URANIUM-238

Commercial uses of uranium include nuclear power reactors and nuclear weapons, armor-piercing ammunition, inertial guidance systems and gyro compasses, radiation shielding, and x-ray targets (Budavari, 1996).

FORMS

URANIUM-238 (U-238) is a dense, ductile, malleable, lustrous, radioactive metal of the actinide series (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993). Pure uranium is not an external radiation hazard, as it emits mainly low energy alpha-radiation of 4.2 Mev. U-238 has a half-life of 4.5 x 10(9) years. It decays to the stable isotope of Pb-206 (LEAD). There are some beta- and gamma-emissions from uranium ore.
Uranium is highly reactive and never occurs in the metallic form in nature (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). It can occur in the +3, +4, +5 or +6 valence states, with +6 being the most stable (ACGIH, 1992). Most +4 compounds are oxidized to the +6 state during biological absorption (ACGIH, 1992).
Metallic uranium reacts with nearly all non-metals and is attacked by water, acids and peroxides (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993). The powdered metal is a dangerous fire risk and ignites spontaneously in air (Lewis, 1993).
Important soluble uranium compounds are the nitrate, fluoride, and hexafluoride, while insoluble ones include the dioxide and tetrafluoride (Hathaway et al, 1991).

SOURCES

The principle substances for occupational and environmental exposure to uranium-238 are RADIUM-226, RADON-222, and the short-lived RADON DAUGHTERS (Colle R, 1980). The dose to the lungs from inhalation of radon is mainly due to alpha-emissions from radon-222 and radon daughters, and not to radon itself (Colle R, 1980). Exposure to radon and its daughters in stone or brick dwellings may play an important role in the etiology of lung cancer in the general population (Edling, 1984), as half of the total background exposure to ionizing radiation is thought to be from radon daughters.
Other non-occupational exposures to uranium include peat bogs, coal power plants, mining and milling wastes, and dietary intake. Some exposure can occur from leaching of uranium pigments used in pottery and stoneware by acidic foods.
Daily dietary intake of uranium is approximately 1.75 mcg in the normal US diet, and the total body burden in non-occupationally exposed persons has been estimated at 100 to 125 mcg (ACGIH, 1992; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Occupational exposure to uranium occurs during uranium mining, although silicosis may be a greater risk for miners (EOSH, 1982). Occupational exposures are mainly by inhalation. Critical organs are the KIDNEYS and the LUNGS (EOSH, 1982).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

The radiation hazard of uranium is greater than its chemical hazard (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Aside from the radiation hazard, the soluble uranium compounds are more toxic than the insoluble ones (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Although U-238 is not an external radiation hazard, it is a highly toxic element on an acute basis if it enters the body. The soluble compounds are a hazard to the liver and kidneys, especially the renal tubules (ILO, 1983; Hathaway et al, 1991). The high toxicity of insoluble uranium compounds is largely due to irradiation of the lung from inhaled particles.

Uranium and its salts are highly toxic chemicals. Dermatitis, possible basaloma (Sevcova, 1976), acute necrotic arterial lesions, and sudden death may occur (Donoghue, 1972).

Acute renal failure, refractory anemia, rhabdomyolysis, myocarditis, liver dysfunction, coagulopathy and paralytic ileus occurred in a case of deliberate ingestion of 15 grams of uranium acetate. Renal impairment was still present 6 months later (Pavlakis et al, 1996).

Insoluble uranium compounds mostly remain in the lung after inhalation (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Acute exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation produces RADIATION SICKNESS, also known as ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME. This condition occurs generally with acute exposure to greater than 100 RADs, and has four distinct phases: prodrome, latent, manifest illness, and recovery.

Other effects of acute exposure to ionizing radiation are erythema and burns of the skin.

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Uranium metal and insoluble compounds can cause dermatitis (Budavari, 1996).

A study of uranium miners showed an increased incidence of abnormal sputum cytology, much greater in smokers than nonsmokers (Band, 1982). Other toxic effects of uranium include renal aminoaciduria, renal tubular necrosis (Black, 1965), pulmonary abnormalities, dyspnea (Samet, 1984), and pneumoconiosis (Cooper, 1968).

There is a possible connection between radon daughters attached to dust particles in uranium mines and enhancement of the pulmonary fibrogenic effect of silica (Trapp, 1970).

Studies in hamsters demonstrated that exposure to uranium dust causes inflammation and proliferative pulmonary changes, as well as carcinomas, with high-level exposure to radon daughters (Cross, 1981). Experimental animal studies have reported the effects of both acute (subcutaneous injection) and chronic (oral) uranium poisoning on autoimmune processes in the thyroid (Malenchenko, 1978) and on the TESTES (Malenchenko & Barkun, 1976).

A Czech study showed a significant and continuous decrease in cholinesterase activity in uranium miners, related to duration of exposure (Pehr & Nosek, 1973).

Pb-210 and Po-219 (as U-238 decay products) have been found in the soft tissues and skeletons of uranium miners, indicating a systemic distribution of uranium (Blanchard & Moore, 1971). Uranium mining is also associated with tuberculosis and other non-malignant respiratory diseases, but the data do not allow any firm conclusions as to the possible role of uranium (Waxweiler, 1983). The pattern is suggestive of an immunosuppressive effect.

There is a possible radiation effect of uranium on hematopoiesis in the bone marrow (Vich, 1970). A study in uranium miners found that immune suppression accompanied development of lung cancer (p 4).

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-61-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A1 ; Listed as: Uranium (natural)

A1 :Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A1 ; Listed as: Uranium (natural), soluble and insoluble compounds, as U

A1 :Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Information reviewed but value not estimated. Refer to Full IRIS Summary. ; Listed as: Uranium, natural
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Uranium (insoluble compounds, as U)

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Uranium (soluble compounds, as U)

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7440-61-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7440-61-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Uranium (natural)

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.2 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL: 0.6 mg/m(3)
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A1
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A1: Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Kidney dam
Molecular Weight: 238.03

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Uranium (natural), soluble and insoluble compounds, as U

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.2 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL: 0.6 mg/m(3)
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A1
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A1: Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Kidney dam
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7440-61-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7440-61-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Uranium (insoluble compounds, as U)
REL:

TWA: 0.2 mg/m(3)
STEL: 0.6 mg/m(3)
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A,

Listed as: Uranium (soluble compounds, as U)
REL:

TWA: 0.05 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A

IDLH:

IDLH: 10 mg Uranium/m3
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

IDLH:

IDLH: 10 mg Uranium/m3
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7440-61-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Uranium (as U) - Soluble compounds
Table Z-1 for Uranium (as U) - Soluble compounds:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.05

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Listed as: Uranium (as U) - Insoluble compounds
Table Z-1 for Uranium (as U) - Insoluble compounds:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.25

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7440-61-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7440-61-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7440-61-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Uranium-238
Final Reportable Quantity, in Ci (Bq):

0.1 (3.7E 9)

Note(s):

[phis]: Notification requirements for releases of mixtures or solutions of radionuclides can be found in § 302.6(b) of this rule. Final RQs for the following four common radionuclide mixtures are provided: radium-226 in secular equilibrium with its daughters (0.053 curie); natural uranium (0.1 curie); natural uranium in secular equilibrium with its daughters (0.052 curie); and natural thorium in secular equilibrium with its daughters (0.011 curie).
&: The adjusted RQ of one curie applies to all radionuclides not otherwise listed. Whenever the RQs in table 302.4 and this appendix to the table are in conflict, the lowest RQ shall apply. For example, uranyl acetate and uranyl nitrate have adjusted RQs shown in table 302.4 of 100 pounds, equivalent to about one-tenth the RQ level for uranium-238 listed in this appendix.

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7440-61-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7440-61-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7440-61-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7440-61-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7440-61-1 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Uranium

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7440-61-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7440-61-1.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7440-61-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7440-61-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7440-61-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7440-61-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Uranium
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.25
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.6
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 2.5
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 10
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7440-61-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7440-61-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 10 mg Uranium/m3
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

IDLH: 10 mg Uranium/m3
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

238.03

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1992, pp 1668-1674.

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IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, 88, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2006.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Propargyl Alcohol (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec91&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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URANIUM-238

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents