URANIUM-234

Commercial uses of uranium include nuclear power reactors and nuclear weapons, armor-piercing ammunition, inertial guidance systems and gyro compasses, radiation shielding, and x-ray targets (Budavari, 1996).

FORMS

URANIUM-234 (U-234) is a minor radioactive isotope of natural uranium (U-238). It occurs at 0.0057% to uranium-238's 99.2739% (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). It is an alpha-emitter with energy of 4.717 Mev and has some gamma-emission with energy of 0.051 Mev. Its half-life is 2.46 x 10(5) years (Budavari, 1996). U-234 is part of the uranium series and eventually decays to the stable isotope LEAD (Pb-206). U-234 also decays by alpha-emission to RADON-222, and subsequently to the RADON DAUGHTERS.
Uranium is an alkali metal of the actinide series (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993). Uranium-234 is separated from the more common uranium-238 by extraction with trioctylphosphine oxide (Lewis, 1993).
Uranium is highly reactive and never occurs in the metallic form in nature (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). It can occur in the +3, +4, +5 or +6 valence states, with +6 being the most stable (ACGIH, 1992). Most +4 compounds are oxidized to the +6 state during biological absorption (ACGIH, 1992).
Metallic uranium reacts with nearly all non-metals and is attacked by water, acids and peroxides (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993). The powdered metal is a dangerous fire risk and ignites spontaneously in air (Lewis, 1993).
Important soluble uranium compounds are the nitrate, fluoride, and hexafluoride, while insoluble ones include the dioxide and tetrafluoride (Hathaway et al, 1991).

SOURCES

Daily dietary intake of uranium is approximately 1.75 mcg in the normal US diet, and the total body burden in non-occupationally exposed persons has been estimated at 100 to 125 mcg (ACGIH, 1992; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Sources of non-occupational exposure to U-234 include soil and rock, water supply, and building materials (Tartaglia, 1984). Exposure to radon and its daughters in stone or brick dwellings may play an important role in the etiology of lung cancer in the general population (Edling, 1984), as half of the total background exposure to ionizing radiation is thought to be from radon daughters. Other non-occupational exposures to uranium include peat bogs, coal power plants, mining and milling wastes, and dietary intake (approximately 1-5 micrograms per day). Some exposure can occur from leaching of uranium pigments used in pottery and stoneware by acidic foods.
U-234 accounted for a greater proportion of alpha-emitters in the exhaust from a nuclear installation than Pu-239 (Johnson, 1983). U-234 has also been detected in the atmosphere and emissions of large steel works (Niewiadomski, 1984). U-234 occurs in uranium ores, dusts, and mill tailings (Sill, 1977).
The major occupational exposure to U-234 is in uranium mining and processing. The primary routes of uptake into the body are inhalation and ingestion (EOHS, 1982). U-234 in inhaled ore dust may be cleared from the body with a shorter biological half life than the uranium daughter, Th-230.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

The toxicity of uranium is determined by both its chemical and radioactive properties. Pure uranium metal is very reactive as a strong reducing agent. The radiation hazard of uranium is greater than its chemical hazard (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Aside from the radiation hazard, the soluble uranium compounds are more toxic than the insoluble ones (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Uranium is a highly toxic element on an acute basis if it enters the body. It is a hazard to the liver and kidneys, especially the renal tubules (ILO, 1983). The high toxicity of insoluble uranium compounds is largely due to irradiation of the lung from inhaled particles. However, both acute and chronic poisoning are possible (ILO, 1983). Dermatitis, possible basaloma (Sevcova, 1976), acute necrotic arterial lesions, and sudden death may occur (Donoghue, 1972).

Acute renal failure, refractory anemia, rhabdomyolysis, myocarditis, liver dysfunction, coagulopathy and paralytic ileus occurred in a case of deliberate ingestion of 15 grams of uranium acetate. Renal impairment was still present 6 months later (Pavlakis et al, 1996).

Insoluble uranium compounds mostly remain in the lung after inhalation (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Acute exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation produces RADIATION SICKNESS, also known as ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME. This condition occurs with acute exposure to greater than 100 RADs and has four distinct phases: prodrome, latent, manifest illness, and recovery.

Other effects of acute exposure to ionizing radiation are erythema and burns of the skin.

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Uranium metal and insoluble compounds can cause dermatitis (Budavari, 1996). A study of uranium miners revealed an increased incidence of abnormal sputum cytology, much greater in smokers than of nonsmokers (Band, 1982). Other toxic effects of uranium include renal aminoaciduria, renal tubular necrosis (Black, 1965), pulmonary abnormalities, dyspnea (Samet, 1984), and pneumoconiosis (Cooper, 1968).

There is a possible connection between radon daughters attached to dust particles in uranium mines and enhancement of the fibrogenic effect of silica in the lung (Trapp, 1970).

There is a possible radiation effect of uranium on hematopoiesis in the bone marrow (Vich, 1970). A study in uranium miners found that immune suppression accompanied development of lung cancer (p 4).

Uranium mining is also associated with tuberculosis and other non-malignant respiratory diseases, but the data do not allow any firm conclusions as to the role of uranium (Waxweiler, 1983). The pattern may be suggestive of an immunosuppressive effect.

Experimental animal studies have reported the effects of both acute (subcutaneous injection) and chronic (oral) uranium poisoning on autoimmune processes in the thyroid (Malenchenko, 1978) and on the TESTES (Malenchenko & Barkun, 1976). Studies in hamsters demonstrated that exposure to uranium dust causes inflammation and proliferative pulmonary changes, as well as carcinomas with high-level exposure to radon daughters (Cross, 1981).

A Czech study showed a significant and continuous decrease in cholinesterase activity in uranium miners, related to duration of exposure (Pehr & Nosek, 1973).

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS13966-29-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS13966-29-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS13966-29-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS13966-29-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS13966-29-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS13966-29-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS13966-29-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS13966-29-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS13966-29-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Uranium-234
Final Reportable Quantity, in Ci (Bq):

0.1 (3.7E 9)

Note(s):

[phis]: Notification requirements for releases of mixtures or solutions of radionuclides can be found in § 302.6(b) of this rule. Final RQs for the following four common radionuclide mixtures are provided: radium-226 in secular equilibrium with its daughters (0.053 curie); natural uranium (0.1 curie); natural uranium in secular equilibrium with its daughters (0.052 curie); and natural thorium in secular equilibrium with its daughters (0.011 curie).

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS13966-29-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS13966-29-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS13966-29-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS13966-29-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS13966-29-5 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS13966-29-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 13966-29-5.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS13966-29-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS13966-29-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS13966-29-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS13966-29-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS13966-29-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS13966-29-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

233.99

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URANIUM-234

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents