ASBESTOS

12172-73-5(Amosite)
14567-73-8(Tremolite (non-asbestiform))
12001-28-4(Crocidolite)
17068-78-9(Asbestos, all forms)
13768-00-8(Actinolite asbestos)
1332-21-4(Asbestos)
12001-29-5(Asbestos (chrysotile))

NIOSH/RTECS NUMBER

XX2095000 (Tremolite)
CI6560000 (Tremolite)
GP8225000 (Crocidolite)
CI6479000 (Crocidolite)
GC 2625000 (Chrysotile)
CI6478500 (Chrysotile)
CA8400000 (Anthophyllite)
CI6478000 (Anthophyllite)
BT 6825000 (Amosite)
CI6477000 (Amosite)
AAUO550000 (Actinolite)
CI6476000 (Actinolite)
CI6475000 (Asbestos)

UN/NA NUMBER

2212-Asbestos
2212-Asbestos, blue (Crocidolite)
2212-Asbestos, brown (Amosite)
2590-Asbestos, white (Chrysotile, Tremolite)

DESIGNATIONS

IMO CLASSIFICATION:9.3 - White Asbestos (Chrysotile, Tremolite)

MOLECULAR FORMULA

Actinolite	Ca2Fe5Si8O22(OH)2
Actinolite	(Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2)n
Amosite	(Fe(2+))2(Fe(2+), Mg)5Si8O22(OH)2
Amosite	((Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2)n
Anthophyllite	((Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2)n
Anthophyllite	Mg7Si8O22(OH)2
Chrysotile	Mg3Si2O5(OH)4
Crocidolite	Na2Fe(2+), Mg(3Fe(3+)Si8O22(OH)2)
Crocidolite	(NaFe3(2+)Fe2(3+)Si8O22(OH)2)n
Tremolite	Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2
Tremolite	(Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2)n

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

171-SUBSTANCES (LOW TO MODERATE HAZARD)(for UN/NA Numbers2212and2590)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(ATSDR, 2001; Bingham, et al, 2001;(HSDB , 2002a; HSDB , 2002b; HSDB , 2002c; HSDB , 2002d; Lewis, 2000; RTECS , 2002; Pohanish, 2002)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Asbestos has been mined for use in a variety of manufactured products due to its low cost and desirable properties such as heat and fire resistance; wear and friction characteristics; tensile strength; heat, electrical and sound insulation; adsorption capacity; and resistance to chemical and biological attack. It has been mostly used in building materials, friction products, and heat-resistant fabrics. Particular asbestos-containing products include fireproof fabrics, such as for gloves and clothing or furnace and hot pipe coverings; in heat-resistant insulators; brake linings; gaskets; roofing materials (i.e., asbestos cement); electrical and heat insulation; paint filler; chemical filters; and diaphragm cells. It is also used as a reinforcing agent in rubber, plastics, and cement, as an inert filler medium (laboratory and commercial uses), and as a component of paper dryer felts (ATSDR, 2001; (S Budavari , 2001; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2001).
Nearly 3,000 applications or types of products were listed for asbestos during its peak demand. Most applications involve bonding with other materials such as resins, plastics, and Portland cement (i.e., floor tiles, cements, and roofing felts and shingles), while other applications utilize asbestos as a loose fibrous mixture, powder, or woven as a textile (i.e., insulation material, cement powders, and acoustical products). U.S. consumption has declined from 790 million pounds in 1980 to 46 million pounds in 1997, and consumption was reduced to 34.8 million pounds per year by 1998 and 1999. The consumption pattern for 1999 was 61% roofing products, 19% gaskets, and 13% for friction products, such as clutch, brake and transmission components. Chrysotile is the only form used in U.S. manufacturing today (ATSDR, 2001; (Pohanish, 2002).
Amosite, chrysotile, and crocidolite were used industrially in the U.S.; anthophyllite originates and is used commercially in Finland. Of the asbestos used in North America, 95% of the natural mineral fibers used has been chrysotile from Canada. The remaining 5% has been amosite and crocidolite, imported from South Africa (ACGIH, 2001).
The following list of suspect asbestos-containing materials (ACM) was compiled by EPA as a guide ((EPA, 2002f)):

Cement Pipes
Cement Wallboard
Cement Siding
Asphalt Floor Tile
Vinyl Floor Tile
Vinyl Sheet Flooring
Flooring Backing
Construction Mastics (floor tile, carpet, ceiling tile, etc.)
Acoustical Plaster
Decorative Plaster
Textured Paints/Coatings
Ceiling Tiles and Lay-in Panels
Spray-Applied Insulation
Blown-in Insulation
Fireproofing Materials
Taping Compounds (thermal)
Packing Materials (for wall/floor penetrations)
High Temperature Gaskets
Laboratory Hoods/Table Tops
Laboratory Gloves
Fire Blankets
Fire Curtains
Elevator Equipment Panels
Elevator Brake Shoes
HVAC Duct Insulation
Boiler Insulation
Breaching Insulation
Ductwork Flexible Fabric Connections
Cooling Towers
Pipe Insulation (corrugated air-cell, block, etc.)
Heating and Electrical Ducts
Electrical Panel Partitions
Electrical Cloth
Electric Wiring Insulation
Chalkboards
Roofing Shingles
Roofing Felt
Base Flashing
Thermal Paper Products
Fire Doors
Caulking/Putties
Adhesives
Wallboard
Joint Compounds
Vinyl Wall Coverings
Spackling Compounds

EPA prohibited spraying of asbesto containing material (ACM) on buildings and structures for fireproofing and insulation purposes in 1973; decorative applications were later included in the ban. Other uses were banned by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, including asbestos in patching compounds and in hair dryer heat shields. A 1989 EPA regulation known as the Asbestos Ban and Phase-out Rule would have prohibited the manufacture, importation, processing, and distribution in commerce of asbestos and most ACM by 1997 under the Toxic Substances and Control Act (TSCA), but the rule was overturned in 1991 as the result of a lawsuit. Currently banned products and uses include all new uses of asbestos, roofing felt, commercial, corrugated, and specialty paper, millboard, rollboard (ATSDR, 2001; ((EPA, 2002f); (EPA, 2002g)).
Asbestos was used as a filter agent during winemaking. Some countries, including the U.S., have replaced its use with diatomaceous earth (ILO , 1998).
Asbestos is used as the diaphragm during the production of chlorine from the diaphragm cell method (ILO , 1998).

FORMS

The name asbestos is used as a general term for the class of natural fibrous silicates, a group of naturally occurring, hydrated silicate minerals of the serpentine or amphibole mineralogical series characterized by fibers or bundles of fine, single crystal fibrils. Asbestos includes chrysotile, of the serpentine family of minerals which is structurally different from the other amphibole forms. The amphibole family includes amosite, crocidolite, and the fibrous varieties of tremolite, actinolite, and anthophyllite. The four types of asbestos used commercially are chrysotile (white), crocidolite (blue), amosite (brown), and anthophyllite (ATSDR, 2001; Baxter, et al., 2000; Bingham, et al., 2001; (S Budavari , 2001; Lewis, 1998).
Asbestos fibers form from mineral deposits that, under certain conditions and for enough time, lead to their chemical composition and their structural development from silicate chains into fibrous structures that are loosely bonded in a parallel array (fiber bundles) or matted masses. Individual fibrils, separated easily from the bundles, are needle-shaped, crystal rods. Typical length to width ratios of naturally occurring asbestos fibers are approximately 100 and higher. Asbestos fibers are insoluble, moldable, chemically inert, and have unique tensile strength. They are also poor conductors of heat (ATSDR, 2001: Bingham, et al., 2001; (Lewis, 1998).
SERPENTINE ASBESTOS (CHRYSOTILE)

The most common and most abundant form of asbestos is the mineral chrysotile, the fibrous form of the serpentine mineral group. Chrysotile is referred to as white asbestos and is a magnesium silicate mineral. Mining of chrysotile produces bundles of soft flexible fibers that can be up to several centimeters long. The fibers easily divide into smaller bundles and into individual fibrils. The individual fibril is made up of double sheets of brucite (Mg (OH)2) and silica (SiO2) rolled around a small core of amorphous magnesium silicate, resembling a curved tube from 25 to 50 nm in diameter. The thin crystalline fibers are strong and flexible and are capable of being woven. Due to their structure, the chrysotile fiber aggregates can withstand mechanical treatment better than the amphiboles (ATSDR, 2001; Baxter, et al., 2000; Bingham, et al., 2001; (S Budavari , 2001).
A microcrystalline form of chrysotile, or serpentine asbestos, was developed and is known as TM "Avibest" (Lewis, 2001).

AMPHIBOLE ASBESTOS

Amphibole asbestos includes various silicates of magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium. The fibers of this group are generally more brittle than serpentine asbestos and therefore fabrication is limited and they cannot be spun. In addition, amphibole fibers are more resistant to chemicals and heat than serpentine asbestos. Amphibole asbestos includes actinolite, amosite (brown asbestos), anthophyllite, crocidolite (blue asbestos), and tremolite. Anthophyllite, amosite, and crocidolite have been used commercially. The amphiboles can form a variety of polymeric structures by forming Si-O-Si bonds. The linear double chain structure crystallizes into long, thin, straight fibers that are characteristic of this type of asbestos. Many other amphiboles occur in commercially exploited minerals (Baxter, et al., 2000; (Lewis, 2001).

ACTINOLITE

Some of the asbestos minerals exist as a range of chemical forms, due to ion or ionic group substitution. In particular, actinolite and tremolite form a solid solution series, where magnesium and iron (II) freely substitute with each other. Iron replaces magnesium going from tremolite to actinolite (ATSDR, 2001).

AMOSITE

Amosite is a commercial name for fibrous grunerite, or iron magnesium silicate. Also known as brown asbestos, it is yellowish- gray to dark brown and it will appear vitreous to pearly in luster. The fibers are course. In use the fibers may be split to 100 nm diameter (Baxter, et al., 2000; Bingham, et al., 2001).

ANTHOPHYLLITE

Anthophyllite is the fibrous form of another iron magnesium silicate (not grunerite). It has similar properties as amosite, but no longer has commercial value (Baxter, et al., 2000).

CROCIDOLITE

Crocidolite is a cobalt blue to lavender blue mineral. It can appear from silky to dull in luster. It is the fibrous form of riebeckite, a sodium iron silicate. Fiber bundles are shorter and more stiff than chrysotile and readily split to straight fibrils of minimum diameter of 100 nm(Bingham, et al., 2001).

TREMOLITE

Tremolite is a calcium magnesium silicate. It may be gray-white, green, yellow, or blue and has a silky luster. It crystallizes as an amphibole fiber or as a plately talc. Fibrous tremolite does not have industrial applications. It is found as a contaminant with other fibers, such as chrysotile, and with talc. Tremolite and actinolite form a continuous mineral series with iron (II) and magnesium substitution ongoing while maintaining the same three-dimensional crystal structure. Tremolite contains little or no iron, and actinolite contains iron (ATSDR, 2001; Baxter, et al., 2000; Bingham, et al., 2001).

SOURCES

The various forms of asbestos result from water leaching siliceous minerals from the parent rock and then recrystallization in the interstices of the parent rock. The compound metallic silicates crystallize as very long, thin particles. The metal content will vary as limited by the structure of the crystal lattices. Deposits of fibrous minerals usually are found in veins where fibers are at right angles to the vein walls (ATSDR, 2001; Baxter, et al., 2000).
Open pit mines were the main source of asbestos mined in the United States. Ore was blasted or drilled to extract it from the earth, and then crushed, dried, and stored until milling operations were undertaken. Milling involved crushing, fiberizing, screening, aspirating, and grading operations. More current methods utilized mechanical means for removal rather than blasting, as well as using watering during the milling process, to reduce air emissions (ATSDR, 2001).
SERPENTINE ASBESTOS (CHRYSOTILE)

The asbestiform chrysotile variety of serpentine asbestos occurs in only a small part of serpentine mineral deposits. The cross-vein deposit is the most common chrysotile deposit, and most industrial chrysotile fibers are extracted from such deposits. Ninety percent of asbestos in commercial use is from chrysotile. It is mined in large deposits in central Russia and Quebec, Canada and in smaller deposits in western Canada, the U.S., the Mediterranean basin, in southern Africa, and in Australia (Baxter, et al., 2000; Bingham, et al., 2001).

AMPHIBOLE ASBESTOS

The amphibole group of minerals are widespread, although only a few varieties are asbestiform and these occur in small quantities (Bingham, et al., 2001).

AMOSITE

Mining of amosite occurs in the Transvaal (Baxter, et al., 2000).

ANTHOPHYLLITE

Anthophyllite was mined until recently from a historically used deposit in Finland (Baxter, et al., 2000).

CROCIDOLITE

Crocidolite (blue asbestos) is mined in the North West Cape province of the Republic of South Africa and to a lesser extent in the Transvaal; smaller scale mining has also occurred in Western Australia. It is found in banded ironstone. In the South Africa deposit, amphibole fibers of crocidolite originated from a gel of iron hydroxide and colloidal silica, that were later consolidated by a secondary reaction yielding formations of banded ironstone (Baxter, et al., 2000; Bingham, et al., 2001).

TREMOLITE

Deposits of chrysotile are sometimes associated with fibrous tremolite, including those in the Mediterranean basin and a large deposit in China (Baxter, et al., 2000).

The general population can be exposed to asbestos by the inhalation route of exposure. In the ambient air, asbestos arises from natural sources, from windblown soil from hazardous waste sites, deterioration of automobile clutches and brakes, or breakdown of asbestos-containing materials such as insulation. Exposure to general occupants of modern or recently renovated commercial buildings in the USA is not likely to be higher than background levels (ATSDR, 2001; Reynolds et al, 1994).
Significant environmental exposure can occur from friable asbestos in older buildings that are deteriorated, remodeled, or destroyed. Public buildings, such as schools, previously used asbestos as a fireproof insulation in ceiling or walls (Mossman et al, 1990; Mossman & Gee, 1989; Murray, 1990; Spurny, 1989; Stein et al, 1989).
Most European countries have banned asbestos-containing insulation material from their new buildings (Mendes, 2001).

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

Asbestos is a general term used for a group of six naturally occurring, fibrous silicate minerals that have been widely used in commercial products. It is broadly applied to fibrous forms of siliceous serpentine and amphibole minerals, including chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Asbestos has been mined for use in a variety of manufactured products due to its low cost and desirable properties, such as heat and fire resistance, wear and friction characteristics, tensile strength, heat, electrical, and sound insulation, adsorption capacity, and resistance to chemical and biological attack. It has been mostly used in building materials, friction products, and heat-resistant fabrics.

TOXICOLOGY: Asbestos exposure occurs from inhalation of airborne fibers or from ingestion of fibers. All asbestos fiber types are fibrogenic and known to cause asbestosis, pleural changes, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Most human studies have examined exposure to chrysotile, the most widely used type of asbestos. Asbestosis has been reported in populations exposed to amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, and anthophyllite asbestos. Crocidolite has the greatest potential to produce disease, followed by amosite and chrysotile.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: It has been estimated that of the 4 million workers heavily exposed to asbestos, at least 1.6 million (35% to 44%) are expected to die of asbestos-related cancers. It is estimated that between 58,000 and 75,000 asbestos-associated deaths will occur each year, which will account for between 13% and 18% of the total cancer deaths in the United States.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

CHRONIC TOXICITY: Asbestos exposure increases the risk for non-malignant asbestos-related lung and pleural disorders (asbestosis, pleural plaques, pleural thickening, and pleural effusions), lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Chronic inhalation of asbestos fibers may lead to a characteristic pneumoconiosis termed asbestosis, a diffuse interstitial lung fibrosis. Individuals with fully developed asbestosis will experience dyspnea, which is often accompanied by rales or cough. Deficits in pulmonary function variables, (ie, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC)), also occur. Asbestosis can cause cardiovascular effects, such as pulmonary hypertension and compensatory hypertrophy of the right heart (cor pulmonale). Besides asbestosis, chronic asbestos exposure causes lung cancer, mesothelioma (primarily of the pleura but also of the peritoneum), pleural disease, and pleural plaques. Tobacco smokers, exposed to asbestos, are at greater risk for lung cancer than nonsmokers. Cancers at sites other than the respiratory system have been linked to asbestos exposure, including gastrointestinal carcinomas, cancer of the kidney, brain, bladder, larynx, and pancreas, and unspecified malignant lymphomas. The ACGIH places asbestos (all forms) in category A1, Confirmed Human Carcinogen. The IARC classifies asbestos in Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans. The NTP classifies asbestos as a known carcinogen.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation of material may be harmful.
Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes.
Inhalation of Asbestos dust may have a damaging effect on the lungs.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Some liquids produce vapors that may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

There is no evidence of any acute systemic effect from exposure to asbestos (Clayton & Clayton, 1993). Nearly all of the toxicologic literature on asbestos is concerned with its activity as a human carcinogen with chronic exposure.

Asbestos is not acutely toxic, except for possible irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract due to mechanical action of the fibers. Skin irritation with corn formation can result from penetration of the skin by asbestos spicules (HSDB, 2000).

The dose-response relationship for induction cancer from exposure to asbestos is not well understood for low-level exposures. It has been suggested that even a single, high-dose acute exposure might be sufficient to induce cancer (Stich, 1985).

Asbestos fibers can stimulate the production of interleukin (IL)-8 in cultured lung cells. The mechanism of this induction involves redox changes and phosphorylation by means of staurosporine-sensitive and tyrosine kinase(s), activation of transcription factors that bind to the NF-kappaB/NF-IL-6 binding site of the IL-8 promoter, and upregulation of the IL-8 gene (Simeonova & Luster, 1996).

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha was also upregulated in the lungs of rats as a result of a single 5-hour exposure to asbestos. Increases in TGF-alpha mRNA and peptide were seen as early as 24 hours after the acute exposure and persisted for at least 2 weeks. These results support the idea that TGF-alpha is involved in the mechanism of asbestos-induced proliferation of epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the lung (Liu et al, 1996).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Occupational exposure to asbestos dust is associated with chronic laryngitis, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic inflammation of the lungs, pleural effusions, pleural plaques, and cancer (Harbison, 1998; ILO , 1998). The primary determinant seems to be fiber length (Clayton & Clayton, 1993). Fibers less than 5 micrometers in length are considered not pathogenic (ACGIH, 1991).

Among insulation workers, 7 percent developed asbestosis, an interstitial fibrosis caused by inhaling fibers less than about 3 microns in diameter and 200 microns in length. In these same workers, 8 percent developed mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum, and 21 percent developed carcinoma of the lung (Stich, 1985).

Asbestosis is pneumoconiosis resulting from asbestos exposure (ILO , 1998). Symptoms of asbestosis include shortness of breath and difficulty breathing, chest tightness, an initially non-productive then productive cough, and cyanosis (ILO , 1998; Zenz, 1994). Fibrosis decreases lung compliance, which increases the energy required to breath; decreased gas diffusion increases breathlessness (ACGIH, 1991).

Signs of asbestosis include granular changes on chest X-ray, restrictive pulmonary function, rales and clubbing of fingers (Hathaway et al, 1991). Parietal pleura can undergo severe thickening, forming pleural hyaline plaques, which can become impregnated with calcium salts and opaque to X-ray even in the absence of asbestosis (ACGIH, 1991). Rheumatoid factor and anti-nuclear antibodies have also been found in patients with asbestosis (Lange, 1980).

The unambiguous diagnosis of asbestosis is sometimes difficult. In one study of 176 exposed persons, nine had clinical signs of asbestosis, but no asbestos bodies were seen in the lung tissues (Gaensler et al, 1991). Diagnosis should be based on a history of known exposure and presence of diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, but when the exposure is difficult to ascertain, diagnosis must be based on pathological findings (Jones, 1991).

Most of the literature on asbestos is concerned with its ability to cause various forms of cancer (see CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS section below).

Mesothelioma is associated with asbestos exposure. The primary symptom is chest pain, then breathlessness, pleuritic pain, cough, weight loss and fatigue. Pleural effusions develop, with pleural thickening and densities seen on chest X-ray (Harbison, 1998).
Studies have shown an increased risk of laryngeal cancer after occupational exposure to asbestos (IARC, 1998). Workers exposed to asbestos who develop hoarseness or pain or sore throat should be referred for examination for laryngeal cancer (HSDB , 2001).

Consistent with the previous observation is the finding that humoral immunity was elevated in patients with asbestosis (Lange, 1980), although cellular immunity can be depressed (Deshazo, 1982). Cellular immunity is thought to be involved in host defense mechanisms against cancer cells.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

PREHOSPITAL: Most asbestos exposures are of a chronic nature, such that traditional first aid is not appropriate. In the event of a heavy acute exposure, move the patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Other measures are usually unnecessary.
TARGET ORGANS: Respiratory system and eyes (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; Chemsoft(R) , 2000).

INHALATION EXPOSURE

Most asbestos exposures are of a chronic nature, such that traditional first aid is not appropriate. In the event of a heavy ACUTE exposure:
INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

CHRONIC/OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE

OSHA mandates active medical surveillance programs in worksites where asbestos is present.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

Data from autopsies of asbestos workers showed that asbestosis doesn't occur until the lung fiber burden exceeds 5 x 10(5) fibers/g of dried lung (>5 micron fiber length). Severe cases had counts as high as 10(10) fibers/g (ACGIH, 2001).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Health effects from asbestos exposure will depend on the type of fiber, the potency associated with the particular fiber type, and the internal dose. Dose is influenced by airborne concentrations, exposure patterns, and fiber shape, diameter, and length. A dose-effect relationship has been established based on epidemiological studies, and is evident for asbestos exposure and asbestosis and lung cancer but is less marked with mesothelioma (ACGIH, 2001) Bingham, et al, 2001; (Harbison, 1998).

In vitro studies have shown that fibers less than 5 microns in length are not likely to be pathogenic. Inhalation studies in rats showed that at very high exposure all respirable fibers over 5 microns long cause lung fibrosis and some lung cancer. Longer fibers are too long to be cleared by macrophages. Straight fibers in the size range 5-15 microns long and of the order 0.1 micron thick are most hazardous at low exposure due to the risk of mesothelioma (ACGIH, 2001) Baxter, et al, 2000).
Inhalation studies on rats showed that chrysotile had a half-life in the lung of weeks or months, as compared to the amphiboles which last indefinitely. Lung burden studies showed that chrysotile fibers deposited in the lung are cleared more rapidly than tremolite fibers, increasing the tremolite/chrysotile ratio over time following exposure. The lower carcinogenicity of chrysotile in humans versus animals may be associated with high doses and insufficient time for clearance in the short animal life span (Baxter, et al, 2000; Bingham, et al, 2001).
An early study of asbestos textile workers used the presence of persistent high-pitched rales in the basal portions of the lung as the criterion for asbestosis diagnosis. It was determined that less than 100 fiber-years of exposure (2 fibers/cc over a 50-year working period or 4 fibers/cc over a 25-year period) would cause development of asbestosis in no more than 1% of the workers. Results contributed to refinement of existing occupational exposure recommendations. This cohort was further studied by other investigators, and is the only cohort of asbestos workers in the world where health effects were correlated with definitive exposure data defined as fibers/cc (ACGIH, 2001).
A study of 1176 asbestos cement workers in Sweden showed no statistically significant increase in lung cancer, possibly due to low exposure levels and relatively few smokers in the cohort. Levels were approximately 10 mg/m(3) in the early period of exposure and averaged 1 to 2 fibers/ml later in the exposure period (Harbison, 1998).
Cement workers with a cumulative exposure level below 30 to 40 fibers/cc-years were found to show very little radiological evidence of asbestosis. The same study reported crocidolite exposure at one plant led to a higher prevalence and faster progression of asbestosis than with chrysotile exposure alone (ACGIH, 2001).
Asbestosis prevalence rates were about 20% for cumulative exposure of about 25 fibers/cc-years where chrysotile was used in a Quebec textile mill and 8% for cumulative exposure of about 60 fibers/cc-years in Quebec miners and millers (ACGIH, 2001).
A study of chrysotile exposure that examined a cohort of Quebec miners and millers estimated no detectable increase in lung cancer with a 20 year exposure below 50 fibers/cc (ACGIH, 2001).
Lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) for systemic effects determined from human inhalation studies range from 25 to 54 f-yr/ml for intermediate exposure duration (15 to 364 days). At the chronic exposure duration level (365 days or more), LOAELs ranged from 20 to 207 f-yr/ml for less serious systemic effects (those not expected to cause significant dysfunction or death or the significance is not entirely clear) and from 15 to 1271 f-yr/ml for serious systemic effects (those that evoke failure in a biological system and can lead to morbidity or mortality). Systemic effects observed after inhalation exposure include respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal effects (ATSDR , 2001).
A LOAEL of 54 f-yr/ml was provided for cancer at the intermediate exposure duration level based on a study of human inhalation exposure. LOAELs for cancer from chronic inhalation exposure (human studies) ranged from 5 to 1050 f-yr/ml (ATSDR , 2001).
A LOAEL of 500 mg/kg/day for rats was reported for a cancer effect level of intestinal polyps in a lifetime oral exposure study. A LOAEL of 20 mg/kg/day was reported for less serious systemic effects resulting from chronic oral exposure in rats (ATSDR , 2001).

OCCUPATIONAL

CARCINOGENICITY -

ACGIH - asbestos (all forms), A1, Confirmed Human Carcinogen based on the association between human exposure and lung cancer and mesothelioma (ACGIH, 2001).
IARC classifies asbestos (actinolite, amosite, anthophyllite, chrysotile, crocidolite, tremolite) as a Group 1, known carcinogen ((IARC, 1987)).
USEPA Evidence for Human Carcinogenicity from the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) (EPA, 1993):

Classification: A, human carcinogen.

Basis: Observation of increased mortality and incidence of lung cancer, mesotheliomas and gastrointestinal cancer in occupationally exposed workers are consistent across investigators and study populations. Animal studies by inhalation in two strains of rats showed similar findings for lung cancer and mesotheliomas. Animal evidence for carcinogenicity via ingestion is limited (male rats fed intermediate-range chrysotile fibers; i.e., >10 um length, developed benign polyps), and epidemiologic data in this regard are inadequate (EPA, 1993).

NTP classifies asbestos as a known carcinogen, where there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans that indicate a causal relationship between exposure to the substance and human cancer (ACGIH, 2001).
NIOSH considers asbestos (i.e., actinolite, amosite, anthophyllite, chrysotile, crocidolite, and tremolite) to be a potential occupational carcinogen (NIOSH , 2002).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS12172-73-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS14567-73-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS12001-28-4 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS17068-78-9 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS13768-00-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1332-21-4 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A1 ; Listed as: Asbestos, all forms

A1 :Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): A ; Listed as: Asbestos

A : Human Carcinogen.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Asbestos

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Asbestos

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 1 ; Listed as: Asbestos (chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite, actinolite, tremolite) (fibrous dust)

Category 1 : Substances that cause cancer in man and can be assumed to make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Epidemiological studies provide adequate evidence of a positive correlation between the exposure of humans and the occurence of cancer. Limited epidemiological data can be substantiated by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): K ; Listed as: Asbestos

K : KNOWN = Known to be a human carcinogen

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS12001-29-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS12172-73-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS14567-73-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS12001-28-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS17068-78-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS13768-00-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS1332-21-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: 2.3x10(-1) per f/mL
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS12001-29-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

LOAEL- (ORAL)RAT:
- 500 mg/kg/day -- reported for a cancer effect level of intestinal polyps in a lifetime exposure study (ATSDR , 2001)
- 20 mg/kg/day -- reported for less serious systemic effects resulting from chronic oral exposure in rats (ATSDR , 2001).

TOXICITY VALUES

ACTINOLITE References: RTECS, 2002
- TD- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
AMOSITE References: RTECS, 2002
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TD- (INTRAPLEURAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (IMPLANT)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPLEURAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT:
ANTHOPHYLLITE References: RTECS, 2002
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TD- (INTRAPLEURAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPLEURAL)HAMSTER:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPLEURAL)RAT:
ASBESTOS References: RTECS, 2002
- LD- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (IMPLANT)RAT:
CHRYSOTILE References: RTECS, 2002
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HAMSTER:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TD- (INTRATRACHEAL)HAMSTER:
- TD- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- TD- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TD- (INTRAPLEURAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)HAMSTER:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (IMPLANT)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPLEURAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
CROCIDOLITE References: RTECS, 2002
- LD- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TD- (IMPLANT)RAT:
- TD- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TD- (INTRAPLEURAL)RAT:
- TD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)DOG:
- TDLo- (INTRAPLEURAL)HAMSTER:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRAPLEURAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRAPLEURAL)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (IMPLANT)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPLEURAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
TREMOLITE References: RTECS, 2002
- TD- (INTRAPLEURAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPLEURAL)HAMSTER:
- TDLo- (IMPLANT)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPLEURAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS12172-73-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS14567-73-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS12001-28-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS17068-78-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS13768-00-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1332-21-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Asbestos, all forms

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.1 f/cc
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A1
Codes: F
Definitions:

A1: Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.
F: Respirable fibers: length greater than 5 µm; aspect ratio 3:1 or greater, as determined by the membrane filter method at 400 to 450X magnification (4-mm objective), using phase-contrast illumination.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Pneumoconiosis; lung cancer; mesothelioma
Molecular Weight: NA

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS12001-29-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS12172-73-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS14567-73-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS12001-28-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS17068-78-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS13768-00-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS1332-21-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS12001-29-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS12172-73-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS14567-73-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS12001-28-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS17068-78-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS13768-00-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1332-21-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Asbestos
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A; See Appendix C

IDLH: Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS12001-29-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS12172-73-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS14567-73-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS12001-28-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS17068-78-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS13768-00-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS1332-21-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS12001-29-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS12172-73-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS14567-73-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS12001-28-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS17068-78-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS13768-00-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS1332-21-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS12001-29-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS12172-73-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS14567-73-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS12001-28-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS17068-78-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS13768-00-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS1332-21-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Asbestos
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS12001-29-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS12172-73-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS14567-73-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS12001-28-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS17068-78-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS13768-00-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS1332-21-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS12001-29-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS12172-73-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS14567-73-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS12001-28-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS17068-78-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS13768-00-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS1332-21-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS12001-29-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS12172-73-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS14567-73-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS12001-28-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS17068-78-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS13768-00-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS1332-21-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS12001-29-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS12172-73-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS14567-73-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS12001-28-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS17068-78-9 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS13768-00-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS1332-21-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Asbestos (friable)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS12001-29-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS12172-73-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS14567-73-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS12001-28-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS17068-78-9 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS13768-00-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS1332-21-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS12001-29-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS12172-73-5 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Asbestos

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS14567-73-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Asbestos

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS12001-28-4 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Asbestos

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS17068-78-9 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Asbestos

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS13768-00-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Asbestos

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS1332-21-4 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Asbestos

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS12001-29-5 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Asbestos

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2212 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Asbestos

Symbol(s): D

D: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials for domestic transportation but may be inappropriate for international transportation under the provisions of international regulations (e.g., IMO, ICAO). An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when either domestic or international transportation is involved.

Hazard class or Division: 9

9: Miscellaneous hazardous material. See 49 CFR section 173.140 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA2212
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 9

9: Class 9.

Special Provisions: 156, IB8, IP2, IP4

156: Asbestos that is immersed or fixed in a natural or artificial binder material, such as cement, plastic, asphalt, resins or mineral ore, or contained in manufactured products is not subject to the requirements of this subchapter.
IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 155
Non-bulk packaging: 216
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 200 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 200 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 34, 40

34: Stow "away from" foodstuffs.
40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Blue asbestos (Crocidolite) or Brown asbestos (amosite, mysorite)

Symbol(s): I

I: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials in international transportation. An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when only domestic transportation is involved.

Hazard class or Division: 9

9: Miscellaneous hazardous material. See 49 CFR section 173.140 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2212
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 9

9: Class 9.

Special Provisions: 156, IB8, IP2, IP4, T3, TP33

156: Asbestos that is immersed or fixed in a natural or artificial binder material, such as cement, plastic, asphalt, resins or mineral ore, or contained in manufactured products is not subject to the requirements of this subchapter.
IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 155
Non-bulk packaging: 216
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 34, 40

34: Stow "away from" foodstuffs.
40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2590 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: White asbestos (chrysotile, actinolite, anthophyllite, tremolite)

Symbol(s): I

I: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials in international transportation. An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when only domestic transportation is involved.

Hazard class or Division: 9

9: Miscellaneous hazardous material. See 49 CFR section 173.140 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2590
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 9

9: Class 9.

Special Provisions: 156, IB8, IP2, IP3, T1, TP33

156: Asbestos that is immersed or fixed in a natural or artificial binder material, such as cement, plastic, asphalt, resins or mineral ore, or contained in manufactured products is not subject to the requirements of this subchapter.
IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP3: Flexible IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or must be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 155
Non-bulk packaging: 216
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 200 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 200 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 34, 40

34: Stow "away from" foodstuffs.
40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2212 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Blue asbestos (crocidolite)
UN Number: 2212
Proper Shipping Name: Brown asbestos (amosite, mysorite)
UN Number: 2212

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2590 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: White asbestos (chrysotile, actinolite, anthophyllite, tremolite)
UN Number: 2590

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS12172-73-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS14567-73-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS12001-28-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS17068-78-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS13768-00-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS1332-21-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS12001-29-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

A regulated, marked area should be established where asbestos is handled, used, or stored. Access to the area should be limited to authorized personnel wearing respiratory protection . Workers should be properly trained on the handling and storage of asbestos. Dusts should be minimized in the workplace using engineering controls and proper work practices. Inhalation exposure should be avoided through the use of appropriate respiratory protection. Due to contact hazards, protective clothing, such as coveralls or resin-impregnated paper or similar full body protective clothing and hat, should be worn during work in areas where there is potential for exposure to asbestos dusts (AAR, 2000; (Lewis, 2000; OSHA , 2002d; Pohanish, 2002).

HANDLING

Asbestos workers must be trained on the proper handling and storage of asbestos. Training should be appropriate for the type of work being performed. A dust mask or respirator, work gloves, protective clothing, and safety goggles are suggested during handling of asbestos. Respirator needs are based on the level of exposure. Personal protection may include a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Broken packages should not be handled unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (AAR, 2000; (ITI, 1995; OSHA , 2002d; Pohanish, 2002).

Removals or repairs involving asbestos should be conducted by trained personnel. Dust must be kept under control and strict hygiene maintained. A wet mop or high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) vacuum should be used for cleanup of work area. Do not use a common shop vacuum cleaner, and do not shovel the material. Avoid blowing, sweeping, dry brushing, or dry mopping (Pohanish, 2002).

Contaminated protective clothing and shoes should not be cleaned by shaking or blowing dusts from the items. The items should be vacuumed before removal, doffed, and isolated at the exposure area or, with highly contaminated operations, in a separate change room. Contaminated protective clothing should be placed in sealed, nonreuseable, labeled containers for transport to laundering facilities or disposal. Laundering facilities should be notified of the asbestos hazard (Pohanish, 2002).

Some waste handling methods mentioned in 29 CFR 1910.1001 Appendix G are listed below. This appendix contains non-mandatory technical information for asbestos (OSHA , 2002e).

Empty shipping bags can be flattened within an exhaust hood and placed in airtight containers for disposal. Drums should be sealed.
Vacuum bags and disposable paper filters should be wetted and placed into an appropriate waste container.
Process and housekeeping wastes should be wetted or surfactant may be used before packaging as for disposition.
Building debris that contains asbestos should be wetted for packaging and must be disposed in leak-proof thick plastic bags, plastic-lined metal or cardboard containers.

Particular work practices can be implemented or current practices modified to reduce asbestos exposure. Such efforts are also part of the OSHA requirements, and may include, for example (HSDB , 2002a) OSHA, 1995b; 29 CFR 1915.1001; 29 CFR 1926.1101; OSHA 1995):

Use of particular tools.
Use of wetting agents or wetting down materials in process, except where infeasible (i.e., due to electrical hazards, equipment malfunction or slipping hazards).
Use of surfactants, chemical dispersing agents, or sealants.
As required, creation of an isolated work area, but also including removal of mobile objects and cleaning and sealing stationary objects to limit object contamination as well as sealing off of passageways where asbestos fibers could migrate (HSDB , 2002a; OSHA , 2002f) 29 CFR 1926.1101. Appendix F).
Prompt cleanup and disposal in leak-tight containers of asbestos contaminated waste and debris. On top of required bagging of waste, the wastes can be double-bagged and sealed. Items with sharp points or corners should be placed in hard air-tight containers for disposition. Waste items should be washed in a waste holding area and wrapped in labeled bags for disposition (29 CFR 1926.1101, Appendix F; OSHA, 2002f; OSHA 1995).
In the work area, prohibit smoking, eating, drinking, chewing gum or tobacco, storage of food, beverages, and related utensils, and application of cosmetics (HSDB , 2002a) OSHA, 2002).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Asbestos material should be stored wet through the use of special surfactants and water. The material should be stored in closed, impermeable, sealed containers that are protected from physical damage. Heavy gauge impervious plastic bags are recommended for storage of asbestos wastes. Containers or bags used for asbestos storage should be appropriately labeled (OSHA , 2002e; Pohanish, 2002).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Areas where asbestos is handled, used, or stored should be posted according to OSHA requirements (Pohanish, 2002).
HSDB 2002a provides precautions for carcinogens for handling chemical carcinogens in the laboratory: It is noted that the storage site for carcinogens should be as close as practicable to the work area where the material is used, that the dispensing facilities should be contiguous to storage area, and that carcinogens be kept in only one section of a cabinet that is properly posted. An inventory should be also kept of the quantity of carcinogen and date obtained (HSDB , 2002a).
Controlled waste staging and storage areas should be established for removal operations (OSHA , 2002f) 29 CFR 1926.1101, Appendix F).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Asbestos is generally resistant to fire and chemical attack; however chrysotile (serpentine) asbestos is attacked by acid. In acid and in neutral aqueous media, magnesium contained in the outer brucite layer of chrysotile will be lost. Amphibole fibers are more resistant to acid attack. All varieties of asbestos are resistant to attack by alkalis (ACGIH, 2001) ATSDR, 2001; (S Budavari , 2001).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Routes of entry associated with asbestos exposure include inhalation, ingestion, and skin or eye contact. Personal protective equipment such as a well-fitted dust mask, air- purifying respirator, work gloves, protective clothing, and safety goggles are recommended during asbestos handling. Fabric coveralls, resin-impregnated paper protective clothing, or similar full body protective wear may be used. Cotton polyester material is recommended over cotton alone due to static attraction of asbestos fibers. Head and foot coverings, such as a surgical cap, canvas booties, rubber galoshes, or safety shoes should be used. In some instances, personal protection may include a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) (AAR, 2000; HSDB , 2002a; ITI, 1995; Pohanish, 2002).

There is no need to remove clothing that becomes wet or contaminated during work practices. When leaving a work area, contaminated protective clothing and shoes should be vacuumed with a HEPA vacuum before removal and isolated in sealed, non- reusable bags or containers at the exposure area. With highly contaminated operations, a separate change room is recommended. Avoid dust generation and do not shake or blow dusts from the items. Contaminated protective clothing should be placed in sealed, non- reusable, labeled containers for transport to laundering facilities or disposal. Laundering facilities should be notified of the asbestos hazard (NIOSH , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

Additional hygiene to limit exposure and injury may include not wearing contact lenses when working with asbestos, washing of the skin at the end of a work shift, and ensuring that workers change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work area (NIOSH , 2002).

OSHA standards exist to protect workers from workplace asbestos exposure and include specific requirements regarding personal protection (OSHA , 2002d):

29 CFR 1926.1101 addresses construction work, such as alteration, repair, renovation, and demolition of structures containing asbestos.
29 CFR 1915.1001 addresses exposure to asbestos at shipyard work sites.
29 CFR 1910.1001 applies to general industry and asbestos exposure during brake and clutch repair, custodial work, and manufacture of asbestos-containing products.

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Appropriate eye protection should be used to prevent eye contact with asbestos fibers. If exposure to concentrations above the permissible exposure limit may occur or if the possibility of eye irritation exists, protective safety goggles, a face shield, a full- face respirator, or other suitable safety equipment should be used (HSDB , 2002a; ITI, 1995; NIOSH , 2002).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

In order to avoid inhalation exposure or when exposure limits cannot be met, a well-fitted dust mask or an air-purifying respirator is suggested, particularly when working with carcinogenic particulates such as asbestos. Respirator use and selection can be decided upon based on air monitoring results, using a time-weighted average or peak concentration and the appropriate health protective criteria for comparison (refer to the Workplace Standards section). A well fitting dust mask may be adequate where exposure is intermittent; but where longer exposures occur or in conditions where dust control is inadequate, full respiratory protective equipment should be used (HSDB , 2002a; ITI, 1995; NIOSH , 2002; Pohanish, 2002)

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 12172-73-5.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 14567-73-8.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 12001-28-4.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 17068-78-9.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 13768-00-8.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 1332-21-4.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 12001-29-5.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

OSHA requires that worker exposure be feasibly controlled to or below the permissible exposure level (PEL) using engineering controls and work practices. When instituted measures are not sufficient to reduce exposure to or below the exposure limit, the measures can be used to reduce exposure to the lowest levels achievable and supplement exposure protection by the use of respiratory protection (29 CFR 1910.1001).

Engineering control methods for compliance with OSHA asbestos safety requirements are specified in 29 CFR 1910.1001 for all occupational exposures to asbestos in all industries covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act, except construction work as defined in 29 CFR 1910.12(b) and ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking and related work, as defined in 29 CFR 1915.4. Control methods for the construction industry are identified in 29 CFR 1926.1101, and for the ship industry in 29 CFR 1915.1001 (29 CFR 1910.1001).

Specific engineering control methods are set forth for the construction or ship industry according to the work classification. Examples include (HSDB , 2002a; OSHA, 1995a) 29 CFR 1915.1001; 29 CFR 1926.1101):

Local exhaust ventilation equipped with filter dust collection systems designed, constructed, installed, and maintained in accordance with good practices such as those found in the American National Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, ANSI Z9.2-1979.
Enclosure or isolation of processes (i.e., including machines or equipment utilized in processes).
Ventilation that moves contaminated air away from the breathing zone and to a filtration of collection device equipped with a HEPA filter.
HEPA vacuum cleaners to collect asbestos dust and debris.
Other feasible engineering controls to reduce exposure to the lowest possible levels.

Engineering controls used for automotive brake and clutch inspection, disassembly, repair and assembly are identified in 29 CFR 1910.1001, Appendix F. They include a negative pressure enclosure/HEPA vacuum system method, a low pressure/wet cleaning method, or equivalent methods (OSHA , 2002f).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Some may burn but none ignite readily.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Some may be transported hot.
Asbestos is considered inflammable. It is chemically inert and does not evaporate, burn, or undergo reactions with most chemicals. However, because it is a porous material, it may contribute to the flammable or reactive nature of certain chemicals when it comes into contact with them in the presence of oxygen (i.e., hydrazine, phenylhydrazine, or molten lithium). Because asbestos does not burn or burns with difficulty, a fire involving asbestos should be extinguished with an agent that is suitable for the type of surrounding fire. Containment of asbestos materials in a fire should be undertaken to avoid release, and fire run-off water should be kept out of sewers and water sources. Local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies should be notified when asbestos is involved in a fire (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002; ITI, 1995; Pohanish, 2002).
Firefighters addressing asbestos in a fire must be trained and equipped per 29 CFR 1910.156 (Pohanish, 2002).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS12172-73-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS14567-73-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS12001-28-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS17068-78-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS13768-00-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS1332-21-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS12001-29-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Do not scatter spilled material with high pressure water streams.
Dike fire-control water for later disposal.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS12172-73-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS14567-73-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS12001-28-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS17068-78-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS13768-00-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS1332-21-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS12001-29-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Extinguishing agents that should used for a fire where asbestos is involved should be appropriate for the surrounding fire (AAR, 2000; (Pohanish, 2002).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated above 1200 degrees C, asbestos becomes powder-like and loses its hazardous properties (Pohanish, 2002).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Asbestos dust is highly toxic by inhalation. Long term occupational exposure to asbestos dust can result in lung cancer. Fiber deposition in the lungs can eventually cause health effects such as chronic lung disease (asbestosis), inflammation of the pleura, mesothelioma, or lung cancer. Direct contact hazards also exist for the skin and eyes. Smoking and asbestos exposure create a synergistic effect on the incidence of lung cancer and asbestosis (AAR, 2000; ATSDR, 2001; (ACGIH, 2001; Harbison, 1998) Hathaway, 1996; (Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001).

Glass fiber filters were more effective than polyester in reducing airborne asbestos in a building air-flow system (Feigley & Chen, 1992).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Asbestos fibers are essentially chemically inert and do not undergo reactions with most chemicals. Significant reactions with most chemicals are not expected to occur. Because it is a porous material, asbestos may contribute to the flammable or reactive nature of certain chemicals when it comes into contact with them in the presence of oxygen (i.e., hydrazine, phenylhydrazine, or molten lithium). Asbestos is resistant to most solvents. Chrysotile (serpentine) asbestos will lose magnesium in acid and neutral aqueous media; whereas amphibole fibers are more resistant to acid. All types of asbestos are resistant to alkali attack (AAR, 2000; ATSDR, 2001; (S Budavari , 2001; CHRIS , 2002).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171(ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.

The area of an asbestos release should be evacuated of people not wearing protective equipment until cleanup is complete (Pohanish, 2002).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS12172-73-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS14567-73-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS12001-28-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS17068-78-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS13768-00-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS1332-21-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS12001-29-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS12172-73-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Amosite
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.005
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.05
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 20
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 100
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS14567-73-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS12001-28-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Crocidolite
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.005
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.05
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 10
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 250
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS17068-78-9 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS13768-00-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS1332-21-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Asbestos
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.005
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.05
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 0.06
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 0.3
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS12001-29-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Asbestos (Chrysotile)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.005
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.05
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 15
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 250
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS12172-73-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS14567-73-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS12001-28-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS17068-78-9 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS13768-00-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS1332-21-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS12001-29-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS12172-73-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS14567-73-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS12001-28-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS17068-78-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS13768-00-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS1332-21-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS12001-29-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent dust cloud.
- Avoid inhalation of asbestos dust.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Only trained personnel wearing protective equipment should repair or remove asbestos-containing material. Requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120(q) may be applicable for personnel performing cleanup activities. Regulated work areas should be established with access restrictions. Dust and environmental transport should be minimized and strict hygiene implemented. A wet mop or high efficiency HEPA vacuum should be used to clean the area. Do not use a common shop vacuum or shovel to collect the material, and avoid blowing, dry brushing, and dry mopping. Store waste asbestos in heavy-gauge impervious plastic bags (OSHA , 2002d; Pohanish, 2002).
Environmental transport of asbestos spilled on land can be controlled by covering the material with a secured plastic sheet. This will prevent rain or firefighting water contact and runoff of dissolved material. Soil, sandbags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete can be used to create barriers to surface flow. The material and any runoff should be kept out of sewers and water sources. If the material or contaminated runoff impacts water sources, natural barriers or oil spill control booms can be used to limit migration. Notification of downstream users of potentially contaminated water should be implemented. Local environmental agencies or the regional office of the EPA can provide specific recommendations (AAR, 2000; (Pohanish, 2002).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Take up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.
SMALL DRY SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Asbestos can be recovered from waste asbestos slurries (Pohanish, 2002).
According to current USGS commodity summaries for asbestos, there is no significant recycling of asbestos, although chrysotile is being produced from stockpiles and mine tailings at a mine in British Columbia. The same facility is developing a magnesium plant which will use stockpiled chrysotile and serpentine as source material (ATSDR, 2001).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Waste transport and disposal is regulated under the asbestos NESHAP. Wastes from asbestos-related processes may include empty asbestos shipping containers, process wastes such as cuttings, trimmings, or reject material, vacuuming wastes, fireproofing or insulating materials removed from buildings, building products that contain asbestos removed during renovation or demolition, and contaminated protective clothing. Handling for waste disposal should be as described below ((EPA, 2002h); OSHA , 2002e):
- Empty shipping bags can be flattened within an exhaust hood and placed in airtight containers for disposal. Drums should be sealed.
- Vacuum bags and disposable paper filters should be wetted and placed into an appropriate waste container.
- Process and housekeeping wastes should be wetted or surfactant may be used before packaging as for disposition.
- Building debris containing asbestos should be wetted for packaging and must be disposed in leak-proof thick plastic bags, plastic-lined metal or cardboard containers.
Asbestos waste may be disposed in an approved landfill. Transporters and landfills accepting asbestos-containing wastes are regulated by EPA under the asbestos NESHAP. The landfill operator must be contacted for approval prior to disposal. All federal, state, and local requirements for removal and disposal of regulated asbestos-containing material should be followed (ATSDR, 2001; (CDPHE & 2002, 2002; (EPA, 2002h); HSDB , 2002a) Pohanish, 2001).
Activities associated with waste disposition may necessitate compliance with multiple statutes. Asbestos is regulated as a solid waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and as a hazardous substance under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Recovery Act (CERCLA). Specific reporting and record keeping requirements of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) program may be applicable for waste disposal; requirements of the Asbestos NESHAP can be found in 40 CFR 61, Subpart M. Effluent releases are limited under the Clean Water Act (CDPHE & 2002, 2002; (EPA, 2002h)).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Asbestos is not a good candidate for incineration (HSDB , 2002a).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Asbestos minerals occurring in natural deposits or as contaminants in other minerals can be released to the environment from erosion and weathering. Migration into rivers and streams from run-off associated with erosion of rock outcroppings, uncontrolled waste piles, or mining and ore processing activities can cause environmental contamination and contaminate drinking water supplies (Pohanish, 2002; ATSDR , 2001; ILO , 1998).

Other sources of asbestos contamination to water include corrosion of asbestos-cement pipes used to carry drinking water in water supply systems, filtering through asbestos- containing filters, wastewater effluent from asbestos-related industries, and environmental pollution to storm sewer drainage from non-point source sources such as the disintegration of asbestos-containing roofing materials. Asbestos fibers have also been released into water by the dumping of mining tailings into lakes and by the runoff of process and air scrubber water into lakes and streams ((EPA, 2002i); (EPA, 2002)j; ATSDR , 2001).
Asbestos released to water has been estimated to be 110,000-2220,000 pounds (50-100 metric tons) per year (ATSDR , 2001)

Asbestos contamination in soil is associated with the weathering of natural mineral deposits, land-based waste disposal practices, and deposition of airborne contamination (ATSDR , 2001).

A total of 87 U.S. facilities that produced, processed, or used asbestos reported a total 13,573,783 pounds of friable asbestos waste disposal on land in 1999. Another 4,843,383 pounds were transferred to other locations in 1999 and most likely was released on land (ATSDR , 2001).
Soil and sediment sampling found that 27 sites contained asbestos in soil and 7 sites contained asbestos in sediment out of the 1,585 current or former NPL hazardous waste sites where asbestos was detected in some environmental media (ATSDR , 2001).

Airborne releases of asbestos may occur from erosion of rock outcroppings, windblown soil from uncontrolled waste piles, mining and ore processing activities (drilling, blasting, crushing, screening, and milling), or industries that produce asbestos-containing products. While use of asbestos in products has been phased out, asbestos may exist at high concentrations in soil near former manufacturing facilities. The transport and disposal of asbestos-containing wastes may also release concentrations to the air. Asbestos can migrate in air as suspended particular matter (SPM), resulting in potential inhalation exposure to nearby populations (ATSDR , 2001).

EPA's 1999 Toxic Release Inventory reported the estimated air release of friable asbestos was 3,432 pounds from 87 facilities that reported production, processing, or using asbestos (ATSDR , 2001).
Waste disposal from all sources emits an estimated 499,000 pounds (22.7 metric tons) of asbestos per year, according to 1990 EPA information. Data from 2001 indicate that asbestos was identified in air at 17 of the 1,585 current or former NPL hazardous waste sites where it was found in environmental media (ATSDR , 2001).

Asbestos releases to the atmosphere primarily occur from the wear and breakdown of asbestos-containing products, particularly automotive brake linings and clutches and the historical use of asbestos-containing building materials. Workplace air sampling during maintenance and replacement of brakes showed a wide range of air concentrations, from 0.004 fibers/ml to 16.0 fibers/ml. Airborne releases from buildings will depend on the level of deterioration of the asbestos-containing products and the degree of disturbance. Releases to air can occur during demolition or renovation activities if proper control is not maintained, and maintenance, repair, and removal of asbestos- containing material is expected to account for principal releases in the future ((EPA, 2002i); (EPA, 2002)j; Pohanish, 2002; ATSDR , 2001).

Mean airborne asbestos concentrations in U.S. cities are from 2.1 - 4.3 mg/m(3). Air concentrations in metropolitan areas are reported to be less than 5 ng/m(3) for a 24 hour period, but can be as high as 20 ng/m(3). Near heavy traffic and areas of construction, concentrations up to 50 ng/m(3) have been found. A range of 100 ng/m(3) to 1000 ng/m(3) has been measured near specific emission sources and in schools and office buildings where asbestos-containing materials were used for sound and fire control (HSDB , 2002a).

Outdoor air concentrations of asbestos are highly variable, ranging from less than 0.1 ng/m(3) (3 x 10 (-6) fibers/ml measured by phase contrast microscopy (PCM)) in rural areas to over than 100 ng/m(3) (3 x 10(-3) PCM fibers/ml) near specific industrial sources such as asbestos mines. Typical levels are 1 x 10(-5) PCB fibers/ml in rural areas and up to an order of magnitude higher in urban areas. Levels may reach 10,000 fibers/m(3) (0.01 fibers/ml) or greater near an asbestos mine or factory (ATSDR , 2001).

Exposure to asbestos mainly occurs in indoor air. Older buildings commonly contain asbestos products such as pipe, patching and taping compounds, floor and ceiling tiles, reinforcing fillers in paints and sealants, and insulation. Significant exposure can occur from asbestos in older buildings that are deteriorated, remodeled, or destroyed. Public buildings, such as schools, previously used asbestos as a fireproof insulation in ceilings or walls. Levels in homes, schools, and other buildings that contain asbestos range from approximately 30 to 6,000 fibers/m(3) (0.00003-0.06 fibers/ml). Typical concentrations have been reported for indoor air from 1 to 200 ng/m(3) (0.000001-0.002 mg/m(3)) (EPA , 1999; ATSDR , 2001; ILO , 1998; Mossman et al, 1990; Murray, 1990; Mossman & Gee, 1989).

Occupational exposure to asbestos occurs primarily by inhalation. Inhalation hazards exist in a number of fields as discussed below (ATSDR , 2001; ILO , 1998):

Workers contributing to mining and processing of asbestos ores or the production of asbestos-containing products may be exposed to airborne asbestos fibers. Asbestiform minerals are sometimes found in other ores from particular mining areas, and individuals who work in the mining and processing of other ores may thus be exposed to asbestos. Tremolite is found as a contaminant in some sources of vermiculite and talc and in chrysotile mined in Quebec, Canada.
Because asbestos-containing materials were commonly used in buildings in insulation, fireproofing, dry wall, ceiling and floor tile, and other materials, disturbance of the materials could release fibers into the air. Demolition and asbestos abatement personnel and workers maintaining older facilities are likely to be exposed in their work practices, including construction, remodeling, maintenance, installations, repairs, and asbestos removal projects. For example, asbestos exposure is a concern in schools especially among custodial and maintenance workers. Such workers may be similarly exposed at older healthcare facilities and hotels. Electricians and telecommunications workers installing cable and performing maintenance work in older buildings may also be exposed.
Artists may be exposed to fibrous amphibole asbestos in talcs associated with kiln dusts. Parking and garage workers and automobile mechanics can be exposed to asbestos from brake dusts. Laboratory workers may be exposed when unpacking materials packed with asbestos- contaminated vermiculite. Welders can inhale asbestos when flame-cutting asbestos- insulated pieces.
Asbestos used as an insulating material can lead to its release and potential worker exposure in several occupational environments. Oil and gas drilling and production operations and coal-production facilities may include asbestos hazards where asbestos- containing insulating materials have not been replaced by alternative products. In the pulp and paper mill industry, pulping, recovery, and boiler operations involve high temperatures, and asbestos was used extensively to insulate pipes and vessels. In addition, a mixture of asbestos and cement is used to reseal the boiler gate when ash is removed from the bottom of the boilers at older paper mills.

Significant secondary exposure and asbestos-related disease can occur to indirectly-exposed family members, persons handling asbestos-contaminated materials, or to those living in proximity to large point environmental sources (Berry, 1997; Magnani et al, 1997; Donmez et al, 1996; Schneider et al, 1996; Schneider & Woitowitz, 1995; Zenz, 1994; Huncharek et al, 1989; Li et al, 1989; Kilburn et al, 1985; Hansen et al, 1993; Magnani et al, 1993) Sakellariou at al, 1996; (Dodoli et al, 1992; Selcuk et al, 1992; Constantopoulos et al, 1991).

An analytical survey was conducted for the presence of asbestos in composts collected from 26 communities nationwide. The purpose of the study was to determine if asbestos, a common contaminant in sewage sludge, was detectable in these compost materials. Asbestos was detected in 12 of the 26 sample composts (46%). The asbestos was most consistently found in compost resulting from source material containing municipal solid waste and to a lesser extent sewage sludge and yard waste (Manos et al, 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Asbestos fibers will exist as suspended material until settling. Small diameter asbestos fibers and fiber-containing particles can be suspended in air and carried by the wind. Atmospheric transport can occur for long distances before the material settles out. Fibers with aerodynamic diameters of 0.1-1 micron can be carried in air over a distance of thousands of kilometers. Larger diameter fibers and particles will settle faster and thus will not be carried as far as smaller fibers ((EPA, 2002i); HSDB , 2002a; ATSDR , 2001).
Asbestos is a mineral and is not affected by photolytic processes. Transformation or degradation processes are not associated with asbestos in air (ATSDR , 2001).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Asbestos fibers are not soluble in water, except chrysotile, which may dissolve to some extent in an aquatic system with low pH. Magnesium hydroxide leaches from the outer brucite layer, but the basic silicate structure of chrysotile remains intact. Fibers do not evaporate ((EPA, 2002)j; ATSDR , 2001).
- In water, the fibers do not adsorb to solids but will settle out and deposit into sediment. Smaller fibers will remain suspended and travel long distances with water currents before settling. Transport of fibers was reported in the waters of Lake Superior at over 75 miles. Some materials, such as trace metals and organic compounds, have an affinity for asbestos minerals and coagulation and precipitation of asbestos fibers may occur due to adsorptive interactions ((EPA, 2002)j; ATSDR , 2001).
- Asbestos will not be degraded by microorganisms or by other compounds in the environment, and will remain in the environment for decades or longer ((EPA, 2002)j).
- Degradation in the environment occurs very slowly, and the estimated half-life in aquatic environments is expected to be quite long (ATSDR , 2001).
GROUND WATER
- Fibers are not able to percolate to groundwater ((EPA, 2002)j).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Asbestos fibers do not tend to move through the soil, as they are not soluble. The fibers will not evaporate from soil. Asbestos is not known to undergo transformation or degradation in the soil and will remain unchanged over time. Overland migration may occur due to erosion and run-off of soil containing asbestos ((EPA, 2002)j; ATSDR , 2001).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Asbestos remains in the environment for decades or longer. It is not degraded by other chemicals in the environment. Fibers do not break down in soil, water or air. Air and waterborne suspended fibers are sometimes transported large distances before eventually settling. Suspended fibers in water are deposited into aquatic sediments, or adsorptive processes with trace metals or organic compounds may lead to coagulation or precipitation of asbestos in water. It is generally not soluble and does not migrate through soil to groundwater. Erosion of soils containing asbestos may allow migration of the material in run-off ((EPA, 2002i); HSDB , 2002a; ATSDR , 2001).

BIODEGRADATION

Asbestos doe not undergo biodegradation. It is considered non-biodegradable in an aquatic environment ((EPA, 2002)j; ATSDR , 2001).

BIOACCUMULATION

HUMANS

Although mechanisms in the human remove most asbestos fibers, inhaled or ingested asbestos is not completely cleared from the body. Some fraction is retained for long periods or for the entire lifetime (HSDB, 2004).

FISH

Mussels exposed to asbestos mine tailings waste at concentrations up to 100 mg/l were found to have fiber penetration of the stomach and intestinal tract epithelial tissue. The fibers remained for several weeks after the mussels were transferred to unpolluted waters (HSDB, 2004).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

A bioconcentration factor is not available. Asbestos is not expected to bioconcentrate ((EPA, 2002)j).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

Varies (NIOSH , 2002)

Not applicable. All forms of asbestos are indefinite polymers (ATSDR, 2001).

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Asbestos is a generic name for a class of naturally occurring, hydrated, fibrous silicate minerals of the serpentine or amphibole mineralogical series. Asbestos is characterized by bundles of fine, crystalline fibers. Parallel bundles will easily separate and split longitudinally into finer and finer individual fibrils. Serpentine fibers are flexible and coiled or curly, while amphibole fibers are brittle, thin, straight, and needle- or rod-shaped (ACGIH, 2001) ATSDR, 2001; (S Budavari , 2001; Harbison, 1998).

Asbestos is composed of silicon, oxygen, hydrogen, and various metal cations. The compound crystallized metallic silicates that make up asbestos minerals will vary in metal content according to the limitations of the crystal lattice structure (Bingham, et al., 2001; ((EPA, 2002h)).

Asbestos is fire-resistant, insoluble, moldable, and generally chemically inert. It has unique tensile strength and a high friction coefficient. Asbestos is a poor conductor of heat and will resist corrosion, although chrysotile is attacked by acid `(ATSDR, 2001; (Bingham et al, 2001; S Budavari , 2001; Lewis, 1998).

Order of typical tensile strengths: crocidolite > chysotile > amosite > anthophyllite > tremolite > actinolite (HSDB , 2002a).

Typical chrysotiles have tensile strengths approximately 3,727 Mpa (5.4 x 10(5) psi), which is greater than steel piano wire and fiberglass (HSDB , 2002c).
Chrysotile asbestos has a tensile strength of 31,000 kg/cm(2) (HSDB , 2002c).

Relative order of acid resistance: tremolite > anthophyllite > crocidolite > actinolite > amosite > chrysotile (HSDB , 2002a).

Asbestos fibers do not have a detectable odor or taste. They do not dissolve or evaporate and are resistant to chemical or biological degradation (ATSDR, 2001).

Serpentine asbestos is the mineral chrysotile, also referred to as white asbestos. It is a magnesium silicate and is structurally different from the amphiboles. It is usually white to grayish green and has a silky luster. It consists of strong, flexible fibers that occur in bundles up to several centimeters long. The bundled cylindrical fibers easily divide into smaller bundles and into individual fibrils (Baxter et al, 2000; Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2001).

Chrysotile is a curled sheet silicate that is spiraled as a helix around a central capillary. Double sheets of brucite and silica surround a small core of amorphous magnesium silicate, similar to a curved tube. Due to their strength and flexibility, the thin crystalline fibers are capable of being woven. The intrinsic structure of the chrysotile fiber aggregate also allows more intermediate shapes during mechanical treatment, better than with the amphiboles which are more brittle (Baxter et al, 2000; Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2002c).
Chrysotile is a selectively adsorptive material. This characteristic is likely related to the very small fiber diameter, the high specific surface area, and a relatively reactive surface. Commercial grades of chrysotile can adsorb as much as 2-3% weight percent moisture from saturated air. Adsorption studies examining a variety of organic compounds have shown that chrysotile has greater affinity for polar molecules (HSDB , 2002c).

Amphibole asbestos includes various silicates of magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium, including amosite, crocidolite, and the fibrous varieties of tremolite, actinolite, and anthophyllite. Amphibole fibers are generally more brittle than serpentine asbestos and cannot be spun. They are more resistant to chemicals and heat than serpentine asbestos. The amphiboles can form a variety of polymeric structures by forming Si-O-Si bonds. The linear double chain structure crystallizes into long, thin, straight fibers that are characteristic of this type of asbestos. (Baxter et al, 2000; Lewis, 2001).

Amphibole fibers will undergo dehydroxylation and decomposition at elevated temperatures. Compared to chrysotile, the amphibole fibers are relatively acid resistant. However, under boiling conditions and high acid concentrations the amphiboles can exhibit weight losses of approximately 2-20% (HSDB , 2002a).
Amosite, or fibrous grunerite, is an iron magnesium silicate. It is also known as brown asbestos, but may be yellowish-gray to dark brown in color. It has a vitreous to pearly luster. The fibers of amosite are course (Baxter et al, 2000; Bingham et al, 2001).
Anthophyllite is the fibrous form of another iron magnesium silicate (i.e., this silicate is dissimilar from grunerite). It has similar properties as amosite (Baxter et al, 2000).
Crocidolite, or blue asbestos, is a cobalt blue to lavender blue mineral. It is the fibrous form of riebeckite, a sodium iron silicate. It can appear from silky to dull in luster. Fiber bundles are shorter and more stiff than chrysotile and readily split to straight fibrils. Compared to chrysotile, crocidolite is much more acid-resistant and has a slightly higher heat tolerance (Baxter et al, 2000; Bingham et al, 2001).
Tremolite is a calcium magnesium silicate that crystallizes as an amphibole fiber or as a platey talc. It may be gray-white, green, yellow, or blue and has a silky luster. Fibrous tremolite is found as a contaminant with other fibers, such as chrysotile. Tremolite and actinolite form a continuous mineral series with iron (II) and magnesium substitution ongoing while maintaining the same three-dimensional crystal structure. Tremolite contains little or no iron, and actinolite contains iron (ATSDR, 2001; Baxter, et al., 2000; (Bingham et al, 2001).

VAPOR PRESSURE

ASBESTOS

approximately 0 mmHg (NIOSH , 2002)
Asbestos is not volatile ((EPA, 2002i)).

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

Actinolite: 3.0 - 3.1 (ATSDR, 2001)
Amosite: 3.1 - 3.25 (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2002b)
Amosite: 3.1 - 3.25 (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2002b)
Amosite: 3.43 (ATSDR, 2001)
Amosite: 3.45 (EPA, 1980)
Anthophyllite: 2.85 - 3.1 (ATSDR, 2001; (HSDB , 2002a)
Asbestos: 2.5 (Lewis, 2001)
Chrysotile: 2.4 - 2.6 (Bingham et al, 2001)
Chrysotile: 2.55 (ATSDR, 2001; EPA, 1080; (HSDB , 2002c)
Crocidolite: 3.2 - 3.3 (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2002a)
Crocidolite: 3.37 (ATSDR, 2001; EPA, 1980)
Tremolite: 2.9 - 3.2 (ATSDR, 2001; (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2002d)

BOILING POINT

Decomposes (NIOSH , 2002)

FLASH POINT

Asbestos is noncombustible (Lewis, 2001; Pohanish, 2002).

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Asbestos: Asbestos as a class is virtually insoluble (Lewis, 1998)
Asbestos: Asbestos is resistant to saltwater (Lewis, 1998)
Actinolite: Insoluble in water (ATSDR, 2001)
Amosite: Insoluble in water (ATSDR, 2001)
Anthophyllite: Insoluble in water (ATSDR, 2001)
Chrysotile: Insoluble in water (ATSDR, 2001)
Chrysotile: Chrysotile may be slowly soluble in water under conditions of continuous extraction (HSDB , 2002c).
Chrysotile: Solubility product constants range from 1.0 x 10(-11) to 3 x 10(-12). This corresponds to the outer magnesium hydroxide layer (HSDB , 2002c).
Crocidolite: Insoluble in water (ATSDR, 2001)
Tremolite: Insoluble in water (ATSDR, 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Asbestos: Asbestos is relatively chemically inert (Lewis, 1998).
Actinolite: Insoluble in organic solvents (ATSDR, 2001)
Amosite: Insoluble in organic solvents (ATSDR, 2001)
Anthophyllite: Insoluble in organic solvents (ATSDR, 2001)
Chrysotile: Insoluble in organic solvents (ATSDR, 2001)
Crocidolite: Insoluble in organic solvents (ATSDR, 2001)
Tremolite: Insoluble in organic solvents (ATSDR, 2001)

OTHER

Asbestos is insoluble (EPA, 2002l).
Amphiboles are acid resistant (S Budavari , 2001).
Actinolite is relatively insoluble in hydrochloric acid (HSDB , 2002a).
Amosite: Solubility in acids: 12% (percent loss in weight associated with counter ion loss; silicate structure will remain intact) (ATSDR, 2001).
Amosite: Solubility in bases: 6.82% (percent loss in weight associated with counter ion loss; silicate structure will remain intact) (ATSDR, 2001).
Anthophyllite: Solubility in acids: 2.13% (percent loss in weight associated with counter ion loss; silicate structure will remain intact) (ATSDR, 2001).
Anthophyllite: Solubility in bases: 1.77% (percent loss in weight associated with counter ion loss; silicate structure will remain intact) (ATSDR, 2001).
Chrysotile: Solubility in acids: 56% (percent loss in weight associated with counter ion loss; silicate structure will remain intact) (ATSDR, 2001).
Chrysotile: Solubility in bases: 1.03% (percent loss in weight associated with counter ion loss; silicate structure will remain intact) (ATSDR, 2001).
Chrysotile: Chrysotile will be attacked by acid due to its outer hydroxyl layer. Acidic conditions will dissolve and leach out the magnesium component. A fibrous silica structure is left that easily disintegrates. It is not readily attacked by caustic because of the alkaline characteristic of the fiber surface. An exception to this would occur in extreme alkali and high temperature conditions (Bingham et al, 2001; S Budavari , 2001; HSDB , 2002c).
Chrysotile: Mineral acids will liberate magnesium ions from chrysotile and form a siliceous residue (HSDB , 2002c).
Crocidolite: Solubility in acids: 3.14% (percent loss in weight associated with counter ion loss; silicate structure will remain intact) (ATSDR, 2001).
Crocidolite: Solubility in bases: 1.20% (percent loss in weight associated with counter ion loss; silicate structure will remain intact) (ATSDR, 2001).
Tremolite: Tremolite fibers resist chemical attack by both acids and alkalis (HSDB , 2002d).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

INDEX OF REFRACTION

about 1.64 (HSDB , 2002b)
1.63-1.73 (Bingham et al, 2001)
1.7 (pleochroic)(HSDB , 2002a)
1.65-1.72 (Bingham et al, 2001)
1.61 (HSDB , 2002d)
1.60-1.64 (Bingham et al, 2001)

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