VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE

Vinylidene chloride is used mainly as a comonomer in the manufacture of thermoplastic copolymers. These copolymers are used as coatings and films and have such common names as Saran(R) and Velon(R). Copolymers containing as much as 85 percent vinylidene chloride have been approved for use in irradiated foods (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Haley, 1975; Torkelson & Rowe, 1981).

Copolymerization occurs between vinylidene chloride and various vinyl monomers, such as acrylonitrile, alkyl acrylate, methacrylates and vinyl acetate. The copolymers of vinylidene chloride are used in carpet backing as flame-retardant binders and in lacquer resins (ACGIH, 1991).

Additional uses include extrusion resins, barrier coatings, various reinforcement materials, food packaging, and as a component of adhesives and synthetic fibers (Baxter et al, 2000; HSDB , 2002; Raffle et al, 1994).
Vinylidene chloride latexes are mixed in cement and mortar to increase their strength. The latexes also provide flame-retardant and water-resistant qualities to non-woven fabrics and paints (Sittig, 1991).

FORMS

The compound is a colorless, clear, mobile liquid (Ashford, 1994; Bingham et al, 2001).
A small proportion of the commercial substance is the inhibitor (Lewis, 1997).
Small amounts of monomethyl ether of hydroquinone stabilizer are contained in the technical or commercial grade of vinylidene chloride (Raffle et al, 1994).

SOURCES

It is produced by dehydrochlorination of 1,1,2-trichloroethane (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996).
Successively chlorinating and dehydrochlorinating vinyl chloride can produce vinylidene chloride (HSDB , 2002).
Vinylidene chloride "is an environmental degradation product of perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene" (ACGIH, 1991).
It is thought that the substance does not occur naturally (Howard, 1989).
Manufacturers of plastics and metal finishing operations can release vinylidene chloride to the environment through wastewater. However, much of the substance will evaporate to the atmosphere (Howard, 1989).
Humans can be exposed to the substance in factories and polymerization plants (Baxter et al, 2000).
In the 1960's and 1970's, 1,1,1-trichloroethane was produced using vinylidene chloride (ACGIH, 1991).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Vinylidene chloride is toxic by ingestion, inhalation and intravenous exposure routes. It is irritating to the eyes, skin, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract.

Signs and symptoms of exposure may include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, dyspnea and pneumonitis. Exposure to high concentrations can produce central nervous system depression and unconsciousness. Hepatic and renal dysfunction may result from chronic exposure. Eye contact may cause conjunctivitis and transient corneal injury.

It is considered a potential carcinogen and mutagen.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Inhalation of vinylidene chloride can result in central nervous system depression, with accompanying dizziness and drowsiness. The extent of the depression is related to the concentration inhaled (ACGIH, 1991; Haley, 1975; ILO, 1998). Concentrations of 4,000 ppm lead to symptoms similar to inebriation and may proceed to unconsciousness if the exposure continues (ACGIH, 1991; Irish, 1963).

Liquid vinylidene chloride is irritating to the skin, and exposure can result in erythema and burns (Baxter et al, 2000; ILO, 1998). Vinylidene chloride may contain the inhibitor MEHQ (monomethyl ether of hydroquinone), which may cause occupational leukoderma of the forearms and head (Chivers, 1972). If a solution containing the inhibitor MEHQ is allowed to evaporate, the increased concentration of the phenolic MEHQ may cause skin burns and depigmentation (Bingham et al, 2001).

Vinylidene chloride is irritating to the eyes and may cause erythema, pain, conjunctivitis and transient corneal injury and iritis, but seldom causes permanent injury. Solutions containing MEHQ may cause serious eye injury (Baxter et al, 2000; ILO, 1998; Bingham et al, 2001).

Vinylidene chloride is also irritating to the nose, throat, upper respiratory tract and lungs, producing inflammation of the mucous membranes (Baxter et al, 2000; Haley, 1975; Hathaway et al, 1996; ILO, 1998).

Abdominal pain is the result of vinylidene chloride ingestion (ILO, 1998).

The liver is considered a principal target of vinylidene chloride toxicity in animals (Hathaway et al, 1996).

In one study, oral administration of 2 mg/kg vinylidene chloride to rats resulted in increased alkaline phosphatase; inhalation did NOT induce these changes (Haley, 1975). Another report indicates that both inhalation and oral exposure result in increased serum enzyme markers of liver dysfunction and induction of hepatic enzymes in rats (Hathaway et al, 1996).
Vinylidene chloride decreases hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity, and increases serum alanine alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase activity. Hepatic glutathione content may be decreased; hepatic triglycerides may be increased (Hathaway et al, 1996).
High doses can result in hemorrhagic centrilobular necrosis in laboratory animals; rats have demostrated centrilobular vacuolization, swelling, degeneration and necrosis (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996).

Kidney damage, such as enzyme changes, hemoglobinuria, tubular swelling, degeneration and necrosis, can result in lab animals exposed to high doses (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996).

Exposure to vinylidene chloride reportedly resulted, within 8 to 30 hours, in irreversible lesions of the trigeminal nerve. This resulted in a loss of sensation to the face, mouth and tongue, and motor weakness of the jaw, eye and tongue muscles. The actual toxic substances may have been mono- or dichloracetylene that occurred during the production or storage of vinylidene chloride copolymer (Haley, 1975).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Chronic exposure to vinylidene chloride has caused liver and kidney injury in laboratory animals (ACGIH, 1991; Haley, 1975; Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 2002). Indeed, in laboratory animals, the liver and kidney are the main target organs; oral exposure may produce toxic effects in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract (ATSDR , 1997). Chronic inhalation exposure may result in lung injury (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

The long-term effects of chronic exposure in humans remain to a large extent undetermined, although liver and kidney toxicity is possible (Baxter et al, 2000; Bingham et al, 2001). Long-term or repeated dermal exposure may result in dermatitis (Bingham et al, 2001).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately flush the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration . Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, CNS, liver, and kidneys [in animals: kidney and liver tumors] (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

INGESTION EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation and CNS depression, DO NOT induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

The relationship of toxicity to human exposure concentrations is unclear (Torkelson & Rowe, 1981). A human study of 138 employees exposed to 5 to 20 ppm TWA showed no changes in mortality or health parameters (Bingham et al, 2001).

Exposure to 4,000 ppm of the compound results in central nervous system depression followed by symptoms of drunkenness and then unconsciousness. When removed from exposure to the substance, individuals tend to recover completely (Baxter et al, 2000; Hathaway et al, 1996).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS75-35-4 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Vinylidene chloride

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): C ; Listed as: 1,1-Dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE)

C : Possible human carcinogen.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Vinylidene chloride

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Vinylidene chloride

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: Vinylidene chloride

Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS75-35-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 5x10(-2) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC: 2x10(-1) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: HSDB, 2002 Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2002
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)DOG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)PRIMATE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SKIN)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 3.97 mg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (approximate) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1 mg/L = 252 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS75-35-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Vinylidene chloride

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 5 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Liver and kidney dam
Molecular Weight: 96.95

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS75-35-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS75-35-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Vinylidene chloride
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS75-35-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS75-35-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS75-35-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: 1,1-Dichloroethylene (D029)
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information: Unlisted Hazardous Wastes Characteristic of Toxicity
Listed as: Vinylidene chloride
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: 1,1-Dichloroethylene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Ethene, 1,1-dichloro-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS75-35-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS75-35-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: 1,1-Dichloroethylene
P or U series number: U078
Footnote:
Listed as: Ethene, 1,1-dichloro-
P or U series number: U078
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS75-35-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS75-35-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Vinylidene chloride
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS75-35-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as 1,1-Dichloroethylene, inhibited
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Vinylidene chloride, stabilized
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS75-35-4 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Ethene, 1,1-dichloro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1303 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Vinylidene chloride, stabilized

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1303
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: T12, TP2, TP7

T12: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP7: The vapor space must be purged of air by nitrogen or other means.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1303 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Vinylidene chloride, stabilized
UN Number: 1303

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS75-35-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Vinylidene Chloride
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 2

(2) Materials which in themselves are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate. This rating includes materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Outside or detached storage is preferred (NFPA, 1997).
Ensure that storage areas and containers do not sustain physical damage (OHM/TADS, 2002).

HANDLING

When handling the compound, personnel should wear rubber gloves, an apron, boots, goggles, and a gas mask (ITI, 1995).

When opening and closing vinylidene chloride containers, use equipment that is non-sparking. Use electrical equipment and fittings that are explosion-resistant when making, using, storing, or handling the substance (Sittig, 1991).

The compound should be used, handled, or stored in a well-marked and regulated area (Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store in cans (1-gallon), metal drums (5-55 gallon), tank cars, or tank barges. Ensure that metal storage containers are not fabricated of aluminum or copper. These metals will react with vinylidene chloride, creating a polymerization hazard (HSDB , 2000; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2000; Sittig, 1991).
Store the compound in tanks with linings made of nickel, baked phenolic, or glass (HSDB , 2000).
Drums containing the compound must have flame arresters, pressure vacuum bungs, and self-closing valves (Sittig, 1991).
Metal containers holding 5 gallons or more of the compound for shipping should be grounded and bonded (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet (NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2000).
Detached or outside storage is best (OHM/TADS , 2000).
Store under a nitrogen blanket at 10 psi pressure at -10 degrees C; ensure that the nitrogen's oxygen content stays at <100 ppm (HSDB , 2000).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Do not store in aluminum. Separate from air, sunlight, heat and other fire sources, copper, strong oxidizing materials, and strong acids (HSDB , 2000; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2000; Sittig, 1991).
To avoid polymerization, keep separate from chlorosulfonic acid, oxidizers, oleum, and nitric acid (NIOSH , 2000).
Also keep separate from chlorotrifluoroethylene, ozone, and perchloryl fluoride (Lewis, 2000).
Polymers from uninhibited vinylidene chloride vapors may form in flame arresters and in confined spaces and may cause blockages in vents (NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2000).
Uninhibited vinylidene chloride should not be exposed to air, as the compound will decompose into chlorine, hydrogen chloride, phosgene, formaldehyde, and white polymeric powder (HSDB , 2000).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Wear gloves, boots, an apron, and goggles that provide the appropriate level of chemical protection (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991).

When combating vinylidene chloride fires, wear a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus (AAR, 1998).

Wear appropriate protective clothing/equipment when handling broken packages of the substance (AAR, 1998).

Use soap and large amounts of water when vinylidene chloride comes in contact with the body (AAR, 1998).

Stay upwind and do not breathe vinylidene chloride vapors (AAR, 1998).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Appropriate eye protection should be worn (NIOSH , 2000).

Personnel should not wear contact lenses when working with vinylidene chloride (NIOSH , 2000).

Wash vinylidene chloride out of eyes using copious amounts of water on all parts of the eyes, including under lower and upper lids. Seek medical attention (NIOSH , 2000).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 75-35-4.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 9
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 154
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 139
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 139
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 139
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 6
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 44
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 34
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 39
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 6
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 44
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 43
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 9
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 250
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 90
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 8000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 9
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 800
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Vinylidene chloride is a flammable, volatile liquid (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).
- When exposed to heat or flame, the compound is an extremely dangerous fire hazard (Lewis, 2000).
"Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back" (NFPA, 1997).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS75-35-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Vinylidene Chloride
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS75-35-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Vinylidene Chloride
Extinguishing Method(s): 4

4: "Water may ineffective, except as a blanket" applies if a liquid has a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C), the specific gravity is 1.1 or greater, and the liquid is not water soluble. In this case, water should be gently applied as a fine spray or fog to the liquid surface.

"Use dry chemical, foam, carbon dioxide, or water spray. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Use flooding quantities of water. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance" (NFPA, 1997).

CHRIS (2000) reports that water may not be effective in fighting a vinylidene chloride fire; AAR (1998) states that water in solid streams may not be effective.

Stop flow of material before fighting fire. Use water as fog in flooding amounts (AAR, 1998).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Vinylidene chloride produces toxic fumes of chloride when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).
Hydrogen chloride and phosgene are possible combustion by-products (NFPA, 1997).
Vinylidene chloride combustion vapors are corrosive or toxic (AAR, 1998).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

In its gaseous state, vinylidene chloride is moderately explosive when exposed to heat or flame. When in contact with air, vinylidene chloride forms explosive peroxides, and when in contact with chlorosulfonic acid, nitric acid, or oleum, it can react violently. It may explode spontaneously (Lewis, 2000).

There is potential for an explosive reaction with chlorotrifluoroethylene at 180 degrees C. Vinylidene chloride will react explosively with perchloryl fluoride when heated above 100 degrees C (Lewis, 2000).

Dangerous reaction products result when vinylidene chloride comes in contact with ozone (Urben, 1999).

Containers in which polymerization has taken place (often caused by high temperatures) may rupture violently (AAR, 1998; (OHM/TADS , 2000).

"When stored at between -40 degrees C and 25 degrees C in the absence of inhibitor and in presence of air, vinylidene chloride rapidly absorbs oxygen with formation of a violently explosive peroxide. The latter initiates polymerisation, producing an insoluble polymer which adsorbs the peroxide. Separation of this polymer in the dry state must be avoided, since if more than 15% of peroxide is present, the polymer may be detonable by slight shock or heat. Hindered phenols are suitable inhibitors to prevent peroxidation " (Urben, 1999).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Vinylidene chloride produces toxic fumes of chloride when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

Stay upwind and avoid breathing vapors (AAR, 1998).

Immediately move a person who has breathed vapors to an area with fresh air. Keep the person at rest and warm and perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, if necessary. Seek medical attention (NIOSH , 2000).

Dizziness and drunkenness can result from breathing vinylidene chloride vapors; anesthesia can result from breathing high levels (CHRIS , 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

CAUTION: This material may polymerize violently under high temperature conditions or upon contamination with other products. Polymerization will produce heat and high pressure buildup in containers which may lead to an explosion or container rupture (ERG, 2004).

See EXPLOSION HAZARD section for further explosion information.

Vinylidene chloride may polymerize without an inhibitor. Polymerization may be caused by elevated temperatures, oxidizers, peroxides, sunlight, heat or air. If polymerization occurs in a container, the container may violently rupture. When dry, this polymer may be detonable by slight shock or heat (AAR, 1998; (HSDB , 2002; NFPA, 1997; Urben, 1999).

Vinylidene chloride reacts with itself, chlorosulfonic acid, nitric acid and oleum. It may also react with aluminum and its alloys (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).

The compound self-polymerizes in the presence of polymerization initiators and forms homopolymers. It also forms copolymers when in contact with vinyl chloride, alkylacrylates, acrylonitrile and other substances (HSDB , 2002).

Organic peroxides may form if the compound is in prolonged contact with air (NFPA, 1997).

"Condensation of [trichlorotrifluoroethylene and 1,1-dichloroethylene] at 180 degrees C under pressure to give 1,1,2-trichloro-2,3,3-trifluorocyclobutane was effected smoothly several times in a 1 L autoclave. Scaling up to a 3 L preparation led to uncontrollable polymerisation which distorted the larger autoclave" (Urben, 1999).

Pressure and temperature increased when vinylidene chloride was mixed with each of the following in separate closed containers: chlorosulfonic acid, 70% nitric acid, and oleum (HSDB , 2002).

Vinylidene chloride forms explosive peroxides when exposed to air. It can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Its reaction with ozone forms dangerous products. It may explode spontaneously (Lewis, 2000).

There is potential for an explosive reaction with chlorotrifluoroethylene at 180 degrees C. Vinylidene chloride will react explosively with perchloryl fluoride when heated above 100 degrees C (Lewis, 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

Evacuate to a one-half mile radius if vinylidene chloride is involved in an uncontrollable fire or if containers of the substance are exposed to fire (AAR, 1998).

When the substance is not on fire, but leaking, consider location, weather, and amount spilled when making evacuation decision (AAR, 1998).

If a large amount of vinylidene chloride is discharged, evacuate the area (CHRIS , 2000).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS75-35-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Vinylidene Chloride
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): not appropriate
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 350
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 1000
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS75-35-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Vinylidene chloride (1,1-dichloroethylene)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 5
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 75
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 500
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 1000
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS75-35-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS75-35-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
LAND SPILL
- Prevent solid or liquid substance from spreading by digging a pit, pond, lagoon, or other type of containment area (AAR, 1998).
- Use sand bags, soil, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete to contain the surface flow of the material (AAR, 1998).
- Use cement powder, fly ash, or commercial sorbents to absorb large amounts of liquids (AAR, 1998).
- To help lessen vapor and fire hazard, use appropriate foam (AAR, 1998).
WATER SPILL
- Trap spilled material at the bottom of a water body by using natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bags (AAR, 1998).
- To solidify spilled material and to make booms more effective, inject "universal" gelling agent (AAR, 1998).
- Use suction hoses to clean up material that is trapped (AAR, 1998).
- Remove large amounts of immobilized spilled material using mechanical dredges or lifts (AAR, 1998).
AIR SPILL
- "Knock down" vinylidene chloride vapors with water spray or mist (AAR, 1998).
Stop flow of material; use pumps and dredges; do not burn (CHRIS , 2000).
Ensure that personnel cleaning up a vinylidene chloride spill are wearing appropriate protective equipment. The area should be ventilated properly and all sources of ignition should be removed. Attempt to keep the substance out of sewers and other confined spaces because of explosion potential (Sittig, 1991).
EPA's environmental response team can provide professional assistance. The 24-hour number is (201)-321-6660.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

"Pour into vermiculite, sodium bicarbonate or a sand/soda ash mixture (90/10). (Add slaked lime if fluoride is present) mix in paper boxes, place in incinerator,cover with scrap wood and paper, and ignite with excelsior train. Stay upwind, or dump in closed incinerator with afterburner" (OHM/TADS , 2000).
Cover spill and suppress vinylidene chloride vapors using an appropriate foam. Use a substance that is not combustible to absorb the spill and then properly dispose of later (NFPA, 1997).
"Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U078 and D029, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste" (HSDB , 2000).
Possible removal/treatment methods include: air stripping for removal from wastewater and solvent extraction (HSDB , 2000).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

After dissolving vinylidene chloride in a flammable solvent, spray in an afterburner- and alkali scrubber-equipped incinerator firebox (OHM/TADS , 2000).
Ensure that the substance burns completely so that phosgene does not form. Incinerators should be equipped with acid scrubbers (Sittig, 1991).
Vinylidene chloride can be incinerated in a fluidized bed. For gases and liquids, residence times are seconds, with longer times for solids; 450 to 980 degrees C is the temperature range (HSDB , 2000).
The substance also can be incinerated in a rotary kiln. For gases and liquids, residence times are seconds, and for solids are hours; 820 to 1600 degrees C is the temperature range (HSDB , 2000).
Liquid injection incineration is another possible disposal method. Residence time is between 0.1 to 2 seconds with temperatures between 650 and 1600 degrees C (HSDB , 2000).
Do not burn vinylidene chloride that has been spilled on a beach (OHM/TADS , 2000).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Vinylidene chloride is released to the environment (emissions to air or wastewater) primarily by way of its use in plastics manufacturing and metal finishing (Howard, 1989).

Because thermal decomposition of 1,1,1-trichloroethane produces vinylidene chloride, it can be a pollution hazard in industrial environments where 1,1,1-trichloroethane is in contact with heat sources (Howard, 1989).

The compound can also form in groundwater containing chlorinated solvents (Howard, 1989).

"The general population may be exposed to low levels of vinylidene chloride in ambient air, indoor air, contaminated drinking water, and food which has come in contact with plastic wrap which contains residual monomer" (Howard, 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Because vinylidene chloride is photochemically reactive, it will react with and be degraded by hydroxyl radicals when released to air. It has an 11-hour half-life under these conditions and a half-life that is significantly shorter (<2 hours) when exposed to smog (Howard, 1989).
Half-lives of vinylidene chloride in air: High: 98.7 hours (4.1 days); Low: 9.9 hours; Comment: "Based upon photo-oxidation half-life in air" (Howard et al, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Most of any vinylidene chloride released into water will evaporate to the atmosphere with a 1- to 6-day half-life. Only a very small amount will be adsorbed to soil (Howard, 1989).
- Hydrolysis and biodegradation processes proceed very slowly after vinylidene chloride is released to groundwater (Howard, 1989).
- Half-lives of vinylidene chloride in surface water: High: 4320 hours (6 months); Low: 672 hours (4 weeks); Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life" (Howard et al, 1991).
- Half-lives of vinylidene chloride in groundwater: High: 3168 hours (132 days; 4.5 months); Low: 1344 hours (8 weeks); Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life and anaerobic grab sample data for soil from a ground water aquifer receiving landfill leachate" (Howard et al, 1991).
- AQUEOUS BIODEGRADATION (unacclimated):

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Partial evaporation and partial percolation into groundwater are the primary results when vinylidene chloride is spilled on land (Howard, 1989).
- "The mass transfer coefficient between water and the atmosphere of vinylidene chloride relative to oxygen has been measured to be 0.62. Using data for the oxygen reaeration rate of typical bodies of water, one can calculate the half-life for evaporation of vinylidene chloride to be 5.9, 1.2, and 4.7 days from a pond, river, and lake, respectively" (Howard, 1989).
- Half-lives for vinylidene chloride in soil: High: 4320 hours (6 months); Low: 672 hours (2 weeks); Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life" (Howard et al, 1991).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Photolysis occurs when the compound is adsorbed on silica gel. After 170 hours of exposure to sunlight, 72% of vinylidene chloride degraded (Howard, 1989).

Photooxidation of the compound in water is not a significant process (Howard, 1989).

Photooxidation half-life in air: High: 98.7 hours (4.1 days); Low: 9.9 hours; Comment: "Based upon measured rate data for the vapor phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air" (Howard et al, 1991).

A 6- to 9-month hydrolysis half-life was reported. With the pH between 4.5 and 8.5, there was no marked difference in the rate of hydrolysis (Howard, 1989).

Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b PP358, a mutant methanotroph that constitutively expresses soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO), quickly degraded vinylidene chloride with maximum substrate transformation of >7.5 mg/mg-day. Coefficients reflecting half-saturation points were in the 1 to >10mg/L range (Aziz et al, 1999).

BIODEGRADATION

Seven days after vinylidene chloride was incubated in a wastewater inoculum, 45-78% of the substance was lost; however, volatilization accounted for much of the loss (Howard, 1989).

Similarly, workers at a wastewater treatment plant reported a 97% loss of the substance, but the part evaporation played in this process was unknown (Howard, 1989).

"Under anaerobic conditions in microcosms designed to simulate the anaerobic conditions in ground water and landfills, vinylidene chloride undergoes reductive dechlorination to vinyl chloride. In the microcosms designed to simulate a ground water environment, 50% of the vinylidene chloride disappeared in 5-6 mo. Under the simulated landfill conditions, degradation occurred in 1-3 weeks" (Howard, 1989).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Vinylidene chloride has a low octanol/water partition coefficient; therefore, bioconcentration is not expected to be a significant fate process (Howard, 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

The effect of low concentrations of vinylidene chloride on aquatic life is not known (CHRIS , 2000).

Ecotoxicity Values (HSDB , 2000; OHM/TADS , 2000)

Values are from HSDB (2000), unless otherwise noted

TL50 - BLUEGILL: 220 ppm for 96H; freshwater; static; mg/L added (OHM/TADS , 2000)
TL50 - TIDEWATER SILVERSIDE: 250 ppm for 96H; saltwater; static; mg/L added (OHM/TADS , 2000)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 169,000 mcg/L for 96H; static bioassay
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 108,000 mcg/L for 96H; flow-through bioassay
LC50 - BLUEGILL (Lepomis Macrochirus): 74 mg/L at 24H and 96H; 21-23 degrees C; water hardness 32-48 mg/L (calcium carbonate); pH 6.7-7.8; dissolved oxygen concentration 7.0-8.9 mg/L; static bioassay
LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 249 mg/L for 24H, 48H, 72H, 96H; static bioassay; seawater
LC50 - MYSID SHRIMP (Mysidopsis bahia): >798 mg/L for 24H, 48H, 72H
LC50 - MYSID SHRIMP (Mysidopsis bahia): 224 mg/L for 96H; static bioassay; seawater
LC50 - BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 220 ppm for 96H; static bioassay; freshwater; 23 degrees C; mild aeration
LC50 - INLAND SILVERSIDE (Menidia beryllina): 250 ppm for 96H; static bioassay; synthetic seawater; 23 degrees C; mild aeration
EC50 - GREEN ALGA (Lelenastrum capricornutum): >798,000 mcg/L for 96H -- inhibition of chloroophyll synthesis; cell count
EC50 - ALGA (Skeletonema costatum): >712,000 mcg/L for 96H -- inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis; reduced cell counts

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

96.95

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Vinylidene chloride is a clear, colorless mobile and volatile liquid with a mild, sweet odor resembling chloroform (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2000) NIOSH, 2002).

At temperatures above 89 degrees F, the compound exists as a gas (NIOSH , 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

591 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)

400 mmHg (at 15 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997)

495 mmHg (20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.2129 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
1.213 g/mL (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.21 (NIOSH , 2000)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.2129 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2002)
1.2129 g/mL (at 4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-122 degrees C (CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 2000)
-187.6 degrees F (CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 2000)
151.2 K (CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 2000)
-189 degrees F (NIOSH , 2000)

MELTING POINT

-122.5 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; ACGIH, 1991)
-122 degrees C (-189 degrees F) (NFPA, 1997)

BOILING POINT

31.7 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996; Sittig, 1991)

31.6 degrees C (CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 2000)

88.9 degrees F (CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 2000)

304.8 K (CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 2000)

31 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

32 degrees C; 89 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

FLASH POINT

-15 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

-10 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)

14 degrees F (open cup) (Lewis, 1993)

0 degrees F (open cup) (Lewis, 2000)

-2 degrees F (NIOSH , 2000)

-19 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991)

-15 degrees C (open cup) (ACGIH, 1991)

-16 degrees C (open cup) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

-28 degrees C (Sittig, 1991)

3 degrees F (open cup) (HSDB , 2000)

-2 degrees F (closed cup) (HSDB , 2000)

-17 degrees C (closed cup) (HSDB , 2000)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

457 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)

856 degrees F (Lewis, 1993)

457.8 degrees C (ITI, 1995)

570 degrees C (NFPA, 1997)

1058 degrees F (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

7.3% (Lewis, 2000)
6.5% (NIOSH , 2000; Sittig, 1991)
5.6% (ACGIH, 1991; ITI, 1995)

UPPER

16.0% (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 2000)
15.5% (NIOSH , 2000; Sittig, 1991)
11.4% (ITI, 1995)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Nearly insoluble in water (Budavari, 1996)
"Sparingly soluble in water" (ACGIH, 1991).
3.5 g/L (at 4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)
3.0 g/L (at 16 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)
2.5 g/L (at 25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001; Howard, 1989; HSDB , 2002)
0.04% (NIOSH, 2002)
0.63 g/100 g water (at 50 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

The substance is soluble in most organic solvents (ACGIH, 1991).
Vinylidene chloride is soluble in chloroform (HSDB , 2002).
>10% in acetone (HSDB , 2002)
>10% in benzene (HSDB , 2002)
>10% in ether (HSDB , 2002)
>10% in ethanol (HSDB , 2002)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 2.13 (Howard, 1989)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

0.0301 atm m(3)/mol (Howard, 1989)

0.19 atm m(3)/mol (Pankow & Rosen, 1988)

2.61 X 10(-2) atm-m(3)/mol (at 24.8 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

11632 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection)(HSDB , 2000)
2:55F (Aldrich Library of Infrared Spectra, Aldrich Chemical Co, Milwaukee, WI)(HSDB , 2000)

MASS

4000 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base) (HSDB , 2000)
203 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, NY) (HSDB , 2000)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

190-500 ppm (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001)
Odor is detectable by some at 500 ppm
At 1,000 ppm, there is a mild, definite odor (sweet smell)
Vapors with decontamination products are detectable well below 500 ppm (disagreeable odor)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

5.21 mPa (HSDB , 2002)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

220.8 degrees C (HSDB , 2002)

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

4.67 (at 16 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

DIPOLE MOMENT

1.30 (at 25 degrees C in benzene) (HSDB , 2002)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-4860 Btu/lb (CHRIS , 2002)
-2700 cal/g (CHRIS , 2002)
-113 X 10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 2002)
1095.9 kJ/mol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

HEAT OF FUSION

1557 cal/mol (HSDB , 2002)

HEAT OF POLYMERIZATION

-333 Btu/lb (CHRIS , 2002)
-185 cal/g (CHRIS , 2002)
-7.75 X 10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 2002)
-18 Kcal/mol (HSDB , 2002)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.429 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

10.00 Ev (NIOSH, 2002)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

37 dynes/cm; 0.037 N/m (at 22.7 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2002)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

1:71B (Aldrich Library of Mass Spectra, Aldrich Chemical Co, Milwaukee, WI) (HSDB , 2002)
6335 (Sadtler research Laboratories Prism Collection) (HSDB , 2002)

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68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

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VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents