VINYL ACETATE

Vinyl acetate is used as an industrial solvent in polymerization (Hurtt et al, 1995; Budavari, 1996). It is used in polymerized form for plastic masses, films, and lacquers (Budavari, 1996). Polymerization occurs readily to form inert polyesters, which are widely used as plastic copolymers (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Vinyl acetate is used in polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, and polyvinyl chloride-acetate resins. It is also used in latex paints, paper coating, adhesives, textile finishing, and safety glass interlayers. A vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer is available for specialty products (Lewis, 1993).

ADHESIVES: A common use of polyvinyl acetate copolymer resins is in the production of white glues for the furniture industry. They may also be a component of spackling paste, an additive to cement mortar, concrete, or plaster, and in the assembly of cigarette filters (IARC, 1986).
PAINTS: Polyvinyl acetate copolymer emulsions are a common component of latex house paints, particularly exterior paints (IARC, 1986).
TEXTILES: Copolymers or emulsions are used in sizing, starch substitutes, binders in nonwoven fabrics, and nylon hosiery (IARC, 1986).
PAPER: Emulsions may be binders in paper coatings (IARC, 1986).
OTHER: Polyvinyl acetate copolymer is used as a chewing gum base. It is also found in hairsprays (Ellenhorn & Barceloux, 1988).

Polymers contain residual amounts of vinyl acetate monomer, up to 5 g/kg (IARC, 1986).

FORMS

Polyvinyl acetate is a clear, mobile, flammable liquid, which polymerizes in light to a colorless, transparent mass (Hurtt et al, 1995; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).

SOURCES

Vinyl acetate is manufactured by a reaction between ethylene and sodium acetate (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Vinyl acetate is moderately toxic by the ingestion, inhalation, and intraperitoneal routes of exposure. It is irritating to the eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract. Prolonged dermal contact (clothing wet with vinyl acetate) may result in severe irritation or blistering of the skin.

In a study of 21 workers exposed for an average of 15 years at concentrations between 5 and 10 ppm (with occasional excursions above 300 ppm), it produced no serious chronic effects.

Chronic occupational exposure has been reported to cause CNS symptoms, chronic bronchitis, cardiovascular symptoms, liver function changes, and hepatic enzyme induction.

Vinyl acetate is a questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data. It causes experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data have been reported.

Populations at special risk include those with chronic irritation of the respiratory tract, chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin, and those with chronic eye irritation.

Routes of human exposure primarily include occupational exposure via inhalation of the vapor and contact of the liquid or vapor with the skin and eyes.

The general population may be exposed through inhalation of contaminated air in the vicinity of its commercial production and use and in the vicinity of waste disposal sites containing the compound. Dermal contact from residual monomer remaining in polyvinyl acetate products may be possible.

Although never demonstrated experimentally, residual monomer (in polyvinyl acetate containers used to store food products) may leach into food products and result in ingestion. Vinyl acetate exhibits relatively low toxicity as a monomer, and more toxicity as a polymer. Primary human exposure, however, most likely results through inhalation at occupational sites.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Based on its acute oral LD50 of 2920 mg/kg in rats (RTECS , 1993), vinyl acetate is a moderately toxic substance. Poisoning may occur from inhalation, dermal, or oral exposure (EPA, 1985).

Vinyl acetate is irritating to the eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract (EPA, 1985; RTECS , 1993). Irritation may occur at concentrations as low as 20 ppm (NIOSH, 1978). Direct contact with the eye may cause corneal injury, with recovery within 48 hours (McLaughlin, 1946). Vinyl acetate has a defatting action, and has resulted in severe skin irritation with the formation of blisters following prolonged dermal contact in industrial exposures (ACGIH, 1986).

Inhalation of concentrations ranging from 19.5 to 71.5 ppm caused olfactory fatigue after 0.5 to 4 hours (NIOSH, 1978).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

No effects were reported in one study of occupational exposure to 5 to 10 ppm of vinyl acetate (Deese & Joyner, 1969).

Chronic industrial exposure has been reported to cause CNS symptoms, chronic bronchitis, cardiovascular symptoms, liver function changes, and hepatic enzyme induction. Gradual deterioration of heart muscle has been reported, with symptoms of abnormal heart beat, chest pain, and syncope (EPA, 1985), but these effects are not well documented. Fatigue, irritability, insomnia, encephalopathy, vertigo, weakness, and polyneuritis have also been linked with chronic vinyl acetate exposure (IARC, 1995).

Chronic bronchitis with impaired ventilatory function was reported in workers exposed to up to 40 parts per million; however, other chemicals were also present in the workplace (Amatouni & Aharonian, 1980). Liver function changes were noted in the majority (unspecified) of 558 workers in a polyvinyl acetate production plant (Nargizyan et al, 1978).

Chronic inhalation of vinyl acetate at 200 and 600 ppm caused atrophy of the olfactory epithelium and replacement with different cell types, focal leukocyte exudate, and hyperplasia in the nasal cavity of mice (Clary, 1988). Concentration-dependent emphysema developed in rats and mice exposed continuously to vinyl acetate for 4 months (HSDB , 1993).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

DILUTION -

DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).

EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED -

Emesis is not recommended due to the irritant effects of vinyl acetate.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL -

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

OCCUPATIONAL

Industrial workplace concentrations of 5 to 10 ppm are well tolerated. Signs of mucous membrane irritation are evident at around 20 ppm (Deese & Joyner, 1969).

ANIMAL DATA

The No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) in rats is 200 ppm on inhalation. Administration in drinking water at 5,000 ppm gave no evidence of toxicity (ECIETC, 1991).
Dogs exposed 6 hours daily for several weeks starting at 91 ppm and ending after 11 weeks at 186 ppm exhibited eye irritation and lacrimation (Hathaway et al, 1991).
Rats exposed repeatedly to 100 ppm showed no effects (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS108-05-4 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Vinyl acetate

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Vinyl acetate
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Vinyl acetate
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: Vinyl acetate

2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Vinyl acetate
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3A ; Listed as: Vinyl Acetate

Category 3A : Substances for which the criteria for classification in Category 4 or 5 are fulfilled but for which the database is insufficient for the establishment of a MAK value.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS108-05-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC: 2x10(-1) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 2000 Lewis, 1996 Note: All values are from RTECS 2000, unless otherwise noted.
- LC50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 mg/m(3) = 3.52 x ppm

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS108-05-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Vinyl acetate

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 10 ppm
TLV-STEL: 15 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT, eye, and skin irr; CNS impair
Molecular Weight: 86.09

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Under Study

Vinyl acetate

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS108-05-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS108-05-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Vinyl acetate
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling: 4 ppm (15 mg/m(3)) [15-minute]
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS108-05-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS108-05-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS108-05-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Vinyl acetate
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Vinyl acetate monomer
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS108-05-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS108-05-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS108-05-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Vinyl Acetate Monomer
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 5000

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

1000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): f

f: Chemicals on the original list that do not meet toxicity criteria but because of their acute lethality, high production volume and known risk are considered chemicals of concern ("Other chemicals"). (November 17, 1986, and February 15, 1990.)

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS108-05-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Vinyl acetate
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS108-05-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS108-05-4 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Acetic acid ethenyl ester

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1301 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Vinyl acetate, stabilized

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1301
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: IB2, T4, TP1

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1301 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Vinyl acetate, stabilized
UN Number: 1301

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS108-05-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Vinyl Acetate
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 2

(2) Materials which in themselves are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate. This rating includes materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

For general handling, use spark-resistant tools. Ground large equipment items (OHM/TADS , 1995).

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Vinyl acetate is a storage hazard. It may undergo spontaneous exothermic polymerization (Lewis, 1992).
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet (NFPA, 1991).
Too low a level of inhibitor and warm, moist storage conditions may lead to spontaneous polymerization (HSDB , 1994).
Vinyl acetate should be stored at temperatures less than 37.8 degrees C (100 degrees F). No heating apparatus capable of exceeding 80% of the autoignition temperature of vinyl acetate (427 degrees C) should be used in vinyl acetate storage areas (HSDB , 1994).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Separate from oxidizing materials and peroxides. Outside or detached storage is preferred (NFPA, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Wear goggles or face shield, rubber or plastic gloves, apron, and boots when handling (NIOSH, 1978).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

Wear self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus when exposed to concentrations exceeding 14,000 mg/m(3) (NIOSH, 1978).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 108-05-4.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.03
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem F

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.8
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 82
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.45
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.05
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Rubber Laminate

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

Viton/Butyl

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Super

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 163
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 6
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 258
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 774
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 49
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 80
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 6
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 117
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 5
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 171
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 45
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 4
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 25
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 186
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 219
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 40
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 106
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Chem-ply/N-440

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 38
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 170.2
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Stanzoil/NL-34

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14.2
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 193.2
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 219
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 40
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 106
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 5
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 141
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 106
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 45
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 5
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 20
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 224
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 5
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 141
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 106
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): None Detected
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 87
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stansolv/A-14

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 402
Notes: 99%; non-normalized breakthrough
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Cobra F-466

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 20
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 436
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 19
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 200
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 216
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

North Safety Products

Silver Shield

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 33
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com
Trelleborg-Viking, Inc. 170 West Road Suite 1 Portsmouth, NH 03801 USA Phone: (603) 436-1236 Fax: (603) 436-1392 Toll-Free: (800) 344-4458 Website: http://www.trelleborg.com/protective/ Email: protective@trelleborg.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Vinyl acetate is flammable. It is a highly dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers (Lewis, 1992).
Polymerization reaction of vinyl acetate with dibenzoyl peroxide + ethyl acetate may release ignitable and explosive vapors (Lewis, 1992).
May polymerize if heated, resulting in explosion if inside a closed container (Sax, 1984).
Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back (NFPA, 1991).
Liquid floats on water and may spread fire (NFPA, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS108-05-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Vinyl Acetate
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane or nitroethane.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS108-05-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Vinyl Acetate
Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.
5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.

Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool (AAR, 1992; NFPA, 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Combustion may produce irritant and toxic gases (NFPA, 1991). These gases may have an acrid odor (HSDB , 1994).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Vapors form explosive mixtures with air (Sax, 1984).

Vinyl acetate may undergo spontaneous exothermic polymerization (Lewis, 1992).

Reaction of vinyl acetate with air or water to form peroxides that catalyze an exothermic polymerization reaction has caused several large industrial explosions (Lewis, 1992).

Reaction with hydrogen peroxide forms the explosive peracetic acid (Lewis, 1992).

Vinyl acetate reacts with oxygen above 50 degrees C to form an unstable explosive peroxide (Lewis, 1992).

It reacts with ozone to form the explosive vinyl acetate ozonide (Lewis, 1992).

Solution polymerization of the acetate dissolved in toluene has resulted in large industrial explosions (Lewis, 1992).

Polymerization reaction of vinyl acetate with dibenzoyl peroxide + ethyl acetate may release ignitable and explosive vapors (Lewis, 1992).

Vinyl acetate is incompatible (potentially explosive) with the following (Lewis, 1992; (NFPA, 1991):

2-amino ethanol
chlorosulfonic acid
ethylenediamine
ethyleneimine
hydrochloric acid
hydrofluoric acid
nitric acid
oleum
peroxides
sulfuric acid

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Vapors cause a slight smarting of the eyes or respiratory system if present in high concentrations. The effect is temporary (CHRIS , 1995).

Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back (NFPA, 1991).

Polymerization reaction of vinyl acetate with dibenzoyl peroxide + ethyl acetate may release ignitable and explosive vapors (Lewis, 1992).

Vinyl acetate vapor may react vigorously with desiccants (eg, silica gel or alumina) (Lewis, 1992).

Uninhibited monomer vapor may form polymer in vents and other confined spaces (NFPA, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

CAUTION: This material may polymerize violently under high temperature conditions or upon contamination with other products. Polymerization will produce heat and high pressure buildup in containers which may lead to an explosion or container rupture (ERG, 2004).

Vinyl acetate is flammable. It is a highly dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers (Lewis, 1992).

Hazardous polymerization may occur. Polymerization may be caused by elevated temperature, oxidizing materials, or peroxides (NFPA, 1991).

Too low a level of inhibitor and warm, moist storage conditions may also lead to spontaneous polymerization (HSDB , 1994).

Vinyl acetate vapor may react vigorously with desiccants (eg, silica gel or alumina) (Lewis, 1992).

Combustion may produce irritant and toxic gases (NFPA, 1991). These gases may have an acrid odor (HSDB , 1994).

Vinyl acetate is incompatible (potentially explosive) with the following (Lewis, 1992; (NFPA, 1991):

2-amino ethanol
chlorosulfonic acid
ethylenediamine
ethyleneimine
hydrochloric acid
hydrofluoric acid
nitric acid
oleum
peroxides
sulfuric acid

Hydrolysis is catalyzed by acid or base (Sax, 1984).

Vinyl acetate is noncorrosive when moisture free (OHM/TADS , 1995).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame, consider evacuation of one-half mile radius (AAR, 1992).

If material is leaking, but not on fire, consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location, and weather conditions (AAR, 1992).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS108-05-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Vinyl Acetate
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 5
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 75
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 500
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS108-05-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Vinyl acetate
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 6.7
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 6.7
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 180
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 610
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS108-05-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Vinyl acetate
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 6.7 ppm
mg/m3: 24 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 6.7 ppm
mg/m3: 24 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 6.7 ppm
mg/m3: 24 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 6.7 ppm
mg/m3: 24 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 6.7 ppm
mg/m3: 24 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Vinyl acetate
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 230 ppm
mg/m3: 810 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 230 ppm
mg/m3: 810 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 180 ppm
mg/m3: 630 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 110 ppm
mg/m3: 390 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 75 ppm
mg/m3: 260 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Vinyl acetate
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 760 ppm
mg/m3: 2700 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 760 ppm
mg/m3: 2700 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 610 ppm
mg/m3: 2100 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 380 ppm
mg/m3: 1300 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 250 ppm
mg/m3: 880 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS108-05-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1994).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if it can be done without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors, protect personnel, and dilute spills to form non-flammable mixtures. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal. Report any release in excess of 5000 pounds (AAR, 1992; NFPA, 1991).
Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material (AAR, 1992).
Land Spill: Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete (AAR, 1992).
Land Spill: Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents (AAR, 1992).
Land Spill: Apply universal gelling agent to immobilize spill (AAR, 1992).
Land Spill: Apply appropriate foam to diminish vapor and fire hazard (AAR, 1992).
Water Spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel (AAR, 1992).
Water Spill: Use surface active agent (eg, detergent, soaps, alcohols), if approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency (AAR, 1992).
Water Spill: Inject universal gelling agent to solidify encircled spill and increase effectiveness of booms (AAR, 1992).
Water Spill: If dissolved in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount (AAR, 1992).
Water Spill: Remove trapped material with suction hoses (AAR, 1992).
Water Spill: Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates (AAR, 1992).
Air Release: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors (AAR, 1992).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Vinyl acetate is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration (HSDB , 1994).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

With the exception of an isolated report of an occurrence of vinyl acetate in trace quantities in plants (watercress), it is not known whether vinyl acetate occurs as a natural product. Vinyl acetate is primarily released to the environment from industrial sources and biomass combustion. It is degraded relatively rapidly in the environment by chemical processes, and appears to be susceptible to biodegradation as well (HSDB , 1994).

Vinyl acetate may be dangerous if it enters water intakes and maybe harmful to aquatic life in small concentrations. Notify local health and wildlife officials. Notify operators of nearby water intakes (CHRIS , 1995).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Based on a vapor pressure of 85 mmHg at 20 degrees C, vinyl acetate is expected to exist almost entirely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere (HSDB , 1994).
Vapor-phase vinyl acetate is degraded rapidly in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (estimated half-life of 12 hours in an average atmosphere) (HSDB , 1994).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Vinyl acetate is chemically degraded in natural water by hydrolysis and reaction with photochemically produced oxidants (HSDB , 1994).
- The estimated hydrolysis half-life at 25 degrees C and pH 7 is 7.3 days; the hydrolysis rate increases as the pH increases (HSDB , 1994).
- Reaction with hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen in natural water may proceed at half-life rates of approximately 13 and 8 days, respectively (HSDB , 1994).
- Removal from water via volatilization may be very significant. Volatilization half-lives of 4.4 hr and 2.2 days have been estimated for a model river (1 meter deep) and a model pond, respectively (HSDB , 1994).
- Various screening studies have indicated that vinyl acetate is readily biodegradable (HSDB , 1994).
- Aquatic adsorption to sediment, bioconcentration, and direct photolysis are not important removal processes (HSDB , 1994).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Based on an aqueous hydrolysis half-life of 7.3 days (25 degrees C and pH 7), hydrolysis should be a significant process for vinyl acetate in moist soils. Hydrolysis rates will increase as the soil becomes more alkaline (HSDB , 1994).
- Various screening studies (not utilizing soil media) have indicated that vinyl acetate is readily biodegradable; therefore, significant biodegradation may occur in soil (HSDB , 1994).
- Vinyl acetate's vapor pressure of 85 mmHg at 20 degrees C indicates that evaporation from dry surfaces is likely to occur (HSDB , 1994).
- Vinyl acetate's estimated Koc value of 19-59 indicates that significant leaching is possible; however, concurrent hydrolysis should decrease the environmental importance of leaching (HSDB , 1994).
- Vinyl acetate readily polymerizes; therefore, if vinyl acetate is released to the environment in a spill situation, significant polymerization may occur (HSDB , 1994).

OTHER

OTHER
- The estimated half-life of vapor-phase vinyl acetate in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is 12 hours in an average atmosphere (HSDB , 1994).
- The estimated hydrolysis half-life of vinyl acetate at 25 degrees C and pH 7 is 7.3 days; the hydrolysis rate increases as the pH increases (HSDB , 1994).
- Reaction with hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen in natural water may proceed at half-life rates of approximately 13 and 8 days, respectively (HSDB , 1994).
- Volatilization half-lives of 4.4 hr and 2.2 days have been estimated for a model river (1 meter deep) and a model pond, respectively (HSDB , 1994).

BIODEGRADATION

Vinyl acetate is subject to microbial degradation in the environment and by pure cultures. Four yeasts and thirteen bacteria that feed aerobically on vinyl acetate have been isolated (Nieder et al, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY VALUES (HSDB , 1994):

1. TLm, guppy, 31.1 mg/L/24-96 hr, conditions of bioassay not specified
2. TLm, fathead minnow, 39-19 mg/L/24-96 hr, conditions of bioassay not specified
3. TLm, bluegill, 18.0 mg/L/96 hr, fresh water, conditions of bioassay not specified
4. TLm, goldfish, 42.3 mg/L/24-96 hr, conditions of bioassay not specified
5. LC50, flounder, greater than 100 ppm/48 hr, salt water, conditions of bioassay not specified
6. Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication inhibition test): Entosiphon sulcatum (protozoa) 81 mg/L
7. Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication inhibition test): Uronema parduczi Chatton-Lwoff (protozoa) 91 mg/L
8. Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication inhibition test): Pseudomonas putida (Bacteria) 6 mg/L
9. Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication inhibition test): Microcystis aeruginosa (Algae) 35 mg/L
10. Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication inhibition test): Scenedesmus quadricauda (Green algae) 370 mg/L

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

86.09 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Vinyl acetate is a colorless, mobile liquid which polymerizes to solid on exposure to light (Lewis, 1996). It has a pleasant and sweet characteristic fruity odor (HSDB , 2000).

It polymerizes in light to a colorless, transparent mass (Budavari, 1996). It may polymerize violently. The vapor forms explosive mixtures with air (HSDB , 2000).

The liquid is usually stabilized with either hydroquinone or diphenylamine inhibitors (Lewis, 1993).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

115 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

88 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (NFPA, 1991)

85 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

100 mmHg (at 21.5 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.932 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.932 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

-100 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996)
-93 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996)

BOILING POINT

72.7 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

FLASH POINT

-8 degrees C; 18 degrees F (closed cup) (Budavari, 1996)

-1 degree C; 30 degrees F (open cup) (Lewis, 1993)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

427 degrees C; 800 degrees F (Lewis, 1992; (Lewis, 1996)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

2.6% (Lewis, 1996)

UPPER

13.4% (Lewis, 1996)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

1 g in 50 mL (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
Lewis (1996) states that vinyl acetate is somewhat soluble in water.

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

ALCOHOL: Miscible (Budavari, 1996)
ETHER: Miscible (Budavari, 1996)
Soluble in most organic solvents including chlorinated solvents (Lewis, 1993).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

0.12 ppm (CHRIS , 2002)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

617 atm (CHRIS , 1995)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

252 degrees C (CHRIS , 1995)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.3941 (Lewis, 1993)

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VINYL ACETATE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents