URANIUM

4927886 - Uranium metal shapes, not
4927855 - Uranium metal scrap not
4927815 - Uranium metal bars, rods or
4927812 - Uranium metal billets, ingots,
4927337 - Uranium bearing ore
4926187 - Uranium metal, pyrophoric
4926186 - Uranium metal, pyrophoric

MOLECULAR FORMULA

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

162-RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS (LOW TO MODERATE LEVEL RADIATION)(for UN/NA Number2979)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(NIOSH , 2000; OHM/TADS, 2000)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Depleted uranium (which is the 238U by-product of the uranium enrichment process and which has relatively low radioactivity) has been used in the ballast for ships or aircrafts, in counterbalances, and in armor-piercing shells. Uranium can also be used in the production of colored ceramic glazes (Lewis, 1996).
Major uses of uranium include (HSDB , 2000): "Uranium ores as a source of radium salts; Sources of fissionable isotope 235U; source of plutonium by neutron capture; 235U is used in atom and hydrogen bombs; 234U and 235U are used in power reactors; Used in weapons production; For x-ray targets for production of high-energy x-rays; Used in inertial guidance devices and gyro compasses, as a counterweight for missile reentry vehicles, and as a shielding material."
Compounds of uranium are used in enamelling, staining glass, glazing ceramics, for alloying steel, in photographic processes, in radiation shielding, and as a catalyst for chemical reactions (Sittig, 1991).

FORMS

Uranium exists as three naturally occurring isotopes: 238U (at an abundance of 99.238%), 235U (at an abundance of 0.711%), and 234U (at an abundance of 0.005%) (Lewis, 1998). 15 known isotopes, including the three naturally occurring ones, exist. (238)U is the most stable, though all are considered unstable. They emit alpha or beta particles as they decay (HSDB , 2000).
Three allotrophic modifications exist for uranium: up to 667.7 degrees C, this compound exists in its orthorhombic alpha-form. From 667.7 degrees C to 774.8 degrees C, it exists in its tetragonal beta-form; and from 774.8 degrees C to its melting point, it exists in a body-centered cubic, gamma-form (HSDB , 2000).

SOURCES

In native soil, uranium is present at typical concentrations of 0.9 to 9.0 ppm. In groundwater, it is present at concentrations of 0.1 to 40 ppm (Dragun, 1998).
Extraction followed by leaching by either an acid or carbonate method is used for the processing of uranium ore. Fused slat electrolysis is used to obtain the metal from its halides (Sittig, 1991).
Uranium tetrafluoride can be reduced through the Ames process to form pure uranium metal (HSDB , 2000).
"The uranium ore is digested with nitric acid to form uranyl nitrate, this is extracted with tributylphosphate + kerosene. The nitrate is calcined to uranium trioxide. Uranium trioxide is reduced to uranium dioxide in furnaces supplied with hydrogen. The uranium dioxide is converted to uranium tetrafluoride with anhydrous hydrofluoric acid. Pure uranium metal is obtained by reduction of uranium tetrafluoride in a thermit type of reaction, carried out in metal bombs" (HSDB , 2000).
"Uranium can be prepared by reducing uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals or by reducing uranium oxides by calcium, aluminum, or carbon at high temperatures. The metal can also be produced by electrolysis of potassium uranium tetrafluoride or uranium tetrafluoride, dissolved in a molten mixture of calcium chloride & sodium chloride" (HSDB , 2000).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Uranium represents both a chemical and radiation hazard; its toxic chemical and radiation effects are difficult to separate. Victims of uranium transportation accidents usually have associated multiple traumas.

Direct contact produces burns of the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. Acute chemical toxicity mainly causes kidney damage, which may not be reversible; this precedes liver damage. Arterial lesions may occur after acute exposure.

Chronic exposure produces lung findings of pneumoconiosis, blood changes and general injury. Lung, bone (osteosarcoma) and lymph node (lymphoma) cancers result.

The permissible levels for soluble compounds, which are the most toxic, are based on chemical toxicity. The most soluble uranium compounds are: UF6, UO2(NO3)2, UO2Cl2, UO2F2 uranyl acetates, sulfates, and carbonates. Some moderately soluble compounds are: UF4, UO2, UO4, (NH4)2U2O7, UO3 and uranyl nitrates.

Soluble uranium compounds pass rapidly through the body, which allows relatively large amounts to be absorbed; they may be absorbed through the skin. They produce symptoms of lacrimation, conjunctivitis, shortness of breath, coughing, nausea, vomiting, skin burns, and lymphatic cancer.

The permissible body level for insoluble compounds is based on radiotoxicity. The least soluble compounds are high-fired UO2, U3O8, and uranium hydrides and carbides.

The toxic effects of insoluble compounds are mainly due to lung irradiation from inhaled fine particles. Insoluble particles in the lung may be a long-term carcinogenic hazard. This material is transferred from the lungs of animals quite slowly. Insoluble compounds produce dermatitis and cancer of the lymphatic and blood-forming tissues.

Uranium emits mainly alpha particles that may be blocked by limited shielding techniques. Therefore, the external radiation contamination risk is low. The internal radiation risk is high if uranium or a uranium compound enters the body.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 162 (ERG, 2004)

Radiation presents minimal risk to transport workers, emergency response personnel and the public during transportation accidents. Packaging durability increases as potential hazard of radioactive content increases.
Undamaged packages are safe. Contents of damaged packages may cause higher external radiation exposure, or both external and internal radiation exposure if contents are released.
Low radiation hazard when material is inside container. If material is released from package or bulk container, hazard will vary from low to moderate. Level of hazard will depend on the type and amount of radioactivity, the kind of material it is in, and/or the surfaces it is on.
Some material may be released from packages during accidents of moderate severity but risks to people are not great.
Released radioactive materials or contaminated objects usually will be visible if packaging fails.
Some exclusive use shipments of bulk and packaged materials will not have "RADIOACTIVE" labels. Placards, markings and shipping papers provide identification.
Some packages may have a "RADIOACTIVE" label and a second hazard label. The second hazard is usually greater than the radiation hazard; so follow this GUIDE as well as the response GUIDE for the second hazard class label.
Some radioactive materials cannot be detected by commonly available instruments.
Runoff from control of cargo fire may cause low-level pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 162 (ERG, 2004)

Medical problems take priority over radiological concerns.
Use first aid treatment according to the nature of the injury.
Do not delay care and transport of a seriously injured person.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
In case of contact with substance, wipe from skin immediately; flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Injured persons contaminated by contact with released material are not a serious hazard to health care personnel, equipment or facilities.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved take precautions to protect themselves and prevent spread of contamination.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when using this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE (Insoluble Compound) - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
DERMAL EXPOSURE (Soluble Compound) - Immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS (Insoluble Compound) - Skin, kidneys, bone marrow and lymphatic system [lung cancer].
TARGET ORGANS (Soluble Compound) - Respiratory system, blood, liver, kidney, lymphatic system, skin, bone marrow [lung cancer](National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).

The following treatment information is for radiation injury.

Victims of uranium transportation accidents usually have associated multiple traumas. The two immediate concerns in radioactive contamination are (1) treatment of life-threatening injuries and (2) decontamination procedures. Initial patient care should focus on managing the airway and ensuring ventilation and hemodynamic stability. First responders, hazardous material team members and all personnel involved in handling patients should wear disposable protective clothing.
The history obtained at the scene is of great importance. The exact type of exposure, ie, internal versus external and partial versus whole body exposure, should be obtained. If exposure is internal, both the route of entry (oral versus inhalation) and the radioactive materials involved (eg, specific heavy metal) must be determined.
Monitor exposed patients for contamination. Decontamination procedures should be started.The patient should be completely undressed and given a soap and water bath or shower (if the patient's condition permits and if the facility exists).
Radio communications should be made with the base station, and the patient should be taken to the emergency department predesignated for handling radiation-exposed patients.
Upon receiving notification, the hospital should activate its internal radiation disaster response plan. Depending on the number of persons exposed, a decision should be made regarding limited versus full response. The hospital radiation control officer should be summoned prior to the arrival of the victim(s). Unless the patient has sustained life-threatening injuries, there is no need to act in haste, as handling and minimizing the spread of radioactive contamination is of utmost importance.
In the hospital, decontamination with soap and water should be repeated until dosimetry readings become normal; all waste should be saved in special receptacles for later appropriate disposal.
If the history is one of possible neutron exposure, all vomitus, urine, feces, and metal clothing parts (eg, belt buckles) should be saved for possible neutron activation analysis and estimation of dose received.
Acute inhalation of radionuclides presents some difficult problems. Early bronchopulmonary lavage, in addition to chelating, blocking, and diluting agents, may be used. Chronic low-level inhalation of contaminants is more common, and long-term sequelae are now being reported.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
CARCINOGENICITY -- Uranium and uranium compounds are considered to be potential occupational carcinogens (Budavari, 1996).

ANIMAL DATA

Soluble compounds - ANIMALS repeatedly exposed to dusts of soluble uranium compounds in concentrations from 3 mg/m(3) to 30 mg/m(3) died of pulmonary and renal damage (Hathaway et al, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
Lacking evidence that naturally occurring uranium 238 is carcinogenic, a chronic exposure SNARL (Suggested No Adverse Response Level) of 0.035 mg/L, or 35 mcg/L can be calculated, using an uncertainty factor of 100, and assuming that a 70 kilogram adult consumes 2 liters of water daily, and that 10% of the uranium intake is provided by the water (HSDB , 2000).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-61-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A1 ; Listed as: Uranium (natural)

A1 :Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A1 ; Listed as: Uranium (natural), soluble and insoluble compounds, as U

A1 :Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Information reviewed but value not estimated. Refer to Full IRIS Summary. ; Listed as: Uranium, natural
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Uranium (insoluble compounds, as U)

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Uranium (soluble compounds, as U)

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7440-61-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: OHM/TADS, 2000 RTECS, 2000
- LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7440-61-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Uranium (natural)

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.2 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL: 0.6 mg/m(3)
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A1
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A1: Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Kidney dam
Molecular Weight: 238.03

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Uranium (natural), soluble and insoluble compounds, as U

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.2 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL: 0.6 mg/m(3)
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A1
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A1: Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Kidney dam
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7440-61-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7440-61-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Uranium (insoluble compounds, as U)
REL:

TWA: 0.2 mg/m(3)
STEL: 0.6 mg/m(3)
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A,

Listed as: Uranium (soluble compounds, as U)
REL:

TWA: 0.05 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A

IDLH:

IDLH: 10 mg Uranium/m3
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

IDLH:

IDLH: 10 mg Uranium/m3
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7440-61-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Uranium (as U) - Soluble compounds
Table Z-1 for Uranium (as U) - Soluble compounds:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.05

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Listed as: Uranium (as U) - Insoluble compounds
Table Z-1 for Uranium (as U) - Insoluble compounds:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.25

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7440-61-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7440-61-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7440-61-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Uranium-238
Final Reportable Quantity, in Ci (Bq):

0.1 (3.7E 9)

Note(s):

[phis]: Notification requirements for releases of mixtures or solutions of radionuclides can be found in § 302.6(b) of this rule. Final RQs for the following four common radionuclide mixtures are provided: radium-226 in secular equilibrium with its daughters (0.053 curie); natural uranium (0.1 curie); natural uranium in secular equilibrium with its daughters (0.052 curie); and natural thorium in secular equilibrium with its daughters (0.011 curie).
&: The adjusted RQ of one curie applies to all radionuclides not otherwise listed. Whenever the RQs in table 302.4 and this appendix to the table are in conflict, the lowest RQ shall apply. For example, uranyl acetate and uranyl nitrate have adjusted RQs shown in table 302.4 of 100 pounds, equivalent to about one-tenth the RQ level for uranium-238 listed in this appendix.

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7440-61-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7440-61-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7440-61-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7440-61-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7440-61-1 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Uranium

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2979 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2979 (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7440-61-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Toxic materials, or materials which can decompose into toxic materials, should be stored in cool areas with adequate ventilation. They should not be stored in areas of direct sunlight or in areas that may pose a fire hazard. Periodically inspect and/or monitor such storage areas (HSDB , 2000).
Uranium should be stored far from chemicals with which it is incompatible (HSDB , 2000).
A pyrophoric surface may form during the storage of uranium. This is due to the effects of moisture and air (Lewis, 1996). In air, uranium metal becomes coated with an oxide layer (HSDB , 2000).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Uranium is incompatible with carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, fluorine, and nitric acid (HSDB , 2000).
For additional information, please refer to the REACTIVITY HAZARD section in this document.

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 162 (ERG, 2004)

Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and structural firefighters' protective clothing will provide adequate protection.

Appropriate protective clothing, including footwear, gloves, respirators, impervious clothing, and face shields (8-inch minimum), should be worn to prevent the possibility of skin contact with solids, liquids, aerosols, or insoluble compounds containing uranium (HSDB , 2000; Sittig, 1991).

If skin becomes contaminated, it should be immediately washed with large amounts or water or with soap and water. At the end of the workshift, the worker should wash each day. If clothing (especially nonimpervious clothing) becomes wet or contaminated, it should be immediately changed. Before leaving the work premises, workers should change into uncontaminated clothing if there is a chance that work clothing has become contaminated (AAR, 1998; NIOSH , 2000; Sittig, 1991).

Workers should keep up wind and avoid breathing in dusts; a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn. Broken packages of uranium should not be handled unless the worker is wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment (AAR, 1998).

Where the potential for alpha and gamma radiation exposure exists: "do not allow contaminated water to come in contact with skin or personal clothing. Wear waterproof protection. If the radioactivity is also airborne, a mask with air filter may be required" (OHM/TADS, 2000).

HSDB (2000) states that elaborate shielding is unnecessary since any radiation from (pure) uranium has low penetration.

"Direct contact with uranium metal or insoluble uranium compounds may cause dermititis. Radiation hazard is caused by the direct emission of alpha-particle radiation and by alpha-particles emitted from radon gas and its particulate daughters formed during the the natural decay of uranium" (Budavari, 1996).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear dust- and splash-proof safety goggles to prevent eye contact (HSDB , 2000).

Provide eye wash fountains in areas where workers may be exposed to uranium (workers should wear eye protection in addition to this recommendation) (NIOSH , 2000).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

"Uranium and its salts are highly toxic. Inhalation of fine particles poses a cancer risk" (Lewis, 1998).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7440-61-1.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 162 (ERG, 2004)
- Some of these materials may burn, but most do not ignite readily.
- Uranium and Thorium metal cuttings or granules may ignite spontaneously if exposed to air (see GUIDE 136).
- Nitrates are oxidizers and may ignite other combustibles (see GUIDE 141).
Water should NOT be used on fires involving uranium. Instead, use graphite, powdered sodium chloride, soda ash, or a suitable dry powder. Personnel should remain upwind and avoid breathing dust or fumes from the burning material. Cover suspicious materials with dry sand or earth after the fire is out. This should prevent the fire from re-igniting until the material can be disposed of permanently. Do not breathe in fumes from the burning material (AAR, 1998).
Uranium when in the form of a powder presents a dangerous fire risk, as it can spontaneously ignite in air (HSDB , 2000).
In order to prevent fire, it is essential to ensure the complete coverage of uranium metal scrap. Burn all finely divided uranium before accumulation and under supervision (HSDB , 2000).
See REACTIVITY HAZARD section for more information.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7440-61-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 162 (ERG, 2004)

Presence of radioactive material will not influence the fire control processes and should not influence selection of techniques.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Do not move damaged packages; move undamaged packages out of fire zone.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 162 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 162 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog (flooding amounts).
Dike fire-control water for later disposal.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7440-61-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

If there is a fire involving uranium, the state, local, or Department of Energy's Radiological Response Team should be called and people should be kept clear of the area until it has been deemed safe by the Response Team. Water should NOT be used on such fires. Instead, use graphite, powdered sodium chloride, soda ash, or a suitable dry powder. Personnel should remain upwind and avoid breathing dust or fumes from the burning material. Cover the materials in suspect with dry sand or earth after the fire is out. This should prevent the fire from re-igniting until the material can be disposed of permanently. Do not breathe in fumes from the burning material (AAR, 1998).

Because speed is critical, HSDB (2000) recommends using graphite chips and asbestos blankets when fighting fires involving this compound.

Barium has been used to fight fires involving uranium (HSDB , 2000).

An explosion resulted when a carbon tetrachloride extinguisher was used on a small uranium fire (Urben, 1999).

If uranium is not on fire, but in the area of the fire, the state, local, or Department of Energy's Radiological Response Team should be called and the area kept free of people until it has been declared safe. Water should NOT be used. Uranium should be kept dry and located as far as possible from ignition sources such as sparks and flames. Dry material should not be swept up. Material in suspect should be covered with dry sand or earth to prevent ignition until permanent disposal is possible (AAR, 1998).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Radioactive products are released when uranium undergoes combustion (OHM/TADS, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

60 g/m(3) is the minimum explosive concentration (HSDB , 2000; NIOSH , 2000).

"A dust cloud of uranium metal dust may ignite explosively at ordinary temperatures" (HSDB , 2000).

Uranium is a nonfissionable element (OHM/TADS, 2000).

A small fire involving approximately one half pound of uranium exploded when liquid carbon tetrachloride was used as an extinguishing agent (NFPA, 1997).

Nitric acid and uranium can react with explosive violence (NFPA, 1997).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Uranium dust and solid poses a dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame (Lewis, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Uranium dust and solid poses a dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame (Lewis, 1996).

A pyrophoric surface may form during the storage of uranium due to the effects of moisture and air (Lewis, 1996).

Uranium may react violently with the following (HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991; Urben, 1999):

Air
Ammonia (uranium metal incandesces in ammonia at dull red heat)
Bromine trifluoride (uranium may explode or ignite during dissolution in bromine trifluoride)
carbon dioxide (fire and explosion hazard)
chlorine (binary reactant; uranium ignites spontaneously when in the presence of chlorine at 150 degrees C)
fluorine (binary reactant; burns in fluorine to produce a volatile tetrafluoride)
nitric acid (can react with explosive violence; binary reactant)
nitric oxide (binary reactant; uranium will ignite in warm nitric oxide)
nitryl fluoride (incandescence occurs when it is passed over uranium at ambient temperatures)
selenium (binary reactant; reacts with incandescence when hot)
strong acids (fires and explosions; liberates hydrogen and forms tetravalent uranium salts)
strong oxidizers (fire and explosion hazard)
sulfur (binary react; reacts with incandescence when boiling)
trichloroethylene
water

Partial conversion to uranium hydride and eventual ignition during hot weather will occur when fine particles and turning of uranium are stored outdoors under water, or water-soluble oil, in closed containers (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Uranium will ignite in oxygen at approximately 170 degrees C, depending upon the subdivision state of the metal. At 150 to 175 degrees C, this compound will burn in air, which results in the formation of uranium oxide (HSDB , 2000).

Uranium when in the form of a powder presents a dangerous fire risk, as it can spontaneously ignite in air (HSDB , 2000).

In order to prevent fire, it is essential to ensure the complete coverage of uranium metal scrap. Burn all finely divided uranium before accumulation and under supervision (HSDB , 2000).

Electrolytic uranium, when in the form of a fine powder, will be attacked by fluorine and will burn. When in cold fluorine, uranium will spontaneously ignite (HSDB , 2000).

When uranium, in the form of the finely divided metal, is in the presence of carbon dioxide at 750 degrees C, the interaction will be so rapid that ignition will occur. Uranium in the form of the massive metal will ignite when it interacts with carbon dioxide at 800 degrees C (Urben, 1999).

Clean uranium chips or turnings oxidize in air. They can spontaneously ignite if they're stored in a container without air movement. This reactivity is increased by moisture (HSDB , 2000).

Finely divided uranium decomposes slowly in cold water and faster in boiling water (HSDB , 2000).

Fires or explosions will result from uranium contact with carbon dioxide (HSDB , 2000).

Fluorine will cause uranium to burn, producing primarily a green volatile tetrafluoride. At 180 degrees C, uranium powder will ignite in chlorine; at 240 degrees C, uranium powder burns in bromine vapor, and at 260 degrees C, uranium powder will ignite in iodine vapor. Hydrogen is liberated and tetravalent uranium salts are produced when uranium reacts with acids (HSDB , 2000; Urben, 1999).

At a dull ready heat, dry hydrogen chloride will attack uranium to form a stable chloride (HSDB , 2000).

At 500 degrees C, uranium combines with sulfur; at 1000 degrees C, uranium combines with nitrogen (HSDB , 2000).

Metallic particles of uranium exhibit luminescence upon vigorous shaking (HSDB , 2000).

"Uranium interacts with peats, coals, asphalts, shales, phosphorites, and carbonates" (HSDB , 2000).

Peroxides will attack uranium (HSDB , 2000).

As a strong reducing agent, pure uranium metal is very reactive (HSDB , 2000).

The finely divided reactive form of uranium, which is generated by pyrolysis of the hydride, is pyrophoric (Urben, 1999).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 162 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 162 (ERG, 2004)

When a large quantity of this material is involved in a major fire, consider an initial evacuation distance of 300 meters (1000 feet) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 162 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
Priorities for rescue, life-saving, first aid, fire control and other hazards are higher than the priority for measuring radiation levels.
Radiation Authority must be notified of accident conditions. Radiation Authority is usually responsible for decisions about radiological consequences and closure of emergencies.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.
Stay upwind.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Detain or isolate uninjured persons or equipment suspected to be contaminated; delay decontamination and cleanup until instructions are received from Radiation Authority.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7440-61-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7440-61-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Uranium
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.25
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.6
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 2.5
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 10
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7440-61-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7440-61-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 10 mg Uranium/m3
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

IDLH: 10 mg Uranium/m3
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 162 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged packages or spilled material.
- Cover liquid spill with sand, earth or other noncombustible absorbent material.
- Dike to collect large liquid spills.
- Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 162 (ERG, 2004)
- Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and structural firefighters' protective clothing will provide adequate protection.
If uranium is spilled, the area should be ventilated and the material collected (in a manner that poses no risk to the employee) and deposited in sealed containers prior to reclamation (HSDB , 2000).
Absorb liquids containing soluble uranium or insoluble uranium compounds in dry sand, vermiculite, earth, or another similar material. Cover spilled uranium turnings or chips with oil (HSDB , 2000).
Sittig (1991) recommends recovering uranium from process scrap and process wastewaters for reprocessing.
OHM/TADS (2000) suggests in situ amelioration, which includes deionization of the water through cation and anion exchange resins and possible lime treatment with coagulant.
For beach or shore restoration, the spilled uranium should be removed from sand and then buried at an authorized burial site (OHM/TADS, 2000).
Contact the nuclear regulatory commission to get information on authorized radioactive burial sites (OHM/TADS, 2000).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Widely distributed in nature, uranium composes 3 to 4 x 10(-4)% of the earth's crust. It can be found in sea water, as well as in numerous minerals. In 155 minerals, it is an important constituent, and it is a minor constituent or impurity in an additional 60 minerals. It can be found in autunite, uranophane, tobernite, davidite, and uranite, as well as in rock lignite, monazite sands, and phosphate (HSDB , 2000).

Some common operations during which exposure to uranium may occur include: "liberation from mining, grinding, and milling of ores; use of insoluble uranium compounds as chemical intermediates in preparation of uranium compound; use for nuclear technology; use in nuclear smelting operations; use in ceramics industry for pigments, coloring porcelain, and enameling; use as catalysts for many reactions; in production of fluorescent glass" (HSDB , 2000).

1 x 10(-3) picoCi was the estimated daily adult intake of uranium via inhalation according to the United Nations in 1977 (HSDB , 2000). 1 to 1.5 mcg is the daily average uranium intake through food (HSDB , 2000).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- In groundwater, uranium is present at concentrations of 0.1 to 40 ppm (Dragun, 1998).
- It is likely that uranium will be highly sorbed, as is indicated by uranium concentrations found in ground waters from the Hanford site; this is due to its reduction from the hexavalent state in surface waters to the tetravalent state in confined aquifers. Significant differences have been found in the distribution of radionuclides in confined aquifers and in the unconfined and surface waters (HSDB , 2000).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Uranium occurs naturally in soils and rocks at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 5 ppm. The average soil concentration is approximately 1.8 ppm (HSDB , 2000).
- Dragun (1998) states that in native soil, uranium is present at typical concentrations of 0.9 to 9.0 ppm. In groundwater, it is present at concentrations of 0.1 to 40 ppm.
- It is estimated that 2.3 tons/km(2) is the average uranium content in the top 30 cm of soil. In rock, the uranium content varies widely, but is typically higher than the content in the earth's crust by an average of 3 mcg/g (HSDB , 2000).

BIOACCUMULATION

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- In 48 hours, U238 is concentrated in the ochromonas algae by a factor of 330 from water (OHM/TADS, 2000).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

FRESHWATER TOXICITY (OHM/TADS, 2000):

TLm - (WATER) ALGAE: 8000 ppm
TLm - (WATER) PROTOZOA: 10,000 ppm
TLm - (WATER) MOLLUSKS: 5000 ppm
TLm - (WATER) CRUSTACEA: 500 ppm
TLm - (WATER) FISH: 600 ppm
LD - (WATER) ALGAE: 25,000 ppm -- 100% mortality
LD - (WATER) PROTOZOA: 18,000 ppm -- 100% mortality
LD - (WATER) MOLLUSKS: 10,000 ppm --100% mortality
LD - (WATER) CRUSTACEA: 5000 ppm -- 100% mortality
LD - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT: 2500 ppm for 1344 hours -- 100% mortality

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

238.03

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Uranium is a radioactive element that is silvery-white to gray, softer than steel, heavy, lustrous, ductile, malleable, and metallic. Uranium will tarnish in air. The alpha- and beta-forms of this compound are more brittle than the gamma-form, which is softer and more malleable (HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1996; OHM/TADS, 2000).

When obtained by reduction, uranium takes on the form of a black powder (HSDB , 2000).

After cold working, uranium can take on a high polish (HSDB , 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0 mmHg (approximately) (NIOSH , 2000)

0 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

19.05 (NIOSH , 2000)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

18.95 g/cm(3) (Lewis, 1996)

BOILING POINT

3818 degrees C (Lewis, 1996; HSDB , 2000)

6895 degrees F (NIOSH , 2000)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Tetravalent uranium compounds are generally insoluble in water. Hexavalent uranium compounds are generally soluble (ATSDR, 1999).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Insoluble in alkalies (HSDB , 2000)
Soluble in acids (HSDB , 2000)
Insoluble in alcohol (HSDB , 2000)
Uranium is rapidly soluble in hydrochloric acid (Budavari, 1996).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

SURFACE TENSION

1500 + or - 75 mN/m (liquid, purity 99.999% (vacuum)) (HSDB , 2000)

HEAT OF FUSION

4.7 kcal/mole (HSDB , 2000)

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GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

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65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

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67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromine Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039732a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromoacetone (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187bf&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Calcium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae328&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Sulfide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037ff26&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Cyanogen (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187fe&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Dimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbf3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Diphenylchloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Phosphorodichloridate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480920347&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hexafluoropropylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1f5&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents