VANADIUM PENTOXIDE

Vanadium pentoxide is used in textile dyes, inks, pesticides, ceramic tile coloring agent, sanitary ware colorant, photographic developer, and coating for welding electrodes (ACGIH, 2001; (Hathaway et al, 1996; ILO , 1998) OHM, TADS, 2001).
It is used as a depolarizer and UV inhibitor in glass (OHM/TADS, 2001).
It is used as a ferrovanadium alloy ingredient in automotive steels and in jet engines and airframes (ACGIH, 1991).
It is used as a catalyst in oxidation reactions involving sulfur oxide, oxides of nitrogen, phthalic acid, maleic acid, adipic acid, acrylic acid, and oxalic acid (ACGIH, 1991) HSDB, 2001; (ILO , 1998).
Additional uses include (HSDB, 2001):

Lowering the melting point of enamel frits for the coating of aluminum, substrates.
Inhibiting corrosion in carbon dioxide scrubbing solution of the Benfield and related processes for the production of hydrogen from hydrocarbons.
Serving as a cathode in primary and secondary (rechargeable) lithium batteries.
Functioning as a catalyst in automobile catalytic converters.

FORMS

Airborne vanadium pentoxide can exist as fume or dust (ACGIH, 1992; RTECS , 1991).

The fume of vanadium pentoxide is believed to be more toxic than the dust because its smaller particle size makes it respirable (ACGIH, 1992; Hathaway et al, 1996).

It can be obtained in the following industrial grades (98-99% purity): commercial air dried, commercial fused, chemical purity air dried, and chemical purity fused (HSDB, 2001).

SOURCES

Vanadium pentoxide is prepared by heating ammonium metavanadate (Budavari, 1996).
It can be obtained from alkali or acid extraction from vanadium minerals and from concentrated ferrophosphorus slag by roasting with sodium chloride, leaching with water, purifying via solvent extraction, precipitation, and heating (Lewis, 1997).
Exposure to vanadium oxide dust and fume can occur in smelting and refining and also from oil-fired furnace flues, where vanadium pentoxide may constitute as much as 50% of the soot by weight (ILO , 1998).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Inhalation of dust or fume is the most common form of poisoning. Vanadium pentoxide may be irritating to the eyes, skin and mucous membranes. Signs and symptoms of exposure may include conjunctivitis, rhinitis, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, tracheitis, hemoptysis, epistaxis, bronchitis, bronchospasm, pulmonary edema, and a greenish-black discoloration of the tongue. Pulmonary function may be diminished with chronic exposure, but pneumoconiosis does not develop.

Other effects may include skin rashes, chest pain or palpitations, nervousness, headache, vertigo, palor, hematuria, and albuminuria. Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain may develop following ingestion. Anemia may occur. Liver and kidney injury have been noted in experimental animals.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

The major route of exposure to vanadium pentoxide is inhalation (Hathaway et al, 1991). The major target for vanadium pentoxide toxicity is the RESPIRATORY TRACT (ACGIH, 1992). It is an irritant of the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract at 0.1 mg/m(3) or greater (NIOSH/OSHA). Bronchitis, wheezing, rales, chest pain, and productive cough can occur following acute exposure, with effects sometimes being delayed by several days and lasting up to 2 weeks (NIOSH/OSHA; (Hathaway et al, 1991). Higher exposures can produce bronchopneumonia and pulmonary edema (HSDB). Vanadium pentoxide can be absorbed through the lungs (Friberg et al, 1986).

Vanadium pentoxide is irritating to the eyes at airborne concentrations greater than 0.5 mg/m(3), and can cause dermatitis with direct skin contact. It is not clear whether or not vanadium pentoxide can be absorbed through the skin, although some soluble vanadium compounds can be taken up by the dermal route (Friberg et al, 1986).

Ingestion can produce gastrointestinal disturbances, but vanadium in general is poorly absorbed from the digestive tract (Domingo, 1986).

A GREEN TONGUE may occur with high-level acute exposure to vanadium compounds (Friberg et al, 1986).

Larger acute exposure can produce effects on the nervous system, including paralysis, respiratory depression, and convulsions, but these generally occur only in fatal exposures (Clayton & Clayton, 1981). Vanadium is a powerful VASOCONSTRICTOR and can cause renal hypertension (Friberg et al, 1986).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Repeated exposures to vanadium pentoxide are associated with respiratory effects similar to those of acute exposure, except that the intensity increases with further exposures and lower doses (Friberg et al, 1986; Hathaway et al, 1991). Chronic bronchitis (NIOSH/OSHA), green tongue, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis, rales, chronic productive cough, tightness of the chest, and allergic dermatitis have been reported. The onset of respiratory effects can be followed by systemic effects, including loss of appetite, anemia, nausea, headache, insomnia, nervousness, hypertension, dizziness, kidney damage, tremor, psychological problems, and blindness (HSDB).

Chronic exposure to vanadium pentoxide is frequently associated with asthma, but it is not clear if this is the causative agent (Hathaway et al, 1991). Vanadium pentoxide is a dermal sensitizer and can cause eczema (Hathaway et al, 1991).

However, systemic effects are rare with occupational exposure (Friberg et al, 1986). TOLERANCE may develop to the irritant effects of vanadium compounds (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Boiler repairmen exposed to an average PM(10) concentration of 1.44 to 6.69 mg/m(3), and average vanadium of 2.2 to 31.3 mcg/m(3) for approximately 4 weeks, experienced a mean fall in FEV(1) of 140 mL. This change in respiratory function was related to the PM(10) and not to vanadium, however (Hauser et al, 1995).

Decreased erythrocyte counts and increased peripheral reticulocytes were present in the blood of rats receiving vanadium (in the form of sodium metavanadate at 0.01 or 0.05 mg/cm(3)) in the drinking water for 4 weeks (Zaporowska et al, 1993).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE (DUST ONLY) - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE (DUST ONLY) - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE (FUME AND DUST) - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration . Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE (DUST ONLY) - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS (FUME AND DUST) - Eyes, skin, and respiratory system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; Chemsoft(R) , 2000).

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
ARRHYTHMIAS - Cardiac monitoring should be done for patients with chest pain or palpitations. If ventricular arrhythmias are present, antiarrhythmic therapy could be required.

LIDOCAINE: ADULT: LOADING DOSE: 1 to 1.5 milligram/kilogram via IV push. For refractory VT/VF an additional bolus of 0.5 to 0.75 milligram/kilogram can be given at 5 to 10 minute intervals to a maximum dose of 3 milligrams/kilogram. Only bolus therapy is recommended during cardiac arrest. INFUSION: Once circulation is restored begin an infusion of 1 to 4 mg/min. If dysrhythmias recur during infusion repeat 0.5 milligram/kilogram bolus and increase the infusion rate incrementally (maximal infusion rate is 4 milligrams/minute). PEDIATRIC: LOADING DOSE: 1 milligram/kilogram initial bolus IV/IO; followed by a continuous infusion of 20 to 50 micrograms/kilogram/minute. Monitor ECG continuously.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation, DO NOT induce emesis.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

"Probable oral lethal dose for humans is between 5 and 50 mg/kg" (Sittig, 1991).

ANIMAL STUDIES

Vanadium pentoxide is more toxic than other vanadium forms (although vanadium is poisonous to all species studied in all but very small doses irregardless of the route of administration) (ACGIH, 1991).
RABBIT - The lethal dose by intravenous administration to rabbit is reported to be about 1.5 mg of vanadium pentoxide per kilogram of body weight (ACGIH, 1991).
RAT - Deaths were reported in rats exposed to 70 mg/m(3) of vanadium pentoxide fume for over 2 hours. The lethal concentration of vanadium pentoxide dust was 700 to 800 mg/m(3) for 1 hour (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

"Occupational vanadium poisoning has been associated with its mining and milling and from cleaning gas turbine heat exchanges or oil-fired boilers". Evaluation of occupational exposures to vanadium pentoxide is confounded by the concomitant potential exposures to vanadium trioxide, an intermediate in the reduction of vanadium pentoxide to metallic vanadium (ACGIH, 1991).

Workers who were exposed to vanadium pentoxide dust at concentrations in excess of 0.5 mg/m(3) for a period of up to 2 weeks developed acute respiratory symptoms and demonstrable vanadium levels in urine. The signs and symptoms persisted fro nearly 2 weeks after removal from exposure (Baselt, 1997; Baselt, 2000).
"Controlled human exposure to vanadium pentoxide at a concentration of 0.1 mg/m(3) for 8 hours produced mucous formation in the lungs and cough that subsided within 3 days, while a concentration of 0.25 mg/m(3) caused a loose cough that persisted for 7-10 days" (Baselt, 1997; Baselt, 2000).

The lowest published toxic airborne concentration was 346 mg/m(3), producing cough, dyspnea, and excessive sputum (RTECS , 2001).
Russian studies determined that 0.116 mg/m(3) was the no-effect concentration and 0.27 mg/m(3) the EC50 for irritant effects in humans (IRPTC, 1984).
From older studies when vanadium compounds were used therapeutically, daily divided doses of 24 to 80 mg (as V) were tolerated by humans (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
The level which is immediately dangerous to life or heath is listed as 35 mg/m(3) by NIOSH (HSDB, 2001).

ANIMAL STUDIES

RABBIT - After 10 months of inhalation exposure at 10 to 30 mg/m(3), rabbits exhibited symptoms of bronchitis, pneumonia, weight loss, and bloody diarrhoea (Bingham et al, 2001).
RABBIT - After 8 months of inhlation exposure at 20 to 40 mg/m(3) for 1 hour a day, rabbits exhibited symptoms of conhunctivitis, chronic rhinitis, tracheitis, emphysema, pathces of lung atelectasis, bronchopneumonia, and some pyelonephritis (Bingham et al, 2001).
RAT - Acute intoxications were reported in rats exposed to 10 mg/m(3) of vanadium pentoxide fume for 2 hours and those exposed to 80 mg.m(3) of vanadium pentoxide dust for 1 hour (ACGIH, 1991).
RAT - Intoxications from subchronic inhalation exposures to vanadium pentoxide were also reported when white rats were exposed to 3 to 5 mg/m(3) of vanadium pentoxide fume every other day (2 hours a day) for 3 months and when white rats were exposed to 10 to 30 mg/m(3) of vanadium pentoxide dust every other day (1 hour a day) for 4 months (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001).
RAT - Mininmum effective concentration of vanadium pentoxide fume for rat has been reported to be 10 mg/m(3) by inhalation route (Bingham et al, 2001).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1314-62-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Vanadium pentoxide, as V

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Information reviewed but value not estimated. Refer to Full IRIS Summary. ; Listed as: Vanadium pentoxide
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: Vandium pentoxide

2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Vanadium dust
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Vanadium fume
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS1314-62-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 9x10(-3) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1991 Bingham et al, 2001 CHRIS, 2001 ) ITI, 1995 OHM/TADS, 2001; RTECS, 2001
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)CAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1314-62-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Vanadium pentoxide, as V

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.05 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: I
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
I: Inhalable fraction; see Appendix C, paragraph A (of TLV booklet).

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and LRT irr
Molecular Weight: 181.88

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS1314-62-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1314-62-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Vanadium dust
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling: 0.05 mg V/m(3) [15-minute]
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): [*Note: The REL applies to all vanadium compounds except Vanadium metal and Vanadium carbide (see Ferrovanadium dust).],

Listed as: Vanadium fume
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling: 0.05 mg V/m(3) [15-minute]
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS1314-62-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Vandium, Respirable dust (as V2-O5)
Table Z-1 for Vandium, Respirable dust (as V2-O5):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value: (C) - An employee's exposure to this substance shall at no time exceed the exposure limit given.
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Listed as: Vandium, Fume (as V2-O5)
Table Z-1 for Vandium, Fume (as V2-O5):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.1

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value: (C) - An employee's exposure to this substance shall at no time exceed the exposure limit given.
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS1314-62-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS1314-62-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Vanadium oxide V2O5
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Vanadium pentoxide
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS1314-62-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS1314-62-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Vanadium oxide V2 O5
P or U series number: P120
Footnote:
Listed as: Vanadium pentoxide
P or U series number: P120
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS1314-62-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Vanadium Pentoxide
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 1000

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

100/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS1314-62-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS1314-62-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS1314-62-1 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Vanadium oxide (V2O5)

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2862 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Vanadium pentoxide, non-fused form

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2862
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP3, T1, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP3: Flexible IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or must be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 100 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 200 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2862 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Vanadium pentoxide, non-fused form
UN Number: 2862

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS1314-62-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Vanadium pentoxide should not be normally handled under uncontrolled conditions.

For protection from handling small amounts of the dust, wear appropriate clothing to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact and wear eye protection. Wash promptly when skin is wet or contaminated and remove nonimpervious clothing promptly if wet or contaminated (Sittig, 1991).
For vanadium pentoxide fume, wear respiratory protection (Sittig, 1985) in addition to the above precautions.

IN CASE OF SPILL WITHOUT FIRE: Do not breathe dust; wear proper respiratory protection and protective clothing; do not touch spilled material (EPA, 1985).
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENTS

A positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and structural firefighters' protective clothing will provide limited protection against this material (DOT, 1993).

HANDLING

"Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment" (AAR, 2000).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

It is a irritant to the respiratory tract, skin, and conjunctivae; personal protective clothing should be used (CHRIS , 2001) OHM/TADS, 2001).

Lung functional tests are recommended prior to beginning employment and at regular times after employment (Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Contact with eyes can cause irritation; contact with skin can cause eczema. Protective gear (such as dust-proof goggles or full face piece respiratory equipment) should be used. In case of contact, flush eyes with water for at least 15 minutes and flush face with water or wash with soap and water (CHRIS , 2001).

It causes ocular irritation at concentrations lower than that of respiratory irritation (Grant, 1993).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 1314-62-1.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
Vanadium pentoxide "may increase the intensity of a fire when in contact with combustible materials" (CHRIS , 2001).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS1314-62-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS1314-62-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Choose a fire extinguishing agent suitable for the surrounding materials, as this agent is noncombustible (AAR, 2000).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Acrid smoke and oxides of vanadium fumes may be released if this material is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Acrid smoke and oxides of vanadium fumes may be released if this material is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Vanadium pentoxide has potentially hazardous reactions with (NFPA, 1997; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997) Urben, 1999):

Calcium + sulfur + water (can lead to fire)
Chlorine trifluoride
Lithium + heat
Performic acid

An acidic solution results when vanadium pentoxide is dissolved in water (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Vandium pentoxide reacts with halides (forming VOCl3, VOF3, or VOBr3) (Zenz, 1994).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS1314-62-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS1314-62-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Vanadium pentoxide (Vanadium(V) oxide)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.179
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 1
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 7
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 125
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS1314-62-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS1314-62-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
If spilled in waterways, it will sink and associate with sediments (with minimal dissolution) (OHM/TADS, 2001).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

For small spills of vanadium pentoxide, cover it with ammonium carbonate, add crushed ice, spray with 6M of NH4OH, stir in the hood, transfer to a wide-mouthed bottle with stopper, let stand overnight, filter, then dry to recover vanadium pentoxide (ITI, 1995).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Land spill should be covered with plastic sheeting if necessary to prevent it from dissolving in rain or other source of water prior to clean up (AAR, 2000).
If vanadium pentoxide is spilled in water:
- Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or agricultural lime (CaO) may be used to neutralize the solution followed by aeration (AAR, 2000).
- Undissolved or immobilized masses of pollutants or precipitates may be removed with mechanical dredges or lifts (AAR, 2000).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

For small amounts of vanadium pentoxide, cover it with ammonium carbonate, add crushed ice, spray with 6M of NH4OH, stir in the hood, transfer to a wide-mouthed bottle with stopper, let stand overnight, filter, then dry to recover vanadium pentoxide (ITI, 1995).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

"Vanadium pentoxide maybe disposed of in a sanitary landfill" (Sittig, 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Vanadium pentoxide may be dangerous when it enters water intakes (CHRIS , 2001).

Vanadium pentoxide exhibits low mobility in all but acid soils. It can be taken up by plants (OHM/TADS, 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Vanadium pentoxide exhibits low mobility in all but acid soils. It can be taken up by plants (OHM/TADS, 2001).

BIODEGRADATION

Two newly isolated strains of Pseudomonas were studied for their ability to reduce pentavalent vanadium to lower oxidation states under anaerobic conditions.

Vanadate was reduced to tetra- and trivalent states in cultures with molecular hydrogen and carbon dioxide and with other organic electron donors.

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Concentration factors for fish is 10 (OHM/TADS, 2001).
Concentration factors for marine and freshwater plants is 100 (OHM/TADS, 2001).
The concentration factor in invertebrates is 50 (OHM/TADS, 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

The primary hazard is the threat to the environment (AAR, 2000).

Vanadium pentoxide is harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations (CHRIS , 2001).

Aquatic Toxicity (OHM/TADS, 2001)

TLm - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOWS: 55 ppm as vanadium for 96H -- in hard water test environment
TLm - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOWS: 13 ppm as vanadium for 96H -- in soft water test environment

The exchangeable fractions in the soil solution are recommended not to exceed 0.5 ppm of vanadium in order to prevent phytotoxicity to crops. Iron and calcium impair vanadium uptake. Selenium uptake is positively correlated to vanadium uptake from soil (OHM/TADS, 2001).

The livestock toxicity is valued at 0.1 ppm (OHM/TADS, 2001).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

181.88

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Vanadium pentoxide is an odorless, noncombustible solid (AAR, 2000; (Sittig, 1991).

It has been described as a yellow-orange powder (Sittig, 1991), or dark gray flakes (Sittig, 1991), or yellow to rust brown orthorhombic crystals (Budavari, 1996).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

3.357 for vanadium pentoxide (OHM/TADS, 2001)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

3.357 g/mL (at 18 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
3.36 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994; CHRIS , 2001)
3.375 g/mL (at 18 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

690 degrees C; 1274 degrees F (Ashford, 1994; EPA, 1985)

BOILING POINT

1750 degrees C; 3182 degrees F (decomposes) (Bingham et al, 2001) HSDB, 2001)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Vanadium pentoxide is slightly soluble in water, and it sinks in water (OHM/TADS, 2001):

1 g/125 mL (Budavari, 2000); 0.8 g/100 mL (ACGIH, 1991)
700 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Vanadium pentoxide is soluble in concentrated acids and forms yellow to red solutions (Budavari, 2000).
It is soluble in alkalis and forms vanadates (Budavari, 2000).
Vanadium pentoxide is soluble acetone (HSDB, 2001).
It is insoluble in alcohol (Budavari, 2000).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

HEAT OF FUSION

85.5 cal/g (CHRIS , 2001)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.46; 1.52; 1.76 (Bingham et al, 2001)

-REFERENCES

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65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

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67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

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VANADIUM PENTOXIDE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents