system Female, 2000 ppm for 6H at 6-12D of pregnancy -- Fetotoxicity Female, 4000 ppm for 6H at 6-12D of pregnancy -- Altered growth statistics in newborn; Physical effects on newborn 1250 mg/m(3) for 2H/60D - intermittent -- Effects on phosphatases; Changes in testicular weight
TCLo- (INHALATION)PRIMATE: TCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT: Female, 1 g/m(3) for 24H at 7-20D of pregnancy -- Abortion Female, 500 mg/m(3) for 24H at 7-20D of pregnancy -- Fetotoxicity
TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: Female, 50 mg/m(3) for 6H at 1-21D after birth -- reproductive changes (Lewis, 2000) Female, 50 mg/m(3) for 6H at 1-21D after birth -- teratogenic changes (Lewis, 2000) Female, 250 mg/m(3) for 24H at 7-15D of pregnancy -- Developmental abnormalities in musculoskeletal system Female, 50 mg/m(3) for 6H at 1-21D of pregnancy -- Altered post-implantation mortality; Fetotoxicity; Developmental cranio- facial abnormalities Female, 50 mg/m(3) for 6H at 1-21D of pregnancy -- Developmental abnormalities in musculoskeletal system and other developmental abnormalities; Altered growth statistics in newborn 1600 ppm for 20H/7D - intermittent -- General anesthetic; Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count; Death 15 mg/m(3) for 24H/85D - continuous -- Changes in recordings from specific areas of CNS; Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count 800 ppm for 14H/6W - intermittent -- Change in acuity 300 ppm for 6H/18W - intermittent -- Changes in liver and urinary system; Effects on hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase
TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE: Female, 31 mg/kg at 6-15D of pregnancy -- Effects on post-implantation mortality Female, 20,600 mcg/kg at 6-15D of pregnancy -- Fetotoxicity; Developmental craniofacial abnormalities; Developmental abnormalities in musculoskeletal system 28 g/kg for 14D - continuous -- Weight loss or decreased weight gain
TDLo- (INHALATION)RAT: TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT: 4128 mg/kg for 3D - intermittent -- Degenerative changes in brain and coverings; Changes in peptidases 12,740 mcg/kg for 30D - intermittent -- Changes in serum composition; Effects on phosphatases and transaminases
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1330-20-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines. Adopted Value Adopted Value
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS1330-20-7 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1330-20-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS1330-20-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
Listed as: Xylenes (o-, m-, p-isomers) Table Z-1 for Xylenes (o-, m-, p-isomers): 8-hour TWA: ppm: 100 mg/m3: 435 Ceiling Value: Skin Designation: No Notation(s): Not Listed
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS1330-20-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS1330-20-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Xylene Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: The following spent non-halogenated solvents and the still bottoms from the recovery of these solvents. (F003) Listed as: Xylene Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: Listed as: Xylene (mixed) Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: Listed as: Xylenes (isomers and mixture) Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: Listed as: Benzene, dimethyl- Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information:
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS1330-20-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS1330-20-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
Listed as: Benzene, dimethyl- P or U series number: U239 Footnote: Listed as: Xylene P or U series number: U239 Footnote: Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS1330-20-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS1330-20-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
Listed as: Xylene (mixed isomers) Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87 Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS1330-20-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS1330-20-7 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1307 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1307 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS1330-20-7 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
SUMMARY
Xylenes are flammable liquids; sources of ignition such as smoking and open flames are prohibited where xylenes are used, handled, or stored (Sittig, 1991).
HANDLING
- Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective clothing (AAR, 2000).
- Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of xylenes (Sittig, 1991).
STORAGE
Xylenes are shipped in bottles packed in insulating material, metal cans, pails, drums, tanks on trucks, rail cars, and barges. Protect containers from physical damage (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location away from strong oxidizers; outdoor or detached storage is preferable. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Xylenes react with strong acids and react violently with strong oxidizers. Store away from acetic acid, nitric acid, and chlorine, bromine, and fluorine (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991). Xylene is known to attack many plastics, rubber and coatings (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Wash promptly with copious amounts of water or soap and water when skin is wet or contaminated. Remove wet or contaminated clothing immediately to avoid flammability hazard (AAR, 2000; (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Wear eye protection to prevent any reasonable probability of eye contact (Sittig, 1991).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Avoid breathing vapors; keep upwind (AAR, 2000).
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 1330-20-7.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004) HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.
Xylene is a dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame. The liquid floats on water. It may travel to a distant source of ignition and spread fire (AAR, 2000; (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997). If xylene is not on fire, keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep xylene out of water sources and sewers; build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock down vapors (AAR, 2000).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS1330-20-7 (NFPA, 2002):
- INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES
Xylene may accumulate static electricity (NFPA, 1997). Flashpoint: approximately 29 degrees C; 84 degrees F (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or regular foam. Do not use straight streams. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS1330-20-7 (NFPA, 2002):
- If xylene is on fire, do not extinguish the fire unless the flow of xylene can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog; solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water; apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 1997).
- Water may be ineffective as an extinguishing method. Water can be used to cool and protect exposed containers (NFPA, 1997).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Xylene vapor is explosive when exposed to heat or flame (Lewis, 2000).
- This compound forms explosive mixtures with air (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- An explosion occurred when chlorination of xylene was attempted using dichlorohydantoin (Urben, 2000).
- A violent explosion occurred when xylene reacted with 1,3-dichloro- 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidindione (Urben, 2000).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Xylene vapor is explosive when exposed to heat or flame. Vapors are heavier than air. They may travel to a distant source of ignition and spread fire (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Xylene reacts with acids such as acetic acid and nitric acid. It reacts violently with strong oxidizers such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS1330-20-7 (AIHA, 2006):
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS1330-20-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Xylenes TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 100 TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 130 TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 920 TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 2500 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS1330-20-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
Listed as: Mixed xylenes Proposed Value: AEGL-1 10 min exposure: ppm: 130 ppm mg/m3: 560 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 130 ppm mg/m3: 560 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 130 ppm mg/m3: 560 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 130 ppm mg/m3: 560 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 130 ppm mg/m3: 560 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.
Listed as: Mixed xylenes Proposed Value: AEGL-2 10 min exposure: ppm: 990 ppm mg/m3: 4300 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 480 ppm mg/m3: 2100 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 430 ppm mg/m3: 1900 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 430 ppm mg/m3: 1900 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 430 ppm mg/m3: 1900 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
Listed as: Mixed xylenes Proposed Value: AEGL-3 10 min exposure: ppm: 2100 ppm mg/m3: 9100 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 1000 ppm mg/m3: 4300 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 930 ppm mg/m3: 4000 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 930 ppm mg/m3: 4000 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 930 ppm mg/m3: 4000 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS1330-20-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004) Remove everyone from the spill area and eliminate all ignition sources. Stop or control the leak without undue personnel hazard. Use appropriate foam to blanket release and suppress vapors; control runoff. Personnel wearing appropriate protective clothing and equipment should spread absorbent material on the spill area. Control possible run-off and isolate the material for disposal (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991). To contain xylene spilled on land, dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or other holding area. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane or foamed concrete; apply "universal" gelling agent to immobilize spill. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Apply appropriate foam to diminish vapor and fire hazard (AAR, 2000). To contain xylene spilled on water, use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. If dissolved to 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped xylene with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates (AAR, 2000). To contain xylene in air, apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors (AAR, 2000). Results from a laboratory study indicated that the use of fiber glass supported activated carbon (FGAC) filters was highly effective in removing solvents, including xylene, from water. Because of improved adsorption to these filters, levels below EPA's Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL) could be achieved (Yue et al, 2001).
"Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, waste product, off-specification batches, and spill residues of xylenes greater than 1000 pounds are subject to handling, reporting, and recordkeeping requirements. This applies also to spent xylene solvents and still bottoms from the refining of these solvents" (ATSDR, 1995). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
In-situ bioremediation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and the xylenes (BTEX) was conducted in a fuel-contaminated, oxygen-poor aquifer. Extracted groundwater was enriched with ammonium polyphosphate as nutrient and potassium nitrate as the electron acceptor. It was then piped to an infiltration gallery over the contaminated site. BTEX measurements declined by 78% in the most contaminated well and by nearly 99% in another well. Final data indicated that the BTEX was biodegraded in-situ in the nitrate-enriched aquifer under denitrifying conditions (Gersberg et al, 1995).
Incineration (in a properly permitted incinerator) is a suggested disposal method (Sittig, 1991). Fluidized bed rotary kiln incineration and liquid injection incineration can be used to dispose of xylene. These methods may be enhanced by the addition of more flammable solvents (ATSDR, 1995).
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
Based on its experimental vapor pressure of 7.99 mmHg at 25 degrees C, xylene is expected to exist entirely in the vapor phase in the atmosphere, where it degrades primarily through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. The estimated atmospheric half-life for xylene is 1 to 2 days (HSDB, 2004). Xylene reactions with photochemically-produced nitrate radicals have been measured (HSDB, 2004). Of less environmental significance, the estimated half-life of the reaction of xylene with ozone is 6 years. The rate constant for this reaction has been measured at 5.0 x 10(-21) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C (HSDB, 2004). The photooxidation half-life of xylene in air is estimated from 2.6 hours to 44 hours (1.8 days) (Howard et al, 1991).
SURFACE WATER Based on a Henry's Law constant of 7.0 x 10(-3) atm-m(3)/mole, volatilization is expected to be the dominant mode of xylene dissipation from water surfaces. There will be some adsorption to sediments, based on the experimentally determined Koc values for suspended solids and sediment ranging from 39 to 359 (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990). Volatilization half-lives for xylene from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) and a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) have been estimated at 3 hours and 99 hours, respectively (HSDB, 2004).
The photooxidation half-life for xylenes in water has been estimated at 3.9 x 10(5) hours (43 years) to 2.7 x 10(8) hours (31,397 years) using estimated rate data for o-xylene and alkylperoxyl radicals in an aqueous solution (Howard et al, 1991). Hydrolysis is not expected, due to xylene's lack of hydrolyzable functional groups (HSDB, 2004).
TERRESTRIAL Volatilization is the primary fate process for xylenes in surface soils. It is moderately to very mobile in soils and may leach into groundwater (Howard, 1990). Hydrolysis is not expected, due to xylene's lack of hydrolyzable functional groups (HSDB, 2004).
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- Xylene is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere, where it degrades through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. In soils, it is expected to have moderate to high mobility, and to volatilize from moist soil surfaces. In water, xylene generally volatilizes from water surfaces, but also may adsorb to suspended solids or sediment. Hydrolysis is insignificant, due to xylene's lack of hydrolyzable functional groups (HSDB, 2004).
BIODEGRADATION
- Biodegradation is an important fate process for xylene, and occurs under both aerobic or anaerobic, denitrifying conditions. However under anaerobic conditions, xylene's biodegradation half-life is expected to increase significantly (HSDB, 2004).
The extent and rate of degradation depend on the concentration of xylene, residence time in the soil, the nature of the soil, and whether the resident microbial populations have been acclimated. Based on these factors, xylenes may biodegrade fairly readily in subsurface soils, or they may persist for many years (Howard, 1990).
- The scientific judgement of the half-life of xylenes in surface water ranges from 168 hours (1 week) to 672 hours (4 weeks) based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).
- The scientific judgement of the half-life of xylenes in ground water ranges from 336 hours (2 weeks) to 8640 hours (8 weeks) based on estimated aqueous aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).
- The scientific judgement of unacclimated, aqueous aerobic biodegradation ranges from 168 hours (1 week) to 672 hours (4 weeks) based on a soil column study simulating an aerobic river/groundwater infiltration system (high half-life) and aqueous screening test data (Howard et al, 1991).
- The scientific judgement of the half-life of xylenes in soil ranges from 168 hours (1 week) to 672 hours (4 weeks) based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).
- The scientific judgement of unacclimated, aqueous anaerobic biodegradation ranges from 4320 hours (6 months) to 8640 hours (12 months) based on acclimated, grab sample data for anaerobic soil from a groundwater aquifer receiving leachate and a soil column study simulating an aerobic river/groundwater infiltration system (Howard et al, 1991).
BIOACCUMULATION
The elimination pattern of xylenes indicates that they may accumulate in the body of exposed workers toward the end of the work week (ACGIH, 1991a). Xylenes are deposited in adipose tissue. The rate of elimination is slow and depends upon fat content and its vascular perfusion (ACGIH, 1991a).
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
LC0 - COHO SALMON, young: 10 mg/L for 24-96H -- isomer not specified (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - BLUEGILL: 37 mg/L for 24 - 96H -- soft dilution water, isomer not specified (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW: 42 mg/L for 24H, 48H, 72H, and 96H -- static bioassay, isomer not specified (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW: 46 mg/L for 1H -- static bioassay, isomer not specified (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW: 29 - 27 mg/L for 24 - 96H -- soft dilution water, isomer not specified (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW: 29 mg/L for 24 - 96H -- hard dilution water, isomer not specified (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW: 46 mg/L for 1H -- 18-22 degrees C, static bioassay, isomer not specified (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW: 42 mg/L for 24-96H -- 18-22 degrees C, static bioassay, isomer not specified (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - GOLDFISH: 13 mg/L for 24H -- conditions of bioassay not specified, isomer not specified (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus): 16.9 ppm for 96H -- conditions of bioassay not specified, isomer not specified (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - GUPPY: 35 mg/L for 24 - 96H -- soft dilution water, isomer not specified (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 13 mg/L for 96H -- static bioassay, isomer not specified (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 13.5 mg/L for 96H -- conditions of bioassay not specified, isomer not specified (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - GRASS SHRIMP (Palaemonetes pugio): 7.4 mg/L for 96H -- isomer not specified (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 100 - 1000 mg/L for 24H -- isomer not specified (Verschueren, 2001)
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Xylenes are clear, flammable liquids with an aromatic hydrocarbon odor (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996).
- They can easily be chlorinated, sulfonated or nitrated (HSDB , 2001).
- It is a C8-aromatic compounds (Ashford, 1994).
- The liquid is lighter than water; its vapors are heavier than air (AAR, 2000).
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 6.72 mmHg (at 21 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
- 7.99 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
DENSITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
approximately 0.86 g/cm(3) (Budavari, 1996) 0.87 g/cm(3) (NFPA, 1997) 7.2 lbs/gl (AAR, 2000)
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
m-xylene: -47.4 degrees C (Budavari, 1996) o-xylene: -25 degrees C (Budavari, 1996) p-xylene: 13-14 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
BOILING POINT
- 137-140 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
- 138.5 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)
FLASH POINT
- 29 degrees C (Closed cup) (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996)
- 100 degrees F (TOC) (Lewis, 2000)
- Approximately 29 degrees C; 84 degrees F (Pohanish & Greene, 1994)
- Below 141 degrees F (AAR, 2000)
- Pure Xylene: 81-90 degrees F (AAR, 2000)
- Mixture of Xylenes: 100-200 degrees F (AAR, 2000)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
m-xylene: 1.1% (NFPA, 1997) o-xylene: 0.9% (NFPA, 1997) p-xylene: 1.1% (NFPA, 1997)
m-xylene: 7.0% (NFPA, 1997) o-xylene: 6.7% (NFPA, 1997) p-xylene: 7.0% (NFPA, 1997)
SOLUBILITY
It is miscible with absolute alcohol, ether, and many other organic liquids (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997).
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- Log Kow = 3.12-3.20 (HSDB , 2001)
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- 7.0 X 10(-3)atm-m(3)/mole (HSDB , 2001)
OTHER/PHYSICAL
-REFERENCES
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY- 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
- 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
- 62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.
- 65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.
- 67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.
- 68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.
- 69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.
- ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1991.
- ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1991a.
- ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 7th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 2001.
- AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.
- ATSDR: Toxicological Profile for Xylenes (update), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Dept of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, 1995.
- American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.
- Ansari EA: Ocular injury with xylene - a report of two cases. Hum Exp Toxicol 1997; 16:273-275.
- Ansell-Edmont: SpecWare Chemical Application and Recommendation Guide. Ansell-Edmont. Coshocton, OH. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.ansellpro.com/specware. As accessed 10/31/2001.
- Arthur LJH & Curnock DA: Xylene-induced epilepsy following innocent glue sniffing. Br Med J 1982; 284:1787.
- Artigas A, Bernard GR, Carlet J, et al: The American-European consensus conference on ARDS, part 2: ventilatory, pharmacologic, supportive therapy, study design strategies, and issues related to recovery and remodeling.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:1332-1347.
- Ashford RD: Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, Wavelength Publications, London, United Kingdom, 1994.
- Askergren A, Allgen L-G, & Karlsson C: Studies on kidney function in subjects exposed to organic solvents. ACTA Med Scand 1981; 209:479-483.
- Askergren A: Studies on kidney function in subjects exposed to organic solvents. III. Excretion of cells in the urine. ACTA Med Scand 1981; 210:103-106.
- Astrand I, Engstrom J, & Ovrum P: Exposure to xylene and ethylbenzene. Scand J Work Environ & Health 1978; 4:185-194.
- Bakinson MA & Jones RD: Gassing due to methylene chloride, xylene, toluene and styrene reported to Her Majesty's Factory Inspectorate 1961-80. Br J Ind Med 1985; 42:184-190.
- Barlow SM & Sullivan FM: Reproductive Hazards of Industrial Chemicals, Academic Press, New York, NY, 1982, pp 592-599.
- Baselt RC: Biological Monitoring Methods for Industrial Chemicals, 3rd ed, PSG Publishing Company, Littleton, MA, 1997.
- Baselt RC: Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 5th ed, Chemical Toxicology Institute, Foster City, CA, 2000.
- Bata Shoe Company: Industrial Footwear Catalog, Bata Shoe Company, Belcamp, MD, 1995.
- Best Manufacturing: ChemRest Chemical Resistance Guide. Best Manufacturing. Menlo, GA. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.chemrest.com. As accessed 10/8/2002.
- Best Manufacturing: Degradation and Permeation Data. Best Manufacturing. Menlo, GA. 2004. Available from URL: http://www.chemrest.com/DomesticPrep2/. As accessed 04/09/2004.
- Bingham E, Cohrssen B, & Powell CH: Patty's Toxicology, Vol 4. 5th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 2001.
- Boss Manufacturing Company: Work Gloves, Boss Manufacturing Company, Kewanee, IL, 1998.
- Brodovsky SC, McCarty AC, & Snibson G: Management of alkali burns an 11-year retrospective review. Ophthalmology 2000; 107:1829-1835.
- Brodovsky SC, McCarty CA, & Snibson G: Management of alkali burns an 11-year retrospective review. Ophthalmology 2000b; 107:1829-1835.
- Brodovsky SC, McCarty CA, & Snibson G: Management of alkali burns an 11-year review. Ophthalmology 2000a; 107:1829-1835.
- Brower RG, Matthay AM, & Morris A: Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Eng J Med 2000; 342:1301-1308.
- Brubacher JR, Pudek M, & Filiatrault L: Unexplained osmol gap following lacquer thinner ingestion (abstract). J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999; 37:654-655.
- Budavari S: The Merck Index, 12th ed, Merck & Co, Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996.
- Burgess JL, Kirk M, Borron SW, et al: Emergency department hazardous materials protocol for contaminated patients. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2):205-212.
- Campbell L, Wilson HK, & Samuel AM: Interactions of m-xylene and aspirin metabolism in man. Br J Ind Med 1988; 45:127-132.
- Carpenter CP, Kinkead ER, & Geary DL: Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies. V. Animal and human response to vapors of mixed xylenes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1975; 33:543-558.
- Cataletto M: Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute(ARDS). In: Domino FJ, ed. The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2012, 20th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2012.
- Cavender F: Aromatic hydrocarbons, in: Clayton GD & Clayton FE (Eds). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 4th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1994, pp 1332-1426.
- ChemFab Corporation: Chemical Permeation Guide Challenge Protective Clothing Fabrics, ChemFab Corporation, Merrimack, NH, 1993.
- Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, et al: Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2005; 43(2):61-87.
- Comasec Safety, Inc.: Chemical Resistance to Permeation Chart. Comasec Safety, Inc.. Enfield, CT. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.comasec.com/webcomasec/english/catalogue/mtabgb.html. As accessed 4/28/2003.
- Comasec Safety, Inc.: Product Literature, Comasec Safety, Inc., Enfield, CT, 2003a.
- Condie LW, Hill JR, & Borzelleca JF: Oral toxicity studies with xylene isomers and mixed xylenes. Drug Chem Toxicol 1988; 11:329-354.
- Council on Scientific Affairs: Effects of Toxic Chemicals on the Reproductive System, American Medical Association, Chicago, IL, 1985.
- DFG: List of MAK and BAT Values 2002, Report No. 38, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 2002.
- De Oliveira G: Chronic xylene poisoning. Chemiker-zeitung 1936; 60:837.
- DuPont: DuPont Suit Smart: Interactive Tool for the Selection of Protective Apparel. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2002. Available from URL: http://personalprotection.dupont.com/protectiveapparel/suitsmart/smartsuit2/na_english.asp. As accessed 10/31/2002.
- DuPont: Permeation Guide for DuPont Tychem Protective Fabrics. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2003. Available from URL: http://personalprotection.dupont.com/en/pdf/tyvektychem/pgcomplete20030128.pdf. As accessed 4/26/2004.
- DuPont: Permeation Test Results. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2002a. Available from URL: http://www.tyvekprotectiveapprl.com/databases/default.htm. As accessed 7/31/2002.
- Dutkiewicz T & Tyras H: Skin absorption of toluene, styrene and xylene by man. Br J Ind Med 1968; 25:243-244.
- EPA: Search results for Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Chemicals. US Environmental Protection Agency, Substance Registry System, U.S. EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.epa.gov/srs/.
- ERG: Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident, U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Washington, DC, 2004.
- Ellenhorn MJ & Barceloux DG: Xylene, in: Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning, Elsevier, New York, NY, 1988, pp 962-964.
- Ellenhorn MJ: Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning, 2nd ed, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1997.
- Elliot CG, Colby TV, & Kelly TM: Charcoal lung. Bronchiolitis obliterans after aspiration of activated charcoal. Chest 1989; 96:672-674.
- Elovaara E, Collan Y, & Pfaffli P: The combined toxicity of technical grade xylene and ethanol in the rat. Xenobiotica 1980; 10:435-445.
- FDA: Poison treatment drug product for over-the-counter human use; tentative final monograph. FDA: Fed Register 1985; 50:2244-2262.
- Feldt EG: Gig Sanit 1985; 7:21-23.
- Finkel AJ: Hamilton and Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 4th ed, John Wright, PSG Inc, Boston, MA, 1983, pp 252.
- Fish R & Davidson RS: Management of ocular thermal and chemical injuries, including amniotic membrane therapy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2010; 21(4):317-321.
- Franchini I, Cavatorta A, & Falzoi M: Early indicators of renal damage in workers exposed to organic solvents. Internat Arch Occup Environ Health 1983; 52:1-9.
- Fujii T, Kawabe S, & Horike T: Simultaneous determination of the urinary metabolites of toluene, xylene and styrene using high-performance capillary electrophoresis. Comparison with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatog B 1999; 730:41-47.
- Funes-Cravioto F, Zapata-Gayon C, & Kolmodin-Hedman B: Chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchange in workers in chemical laboratories and a rotoprinting factory and in children of women laboratory workers. Lancet 1977; 2:322-325.
- Gamberale F, Annwall G, & Hultengren M: Exposure to xylene and ethylbenzene. III. Effects on central nervous functions. Scand J Work Environ Health 1978; 4:204-211.
- Gerin M, Siemiatycki J, & Desy M: Associations between several sites of cancer and occupational exposure to benzene, toluene, xylene, and styrene: results of a case-control study in Montreal. Am J Ind Med 1998; 34:144-156.
- Gerner-Smidt P & Friedrich U: The mutagenic effect of benzene, toluene and xylene studied by the SCE technique. Mutat Res 1978; 58:313-316.
- Gersberg RM, Korth KG, & Rice LE: Chemical and microbial evaluation of in-situ bioremediation of hydrocarbons in anoxic groundwater enriched with nutrients and nitrate. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1995; 11:549-558.
- Glass WI: Annotation: A case of suspected xylol poisoning. NZ Med J 1961; 60:113.
- Goldberg MS, Parent ME, & Siemiatycki J: A case-control study of the relationship between the risk of colon cancer in men and exposures to occupational agents. Am J Ind Med 2001; 39:531-546.
- Goldie I: Can xylene (xylol) provoke convulsive seizures?. Ind Med Surg 1960; 29:33-35.
- Golej J, Boigner H, Burda G, et al: Severe respiratory failure following charcoal application in a toddler. Resuscitation 2001; 49:315-318.
- Gonzalez-Reche LM, Schettgen T, & Angerer J: New approaches to the metabolism of xylenes: verification of the formation of phenylmercapturic acid metabolites of xylenes. Arch Toxicol 2003; 77:80-85.
- Gosselin RE, Smith RP, & Hodge HC: Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, 5th ed, Williams & Williams, Baltimore, MD, 1984.
- Graff GR, Stark J, & Berkenbosch JW: Chronic lung disease after activated charcoal aspiration. Pediatrics 2002; 109:959-961.
- Grant WM & Schuman JS: Toxicology of the Eye, 4th ed, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1993a.
- Grant WM & Schuman JS: Toxicology of the Eye, 4th ed, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1993b.
- Grant WM & Schuman: Toxicology of the Eye, 4th ed, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1993.
- Guardian Manufacturing Group: Guardian Gloves Test Results. Guardian Manufacturing Group. Willard, OH. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.guardian-mfg.com/guardianmfg.html. As accessed 12/11/2001.
- HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 2000; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 2001; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 2004; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- Haas CF: Mechanical ventilation with lung protective strategies: what works?. Crit Care Clin 2011; 27(3):469-486.
- Harbison RM: Hamilton and Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 5th ed, Mosby, St. Louis, MO, 1998.
- Harris CR & Filandrinos D: Accidental administration of activated charcoal into the lung: aspiration by proxy. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:1470-1473.
- Hart LM, Cobaugh DJ, & Dean BS: Successful use of extracorpeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in the treatment of refractory respiratory failure secondary to hydrocarbon aspiration (Abstract). Vet Human Toxicol 1991; 33:361.
- Hass U, Lund SP, & Simonsen L: Effects of prenatal exposure to xylene on postnatal development and behavior in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1995; 17:341-349.
- Hass U, Lund SP, & Simonsen L: Long-lasting neurobehavioral effects of prenatal exposure to xylene in rats. Neurotoxicology 1997; 18:547-51.
- Hathaway GJ, Proctor NH, & Hughes JP: Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, 4th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1996.
- Hattori H, Iwai M, & Kurono S: Sensitive determination of xylenes in whole blood by capillary gas chromatography with cryogenic trapping. J Chromatog B 1998; 718:285-289.
- Hirsch S: On chronic xylene poisoning, especially the effects of xylene on the heart and blood vessels. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 1932; 44:483-497.
- Holmberg PC: Central nervous system defects in children born to mothers exposed to organic solvents during pregnancy. Lancet 1979; 2:177-179.
- Holz O, Scherer G, & Brodtmeier S: Determination of low level exposure to volatile aromatic hydrocarbons and genotoxic effects in workers at a styrene plant. Occup Environ Med 1995; 52:420-428.
- Hood RD & Ottley MS: Developmental effects associated with exposure to xylene: A review. Drug Chem Toxicol 1985; 8:281-297.
- Howard PH, Boethling RS, & Jarvis WF: Handbook of Environmental Degradation Rates, Lewis Publishers, Inc, Chelsea, MI, 1991.
- Howard PH: Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals. Volume II: Solvents, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1990.
- IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: 1,3-Butadiene, Ethylene Oxide and Vinyl Halides (Vinyl Fluoride, Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Bromide), 97, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2008.
- IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, 88, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2006.
- IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Household Use of Solid Fuels and High-temperature Frying, 95, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010a.
- IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines, 89, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2007.
- IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures, 92, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010.
- IARC: List of all agents, mixtures and exposures evaluated to date - IARC Monographs: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, Volumes 1-88, 1972-PRESENT. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, FranceAvailable from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/monoeval/crthall.html. As accessed Oct 07, 2004.
- ICAO: Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, 2003-2004. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2002.
- ILC Dover, Inc.: Ready 1 The Chemturion Limited Use Chemical Protective Suit, ILC Dover, Inc., Frederica, DE, 1998.
- ILO: Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 3rd ed, Vol 2, International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1983, pp 2335-2336.
- ILO: Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th ed. Vol 1-4, International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1998.
- IRIS : Integrated Risk Information System. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC (Internet Version). Edition expires 1995; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- ITI: Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual, The International Technical Information Institute, Tokyo, Japan, 1995.
- Inoue O, Seiji K, & Kawai T: Excretion of methylhippuric acids in urine of workers exposed to a xylene mixture -- comparison among three xylene isomers and toluene. Internat Arch Occup Environ Health 1993; 64:533-539.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: list of classifications, volumes 1-116. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Lyon, France. 2016. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/latest_classif.php. As accessed 2016-08-24.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. 2015. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/. As accessed 2015-08-06.
- Jaeger RW, Scalzo AS, & Thompson MW: ECMO in hydrocarbon aspiration (Abstract). Vet Human Toxicol 1987; 29:485.
- Jang JY, Droz PO, & Berode M: Ethnic differences in biological monitoring of several organic solvents. I. Human exposure experiment. Internat Arch Occup Environ Health 1997; 69:343-349.
- Joyner RE & Pegues L: A health hazard associated with epoxy resin-concrete dust. J Occup Med 1961; 211-214.
- Kaneko T, Wang PY, & Sato A: Enzyme induction by ethanol consumption affects the pharmacokinetics of inhaled m-xylene only at high levels of exposure. Arch Toxicol 1993; 67:473-477.
- Kappler, Inc.: Suit Smart. Kappler, Inc.. Guntersville, AL. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.kappler.com/suitsmart/smartsuit2/na_english.asp?select=1. As accessed 7/10/2001.
- Kearney TE: Propranolol, in: Olson KR (Ed), Poisoning and Drug Overdose, 2nd ed, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1994, pp 373.
- Kimberly-Clark, Inc.: Chemical Test Results. Kimberly-Clark, Inc.. Atlanta, GA. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.kc-safety.com/tech_cres.html. As accessed 10/4/2002.
- Klaucke DN, Johansen M, & Vogt RL: An outbreak of xylene intoxication in a hospital. Am J Ind Med 1982; 3:173-178.
- Kleinman ME, Chameides L, Schexnayder SM, et al: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 14: pediatric advanced life support. Circulation 2010; 122(18 Suppl.3):S876-S908.
- Kollef MH & Schuster DP: The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:27-37.
- Kramer A, Linnert M Jr, & Wrbitzky R: Occupational chronic exposure to organic solvents XVII. Ambient and biological monitoring of workers exposed to xylenes. Internat Arch Occup Environ Health 1999; 72:52-55.
- Kucera J: Exposure to fat solvents: A possible cause of sacral agenesis in man. J Pediatr 1968; 72:857-859.
- Kurppa K, Holmberg PC, & Hernberg S: Screening for occupational exposures and congenital malformations: preliminary results from a nationwide case-referent study. Scand J Work Environ Health 1983; 9:89-93.
- LaCrosse-Rainfair: Safety Products, LaCrosse-Rainfair, Racine, WI, 1997.
- Laine A, Savolainen K, & Riihimaki V: Acute effects of m-xylene inhalation on body sway, reaction times, and sleep in man. Internat Arch Occup Environ Health 1993; 65:179-188.
- Lambert B & Lindblad A: J Toxicol Environ Health 1980; 6:1237-1243.
- Lapare S, Tardif R, & Brodeur J: Effect of various exposure scenarios on the biological monitoring of organic solvents in alveolar air. 1. Toluene and m-xylene. Internat Arch Occup Environ Health 1993; 64:569-580.
- Lewis RA: Lewis' Dictionary of Toxicology, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1998.
- Lewis RJ: Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1993.
- Lewis RJ: Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 13th ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, NY, 1997.
- Lewis RJ: Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 10th ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, NY, 2000.
- Lewis RJ: Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 9th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1996.
- Link MS, Berkow LC, Kudenchuk PJ, et al: Part 7: Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2015; 132(18 Suppl 2):S444-S464.
- Lundberg I & Hakansson M: Normal serum activities of liver enzymes in Swedish paint industry workers with heavy exposure to organic solvents. Br J Ind Med 1985; 42:596-600.
- MAPA Professional: Chemical Resistance Guide. MAPA North America. Columbia, TN. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.mapaglove.com/pro/ChemicalSearch.asp. As accessed 4/21/2003.
- MAPA Professional: Chemical Resistance Guide. MAPA North America. Columbia, TN. 2004. Available from URL: http://www.mapaglove.com/ProductSearch.cfm?id=1. As accessed 6/10/2004.
- Machado B, Cross K, & Snodgrass WR: Accidental hydrocarbon ingestion cases telephoned to a regional poison center. Ann Emerg Med 1988; 17:804-807.
- Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc: Product Literature, Protective Apparel, Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc., McBee, SC, 1995.
- Marigold Industrial: US Chemical Resistance Chart, on-line version. Marigold Industrial. Norcross, GA. 2003. Available from URL: www.marigoldindustrial.com/charts/uschart/uschart.html. As accessed 4/14/2003.
- Marks TA & Ledoux TA: Teratogenicity of a commercial xylene mixture in the mouse. J Toxicol Environ Health 1982; 9:97-105.
- Martinez JS, Sala JJG, & Vea AM: Renal tubular acidosis with an elevated anion gap in a 'glue sniffer'. Human Toxicol 1989; 8:139-140.
- Memphis Glove Company: Permeation Guide. Memphis Glove Company. Memphis, TN. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.memphisglove.com/permeation.html. As accessed 7/2/2001.
- Michon S: Polski Tygodnik Lekarski 1965; 20:1648-1649.
- Miller MJ & Edwards JW: Possible preferential metabolism of xylene isomers following occupational exposure to mixed xylenes. Internat Arch Occup Environ Health 1999; 72:89-97.
- Montgomery Safety Products: Montgomery Safety Products Chemical Resistant Glove Guide, Montgomery Safety Products, Canton, OH, 1995.
- Morata TC, Dunn DE, & Sieber WK: Occupational exposure to noise and ototoxic organic solvents. Arch Environ Health 1994; 49:359-365.
- Morel G, Bonnet P, & Cossec B: The role of glutathione and cysteine conjugates in the nephrotoxicity of o-xylene in rats. Arch Toxicol 1998; 72:553-558.
- Morin M, Chambon P, & Chambon R: Measurement of exposure to xylenes by separate determination of m- and p-methylhippuric acids in urine. J Chromatogr 1981; 210:346-349.
- Morley R, Ecleston DW, & Douglas CP: Xylene poisoning: a report on one fatal case and two cases of recovery after prolonged unconsciousness. Br Med J 1970; 3:442-443.
- Morvai V, Hudak A, & Ungvary G: ECG changes in benzene, toluene and xylene poisoned rats (Hungarian). ACTA Medica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 1976; 33:275-286.
- NFPA: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 12th ed, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1997.
- NFPA: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13th ed., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2002.
- NHLBI ARDS Network: Mechanical ventilation protocol summary. Massachusetts General Hospital. Boston, MA. 2008. Available from URL: http://www.ardsnet.org/system/files/6mlcardsmall_2008update_final_JULY2008.pdf. As accessed 2013-08-07.
- NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 1, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2001.
- NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 2, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2002.
- NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 3, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2003.
- NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 4, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2004.
- NTP: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Xylenes (Mixed). Rep No Tr 327, NIH Pub No 87-2583, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1986.
- Naradzay J & Barish RA: Approach to ophthalmologic emergencies. Med Clin North Am 2006; 90(2):305-328.
- Nat-Wear: Protective Clothing, Hazards Chart. Nat-Wear. Miora, NY. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.natwear.com/hazchart1.htm. As accessed 7/12/2001.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Butylene Oxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648083cdbb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Dibromoethane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802796db&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 2-Ethylhexyl Chloroformate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037904e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Acrylonitrile (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648028e6a3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Adamsite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Agent BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ad507&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Allyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039d9ee&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Arsenic Trioxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480220305&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Automotive Gasoline Unleaded (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cc17&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Biphenyl (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1b7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bis-Chloromethyl Ether (BCME) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648022db11&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Boron Tribromide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae1d3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromine Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039732a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromoacetone (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187bf&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Calcium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae328&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Sulfide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037ff26&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Chlorobenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803a52bb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Cyanogen (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187fe&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Dimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbf3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Diphenylchloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091884e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Phosphorodichloridate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480920347&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809203e7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hexafluoropropylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1f5&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Malathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809639df&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Mercury Vapor (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a087&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Isothiocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a03&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a57&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802a4985&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methylchlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5f4&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c646&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN1 CAS Reg. No. 538-07-8) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN2 CAS Reg. No. 51-75-2) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN3 CAS Reg. No. 555-77-1) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Tetroxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091855b&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Trifluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008o. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e32&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perchloryl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e268&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perfluoroisobutylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008p. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dd58&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020cc0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phorate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008q. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dcc8&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene (Draft-Revised). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a08a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene Oxime (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26d&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Propargyl Alcohol (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec91&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Silane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d523&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Strontium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sulfuryl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec7a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tear Gas (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008s. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e551&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tellurium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e2a1&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tert-Octyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008r. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5c7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tetramethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-17.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7d608&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethylacetyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008t. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5cc&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Zinc Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for n-Butyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064808f9591&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute: Expert panel report 3: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute. Bethesda, MD. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf.
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, 2007.
- National Research Council : Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 5, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2007.
- National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 6, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2008.
- National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 7, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2009.
- National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 8, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2010.
- Nawrot PS & Staples RE: Embryofetal toxicity and teratogenicity of isomers of xylene in the mouse (Abstract). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1980; 1:A22.
- Neese Industries, Inc.: Fabric Properties Rating Chart. Neese Industries, Inc.. Gonzales, LA. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.neeseind.com/new/TechGroup.asp?Group=Fabric+Properties&Family=Technical. As accessed 4/15/2003.
- Neumar RW , Otto CW , Link MS , et al: Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2010; 122(18 Suppl 3):S729-S767.
- None Listed: Position paper: cathartics. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42(3):243-253.
- North: Chemical Resistance Comparison Chart - Protective Footwear . North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.linkpath.com/index2gisufrm.php?t=N-USA1. As accessed April 30, 2004.
- North: eZ Guide Interactive Software. North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002a. Available from URL: http://www.northsafety.com/feature1.htm. As accessed 8/31/2002.
- Olsson H & Brandt L: Supradiaphragmatic presentation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in men occupationally exposed to organic solvents. ACTA Med Scand 1981; 210:415-418.
- Palmer KT & Rycroft RJG: Occupational airborne contact urticaria due to xylene. Contact Dermatitis 1993; 28:44.
- Pap M & Varga CS: Sister-chromatid exchanges in peripheral lymphocytes of workers occupationally exposed to xylenes. Mutat Res 1987; 187:223-225.
- Peate WF: Work-related eye injuries and illnesses. Am Fam Physician 2007; 75(7):1017-1022.
- Perry HD, Hodes LW, & Seedor JA: Effect of doxycycline hyclate on corneal epithelial wound healing in the rabbit alkali-burn model. Preliminary observations. Cornea 1993; 12:379-82.
- Playtex: Fits Tough Jobs Like a Glove, Playtex, Westport, CT, 1995.
- Pohanish RP & Greene SA: Rapid Guide to Chemical Incompatibilities, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1997.
- Pohanish RP: Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 4th ed, 1-2, Noyes Publications/William Andrew Publishing, Norwich, NY, 2002.
- Pollack MM, Dunbar BS, & Holbrook PR: Aspiration of activated charcoal and gastric contents. Ann Emerg Med 1981; 10:528-529.
- Product Information: BREVIBLOC(TM) intravenous injection, esmolol HCl intravenous injection. Baxter Healthcare Corporation (per FDA), Deerfield, IL, 2012.
- Product Information: Cordarone(R) oral tablets, amiodarone HCl oral tablets. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc (per FDA), Philadelphia, PA, 2015.
- Product Information: Lidocaine HCl intravenous injection solution, lidocaine HCl intravenous injection solution. Hospira (per manufacturer), Lake Forest, IL, 2006.
- RTECS : Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 2000; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- RTECS : Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 2001; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- Rau NR, Nagaraj MV, Prakash PS, et al: Fatal pulmonary aspiration of oral activated charcoal. Br Med J 1988; 297:918-919.
- Reinhardt CF, Mullin LS, & Maxfield ME: Epinephrine-induced cardiac arrhythmia potential of some common industrial solvents. J Occup Med 1973; 15:953-955.
- Richer CL, Chakrabarti S, & Senecalquevillon M: Cytogenetic effects of low-level exposure to toluene, xylene, and their mixture on human blood lymphocytes. Internat Arch Occup Environ Health 1993; 64:581-585.
- Riihimaki V & Hanninen O: Xylenes, in: Snyder R (Ed): Ethel Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents, Vol 1, Hydrocarbons, 2nd ed, Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc, New York, NY, 1987.
- River City: Protective Wear Product Literature, River City, Memphis, TN, 1995.
- Rosenberg J: Solvents, in: LaDou J (Ed): Occupational Medicine, Appleton & Lange, East Norwalk, CT, 1990.
- Ruijten MW, Hooisma J, & Brons JT: Neurobehavioral effects of long-term exposure to xylene and mixed organic solvents in shipyard spray painters. Neurotoxicol 1994; 15:613-620.
- Safety 4: North Safety Products: Chemical Protection Guide. North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.safety4.com/guide/set_guide.htm. As accessed 8/14/2002.
- Sandmeyer EE: Aromatic hydrocarbons, in: Clayton GD & Clayton FE (Eds): Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol 2B, Toxicology, 3rd ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1981, pp 3291-3300.
- Savolainen K: Combined effects of xylene and alcohol on the central nervous system. ACTA Pharmacol Toxicol 1980; 46:366-372.
- Schardein JL: Chemically Induced Birth Defects, 2nd ed, Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, NY, 1993, pp 752756-759.
- Schardein JL: Chemically Induced Birth Defects, 3rd ed, Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, NY, 2000.
- Seedor JA, Perry HD, & McNamara TF: Systemic tetracycline treatment of alkali-induced corneal ulceration in rabbits. Arch Ophthalmol 1987; 105:268-271.
- Senczuk W & Orlowski J: Absorption of m-xylene vapours through the respiratory tract and excretion of m-methylhippuric acid in urine. Br J Ind Med 1978; 35:50-55.
- Seppalainen AM, Laine A, & Salmi T: Electroencephalographic findings during experimental human exposure to m-xylene. Arch Environ Health 1991; 46:16-24.
- Servus: Norcross Safety Products, Servus Rubber, Servus, Rock Island, IL, 1995.
- Sevcik P, Hep A, & Peslova M: Intravenous xylene poisoning. Intens Care Med 1992; 18:377-378.
- Sikora H & Gala J: Damage of cardiac muscle in the course of acute xylene poisoning (Polish). Med Pr 1967; 18:75-77.
- Simmons JE, Allis JW, & Grose EC: Assessment of the hepatotoxicity of acute and short-term exposure to inhaled p-xylene in F-344 rats. J Toxicol Environ Health 1991; 32:295-306.
- Singh P, Tyagi M, Kumar Y, et al: Ocular chemical injuries and their management. Oman J Ophthalmol 2013; 6(2):83-86.
- Sittig M: Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 3rd ed, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1991.
- Spector J & Fernandez WG: Chemical, thermal, and biological ocular exposures. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2008; 26(1):125-136.
- Standard Safety Equipment: Product Literature, Standard Safety Equipment, McHenry, IL, 1995.
- Stolbach A & Hoffman RS: Respiratory Principles. In: Nelson LS, Hoffman RS, Lewin NA, et al, eds. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 9th ed. McGraw Hill Medical, New York, NY, 2011.
- Taskinen H, Kyyronen P, & Hemminki K: Laboratory work and pregnancy outcome. J Occup Environ Med 1994; 36:311-319.
- Tingley: Chemical Degradation for Footwear and Clothing. Tingley. South Plainfield, NJ. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.tingleyrubber.com/tingley/Guide_ChemDeg.pdf. As accessed 10/16/2002.
- Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.: Chemical and Biological Tests (database). Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.. Portsmouth, NH. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.trelleborg.com/protective/. As accessed 10/18/2002.
- Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.: Trellchem Chemical Protective Suits, Interactive manual & Chemical Database. Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.. Portsmouth, NH. 2001.
- Trujillo F, Dang D, & Starck T: Xylene keratopathy: a case report and review of the literature. Cornea 2003; 22(1):88-90.
- Tuft SJ & Shortt AJ: Surgical rehabilitation following severe ocular burns. Eye (Lond) 2009; 23(10):1966-1971.
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management: Protective Action Criteria (PAC) with AEGLs, ERPGs, & TEELs: Rev. 26 for chemicals of concern. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.hss.doe.gov/HealthSafety/WSHP/Chem_Safety/teel.html. As accessed 2011-06-27.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project : 11th Report on Carcinogens. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/INDEXA5E1.HTM?objectid=32BA9724-F1F6-975E-7FCE50709CB4C932. As accessed 2011-06-27.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification species, container residues, and spill residues thereof. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities 2010b; 40CFR(261.33, e-f):77-.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2011. Available from URL: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm?fuseaction=iris.showSubstanceList&list_type=date. As accessed 2011-06-21.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of Radionuclides. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010a. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: The list of extremely hazardous substances and their threshold planning quantities (CAS Number Order). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010c. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-part355.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.
- U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Part 1910 - Occupational safety and health standards (continued) Occupational Safety, and Health Administration's (OSHA) list of highly hazardous chemicals, toxics and reactives. Subpart Z - toxic and hazardous substances. CFR 2010 2010; Vol6(SEC1910):7-.
- U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA): Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals. 29 CFR 2010 2010; 29(1910.119):348-.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Vinyl Acetate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6af&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- Urben PG: Bretherick's Reactive Chemical Hazards Database, Version 2.0, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Oxford, UK, 2000.
- Vanden Hoek TL, Morrison LJ, Shuster M, et al: Part 12: cardiac arrest in special situations: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2010; 122(18 Suppl 3):S829-S861.
- Verschueren K: Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 4th ed. CD-ROM version. Wiley-Interscience. Hoboken, NJ. 2001.
- Weiss J: Toluene & xylene, in: Olson KR (Ed): Poisoning and Drug Overdose, 2nd ed, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1994, pp 298-300.
- Wells Lamont Industrial: Chemical Resistant Glove Application Chart. Wells Lamont Industrial. Morton Grove, IL. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.wellslamontindustry.com. As accessed 10/31/2002.
- Willson DF, Truwit JD, Conaway MR, et al: The Adult Calfactant in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) Trial. Chest 2015; Epub:Epub.
- Wilson DF, Thomas NJ, Markovitz BP, et al: Effect of exogenous surfactant (calfactant) in pediatric acute lung injury. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 293:470-476.
- Wisniewska-Knypl JM, Wronska-Nofer T, & Jajte J: The effect of combined exposures to ethanol and xylene on rat hepatic microsomal monoxygenase activities. Alcohol 1989; 6:347-352.
- Wolf MA, Rowe VK, & McCollister DD: Toxicological studies of certain alkylated benzenes and benzene. AMA Arch Ind Health 1956; 14:387-398.
- Workrite: Chemical Splash Protection Garments, Technical Data and Application Guide, W.L. Gore Material Chemical Resistance Guide, Workrite, Oxnard, CA, 1997.
- Xiao G, Pan C, & Cai Y: Effect of benzene, toluene, xylene on the semen quality of exposed workers. Chinese Med J (English Edition) 1999; 112:709-712.
- Yamada K: Influence of lacquer thinner and some organic solvents on reproductive and accessory reproductive organs in the male rat. Biol Pharm Bull 1993; 16:425-427.
- Yue ZG, Mangun C, & Economy J: Removal of chemicla contaminants from water to below USEPA MCL using fiber glass supported activated carbon filters. Environmental Science & Technology 2001; 35(13):2844-2848.
- Zenz C: Occupational Medicine, 3rd ed, Mosby - Year Book, Inc, St. Louis, MO, 1994.
- de Caen AR, Berg MD, Chameides L, et al: Part 12: Pediatric Advanced Life Support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2015; 132(18 Suppl 2):S526-S542.
|