TURPENTINE OIL

Turpentine has been used as a solvent/thinner for pigment, varnishes, paints, oils, lacquers, resins, waxes, rubber, and polishes, as an insecticide, and in camphor and menthol synthesis (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997; HSDB , 2000).

More recently, turpentine oil has been largely replaced with white spirit or a turpentine substitute which are of relatively low toxicity when ingested (Riordan et al, 2002).

Turpentine oil has been used in liniments, ointments, inks, deodorizers, and perfumes (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2000).
Turpentine is used as a chemical intermediate for polyterpene resins, synthetic pine oil, and pinene-based flavors and perfumes (HSDB , 2000).
MEDICAL/DENTISTRY USES

Turpentine has been used topically as a rubefacient, counterirritant, and treatment for the elimination of parasitic infestations (Singh et al, 1993).
This compound is used to dissolve gutta-percha, a plant-derived temporary filling material that is used in dentistry (Barbosa et al, 1994).
Turpentine is a chemical intermediate for terpenes used in the pharmaceutical industry. It is used in expectorant formulations, and in veterinary medication (HSDB , 2000).

FORMS

Turpentine is a volatile hydrocarbon compound.
Turpentine (i.e. wood turpentine) is a volatile, clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor described as aromatic, unpleasant, and penetrating. Gum turpentine is a volatile, yellowish, opaque, sticky mass with a characteristic odor (AAR, 1998) (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Hathaway et al, 1996).
Turpentine is a compound which contains the terpenes alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and dipentene. Older North American preparations and preparations from other countries also contain 3-carene, delta-carene, and camphene (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994).

SOURCES

Wood turpentine is created through extraction or destructive distillation of wood. Gum turpentine is produced through steam distillation of turpentine gum (ACGIH, 1991).
Turpentine is co-produced with dipentene, pine oil, rosin, and wood by the steam distillation of pinewood stumps. It is also produced by the fractionation of pyrolysis oil and pinewood and is co-produced with pine oil, wood pitch, tar oil, and wood (Ashford, 1999).
This compound is prepared by distillation of volatile oil from oleoresin originating from Pinus palustris mill, pinaceae, and other terpene oil-yielding Pinus species (HSDB , 2000).
Production of turpentine occurs through the use of aliphatic and aromatic solvents to extract aged pine stumps and distilling the extracts. The compound is also produced from the capture of condensed wood pulp vapors released when cooking the wood pulp during sulfate pulping (HSDB , 2000).

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

The name "turpentine" is used to refer to a group of volatile, terpene-based compounds that include wood turpentine, gum turpentine, and oil of turpentine. These compounds are distinguished by their source and method of production (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1991; Budavari, 1996).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Turpentine has been often used as a paint thinner and solvent. In the past, it had been used as a diuretic and expectorant.

TOXICOLOGY: Turpentine is an aliphatic hydrocarbon. Turpentine contains alpha-pinene as its primary constituent as well as beta-pinene, camphene, and limonene. Turpentine oil readily absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract or by inhalation.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure has occurred; fatalities have been reported. However, turpentine oil has been largely been replaced with white spirit or a turpentine substitute which are of relatively low toxicity when ingested.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

INGESTION: Ingestion is the most significant route of exposure. SYMPTOMS: Turpentine can produce burning, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, tachycardia, dyspnea, cyanosis and fever. Severe ingestions can cause glycosuria, hematuria, albuminuria, anuria, excitement, delirium, ataxia, vertigo, stupor, seizures and coma. A significant ingestion can lead to CNS depression that progresses from mild symptoms (ie, headache, dizziness and blurry vision) to lethargy and coma. ONSET: Usually 2 to 3 hours for systemic toxicity to develop. DURATION: GI and CNS symptoms generally resolve within 12 hours in patients with a moderate exposure. SEVERE EVENTS: Primary toxicity is due to the potential risk of aspiration causing a chemical pneumonitis; respiratory insufficiency and failure can develop.
INHALATION: Inhalation of vapors may produce respiratory irritation. High vapor concentrations can cause mucous membrane irritation, hyperpnea, vertigo, tachycardia, headache, hallucinations, distorted perceptions, and seizures. PULMONARY EFFECT: Aspiration pneumonitis, pulmonary necrosis, pneumatocele or pulmonary edema can develop after ingestion, parenteral exposure, or the use of turpentine as a vaginal douche.
DERMAL: Turpentine is absorbed through the skin. Topical application produces a rubefacient effect, with redness, warmth, blisters and burns. Long term or repeated exposure can result in irritation. Some turpentine preparations can cause contact dermatitis.
OCULAR: Ocular exposure to liquid turpentine causes conjunctivitis, lid edema, and blepharospasm. Allergy has been reported.
OTHER: Hemorrhagic cystitis has been associated with turpentine use. Turpentine exposure can produce the odor of violets in urine.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

TOXICOLOGY: Turpentine is an aliphatic hydrocarbon. Turpentine contains alpha-pinene as its primary constituent as well as beta-pinene, camphene, and limonene. Turpentine oil is readily absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract or inhalation. Turpentine is lipophilic.
TOXICOKINETICS: Turpentine is an irritant and a central nervous system depressant (ACGIH, 1992). It is also a potential aspiration hazard. There have been a number of fatalities from ingestion of turpentine; the mean oral lethal dose for humans is 15 to 90 mL (ACGIH, 1992).
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure has occurred; fatalities have been reported. However, turpentine oil has been largely been replaced with white spirit or a turpentine substitute which are of relatively low toxicity when ingested.
OVERDOSE: INGESTION: Ingestion is the most significant route of exposure. SYMPTOMS: Turpentine can produce burning, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, tachycardia, dyspnea, cyanosis and fever. Severe ingestions can cause glycosuria, hematuria, albuminuria, anuria, excitement, delirium, ataxia, vertigo, stupor, seizures and coma. A significant ingestion can lead to CNS depression that progresses from mild symptoms (ie, headache, dizziness and blurry vision) to lethargy and coma. ONSET: Usually 2 to 3 hours for systemic toxicity to develop. DURATION: GI and CNS symptoms generally resolve within 12 hours in patients with a moderate exposure. SEVERE EVENTS: Primary toxicity is due to the potential risk of aspiration causing a chemical pneumonitis; respiratory insufficiency and failure can develop. INHALATION: Inhalation of vapors may produce respiratory irritation. High vapor concentrations can cause mucous membrane irritation, hyperpnea, vertigo, tachycardia, headache, hallucinations, distorted perceptions, and seizures. PULMONARY EFFECT: Aspiration pneumonitis, pulmonary necrosis, pneumatocele or pulmonary edema can develop after ingestion, parenteral exposure, or the use of turpentine as a vaginal douche. DERMAL: Turpentine is absorbed through the skin. Topical application produces a rubefacient effect, with redness, warmth, blisters and burns. Long term or repeated exposure can result in irritation. Some turpentine preparations can cause contact dermatitis. OCULAR: Ocular exposure to liquid turpentine causes conjunctivitis, lid edema, and blepharospasm. Allergy has been reported. OTHER: Hemorrhagic cystitis has been associated with turpentine use. Turpentine exposure can produce the odor of violets in urine.

INGESTION

Ingestion of large volumes of turpentine can cause excitement, ataxia, confusion, stupor, seizures, and coma. Seizures may not develop for several hours (Gosselin et al, 1984; Jacobziner & Raybin, 1961). Death has occurred in some cases.
Burning pain in the mouth and throat occurs with ingestion. The breath may smell of turpentine or violets (Gosselin et al, 1984; Goldfrank, 1994)
FATALITY: Status epilepticus occurred in a teenager who died following ingestion of approximately 200 mL of turpentine oil (Pande et al, 1994).

INHALATION

Turpentine vapor in air at concentrations of 75 to 200 ppm is moderately irritating (US DHHS, 1981). Another source reports perceptible irritation at 175 ppm, with uncomfortable irritation at 720 to 1,100 ppm (Grant, 1986). Pupils may be unreactive and dilated (Jacobziner & Raybin, 1961).
Lower levels of vapor exposure (750 to 1000 ppm for several hours) have produced headache and dizziness (US DHHS, 1981).
Coughing and irritation of the mucous membranes and throat occur with exposure to high vapor concentrations (US DHHS, 1981).

DERMAL

Contact dermatitis, erythema, blisters, urticaria, pain, and burns can occur from contact with turpentine to the skin (Jacobziner & Raybin, 1961; Rudzki et al, 1991). Injection of 1.5 to 5 mL of turpentine has resulted in cellulitis and sterile abscess (Wedin & Jones, 1984; Wason & Greiner, 1986).

OCULAR

Eye contact with liquid turpentine causes conjunctivitis, eyelid edema, corneal burns, and blepharospasm (Jacobziner & Raybin, 1961; Hathaway et al, 1991). Severe pain and conjunctival hyperemia and transient corneal injury can occur (Grant, 1986).

PARENTERAL

Parenteral turpentine used as an abortifacient has induced peritonitis, pelvic necrosis and inflammation, and pulmonary edema (ACGIH, 1992).
Subcutaneous injection of 1.5 to 2 mL of turpentine caused fever within 24 hours (Wedin & Jones, 1984; Hathaway et al, 1991). A rapid, thready pulse may be present after exposure (Jacobziner & Raybin, 1961).

CARDIOVASCULAR

Tachycardia may occur following turpentine ingestion or vapor inhalation (Gosselin et al, 1984). A rapid, thready pulse may also be present following exposure (Jacobziner & Raybin, 1961).

RESPIRATORY

Aspiration of turpentine can result in pulmonary edema or aspiration pneumonia (Pande et al, 1994; Gosselin et al, 1984; Goldfrank, 1994; Jacobziner & Raybin, 1961).
PULMONARY EDEMA: Vapors may produce mucous membrane irritation (US DHHS, 1981). Pulmonary edema has been reported following these routes: intravenous injection of 5 mL of pure gum turpentine (Wason & Greiner, 1986) and turpentine (1:1 mixture with water) used as a vaginal douche (Villalobos & Snodgrass, 1994).
CASE REPORTS: In a group of 8 male volunteers exposed to 450 mg/m(3) turpentine vapor for 2 hours, mean half-lives for alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and 3-carene were 32, 25, and 42 hours, respectively. The subjects reported throat and airway discomfort during exposure, and increased airway resistance was seen after inhalation of turpentine but not with 3-carene (Filipsson, 1996).

GASTROINTESTINAL

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea can occur (Jacobziner & Raybin, 1961; US DHHS, 1981).

GENITOURINARY

Hemorrhagic cystitis has been associated with turpentine use (Klein & Hackler, 1980). Hematuria and albuminuria may occur (Finkel, 1983; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Acute exposure has caused glucosuria, hematuria, albuminuria, and anuria (ACGIH, 1991).
Historically, fatal glomerulonephritis has been reported following vapor inhalation in older literature (Chapman, 1941), however, because turpentine formulations have changed, such effects are now rarely seen (Finkel, 1983). In addition, renal effects following exposure to turpentine are rarely reported in more current literature, possibly because of the use of turpentine with fewer impurities (Gosselin et al, 1984).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE: Chronic effects associated with occupational exposure of turpentine have included the following: cerebral atrophy, behavioral changes, and anemia and bone marrow damage (National Toxicology Program (NTP), 2002).

Chronic exposure to high vapor concentrations has caused nephritis (Jacobziner & Raybin, 1961). Glomerulonephritis has also been described following occupational exposure (National Toxicology Program (NTP), 2002). Some researchers have suggested that any renal damage associated with long term occupational exposures are transient and completely reversible (National Toxicology Program (NTP), 2002).

Long-term dermal contact produces inflammation and may cause allergic erythema, eczema, headaches, coughing, and sleeplessness (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Sensitization (Romaguera et al, 1986; Rudzki et al, 1991; HSDB , 1996), allergy (Cachao et al, 1986; HSDB , 1996), and occupational asthma (Dudek et al, 2009; Hendy et al, 1985) have been reported.

Eczema ascribed to older preparations of turpentine was likely due to delta-carene, which is not found in newer formulations (ACGIH, 1992).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

PREHOSPITAL: GI decontamination is not recommended because of the risk of aspiration. Activated charcoal is generally NOT indicated OR has limited utility as it may cause vomiting and subsequent aspiration. Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed skin with soap and water.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system and kidneys (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

Because of the risk of hydrocarbon aspiration, prehospital administration of activated charcoal is NOT recommended.

SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

A value range of 15 to 90 mL has been determined to be the mean oral lethal dose for humans through numerous reports of turpentine fatalities (ACGIH, 1991). Other reports indicate that doses between 120 to 180 mL may be fatal if no treatment is obtained (HSDB , 2000).

PEDIATRIC

As little as 15 mL has been fatal to a 2-year-old child; however, benzene was present in the mixture (Gosselin et al, 1984; HSDB , 2000).
Ingestion of approximately 200 mL of turpentine oil was fatal in a 16-year-old boy (Pande et al, 1994).

SUMMARY

Turpentine is an irritant of the skin and mucous membranes and is a CNS depressant. In addition to the high toxicity of low oral doses, turpentine can be toxic if aspirated leading to chemical pneumonitis with pathogenic dyspnea, acute pulmonary edema, cyanosis, and even death from respiratory failure (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

There has been a report of human recovery from a turpentine dose of 120 g (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
CASE REPORT: An 85-year-old woman survived an estimated ingestion of 200 mL turpentine and developed CNS depression which included coma. Following supportive care the patient made a complete recovery (Troulakis et al, 1997).
Volunteers exposed to turpentine vapors for 3-5 minutes reported that 75 ppm caused nose and throat irritation, and 175 ppm was intolerable. The majority of these subjects estimated 100 ppm to be the highest tolerable 8-hour exposure. Workers exposed to 750 to 1000 ppm turpentine vapors for several hours reported eye irritation, headache, dizziness, nausea, and tachycardia.

Case reports indicated that chronic occupational exposure can result in respiratory irritation, renal injury, and death. Dermal contact can result in eczema and contact dermatitis. Splashes of turpentine into the eye can result in severe pain and blepharospasm followed by conjunctival hyperemia and slight transient injury of the corneal epithelium (ACGIH, 1991) (Grant & Schumann, 1993) (Harbison, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996).

PEDIATRIC

Children have survived doses of approximately 3 ounces (HSDB , 2000).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS8006-64-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Turpentine

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Turpentine and selected monoterpenes

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Turpentine
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3A ; Listed as: Turpentine

Category 3A : Substances for which the criteria for classification in Category 4 or 5 are fulfilled but for which the database is insufficient for the establishment of a MAK value.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS8006-64-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

Reference: HSDB, 2000; Lewis, 1996; RTECS, 2000
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (SKIN)MOUSE:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 ppm = 5.50 mg/m(3) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS8006-64-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Turpentine

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 20 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: SEN
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
SEN: The designation SEN refers to the potential for an agent to produce sensitization, as confirmed by human or animal data. The notation does not imply that this is the critical effect or that this is the sole basis for the TLV. Although, for those TLVs that are based on sensitization, the TLV is meant to protect workers from induction of this effect, but cannot protect workers who have already become sensitized. The notation should be used to assist in identifying sensitization hazards and reducing respiratory, dermal, and conjunctival exposures to sensitizing agents in the workplace. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and skin irr; CNS impair; lung dam
Molecular Weight: 136

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Turpentine and selected monoterpenes

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 20 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: SEN
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
SEN: The designation SEN refers to the potential for an agent to produce sensitization, as confirmed by human or animal data. The notation does not imply that this is the critical effect or that this is the sole basis for the TLV. Although, for those TLVs that are based on sensitization, the TLV is meant to protect workers from induction of this effect, but cannot protect workers who have already become sensitized. The notation should be used to assist in identifying sensitization hazards and reducing respiratory, dermal, and conjunctival exposures to sensitizing agents in the workplace. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and skin irr; CNS impair; lung dam
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS8006-64-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS8006-64-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Turpentine
REL:

TWA: 100 ppm (560 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 800 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS8006-64-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Turpentine
Table Z-1 for Turpentine:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 100

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 560

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS8006-64-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS8006-64-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS8006-64-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS8006-64-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS8006-64-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS8006-64-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS8006-64-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS8006-64-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Turpentine, oil

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1299 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Turpentine

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1299
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: B1, IB3, T2, TP1

B1: If the material has a flash point at or above 38 °C (100 °F) and below 93 °C (200 °F), then the bulk packaging requirements of sxn. 173.241 of this subchapter are applicable. If the material has a flash point of less than 38 °C (100 °F), then the bulk packaging requirements of sxn. 173.242 of this subchapter are applicable.
IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T2: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1299 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Turpentine
UN Number: 1299

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS8006-64-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Turpentine is an irritant of the skin and mucous membranes and is a CNS depressant. In addition to the high toxicity of low oral doses, turpentine can be toxic if aspirated. Wear appropriate protective clothing (e.g., protective eye wear to avoid splash injuries and wear gloves with a suggested breakthrough time of greater than 4 hours with a permeation rate of less than 10 mg/m(2)/minute at 20 to 25 degrees Celsius) when working with turpentine; promptly wash any skin which contacts turpentine, and remove clothes which are wet with turpentine to avoid fire hazard (AAR, 1998; (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996; Sittig, 1991) TOMES(R) System, 2000). Please refer to the TOMES(R) System for further information regarding protective clothing.

HANDLING

Prohibit sources of ignition (e.g. smoking, open flames, and sparks) from areas where turpentine is used, handled, or stored. Use non-sparking tools and equipment only, especially when opening and closing turpentine containers (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store turpentine in tightly closed containers. Ensure that metal containers are grounded and bonded, and that drums are equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters (Sittig, 1991).
This compound should be used and stored in a way that liquid turpentine, originating from storage containers or uses, is prevented from traveling to areas that pose ignition potential (HSDB , 2000).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store containers of turpentine in a cool, well-ventilated location away from sources of ignition (such as smoking, sparks, open flame) (Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Turpentine is incompatible with strong oxidizers, especially chlorine, strong acids, chromic anhydride, chromyl chloride, hexachloromelamine, and stannic chloride (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Turpentine attacks ordinary rubber (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Turpentine is an irritant of the skin and mucous membranes and is a CNS depressant. In addition to the high toxicity of low oral doses, turpentine can be toxic if aspirated. Wear appropriate protective clothing when working with turpentine; promptly wash any skin which contacts turpentine, and remove clothes which are wet with turpentine to avoid fire hazard (AAR, 1998; (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear eye protection to avoid injury from splashes of turpentine (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 8006-64-2.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene+Latex

Neese Industries, Inc.

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

Polyurethane

Neese Industries, Inc.

Polyurethane splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Neese Industries, Inc.

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

FOOTWEAR

Neoprene

North -- Safety 4H

Neoprene series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

North -- Safety 4H

PVC Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Rubber

North -- Safety 4H

Rubber Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 103
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 124
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 96
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 124
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Neoprene

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Chem-ply/N-440

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 7005

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): None Detected
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stansolv/A-14

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Non-normalized breakthrough; non-normalized breakthrough
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Marigold Industrial

315F

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

326Y

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 15
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

368R

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 35
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CO7B

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 162
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CR30

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 135
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

G12T

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 9
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

ME104

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

U263B/G

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:173 / CAN:459

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 25
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:414 / CAN:454

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Vinyl

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Pylox/V-20

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 76.1
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 25.8
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
Marigold Industrial 3585 Engineering Drive Suite 200 Box 926090 Norcross, GA 30092 USA Phone: (800) 733-0987 Fax: (800) 786-4564 Toll-Free: (800) 733-0987 Website: http://www.marigoldindustrial.com
Neese Industries, Inc. 10646 Airline Hwy Gonzales, LA 70737 USA Phone: (225) 647-6553 Fax: (225) 644-3517 Toll-Free: (800) 535-8042 Website: http://www.neeseind.com Email: customerservice@neeseind.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
- Substance may be transported hot.
- If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169.
If turpentine is on fire or involved in a fire, do not try to extinguish the flames unless the flow of turpentine can be stopped (AAR, 1998).
Water may be used in flooding quantities as fog, and may be used in flooding quantities to cool affected containers. Containers of this compound may explode in a fire; apply water from as far away as possible (AAR, 1998; (ITI, 1995).
Solid streams of water may spread the fire, and water spray may not be effective to extinguish fires involving turpentine. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide to extinguish the fire (AAR, 1998; (CHRIS , 2000; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS8006-64-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.
CAUTION: For mixtures containing a high percentage of an alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS8006-64-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated, turpentine emits acrid, irritating smoke and fumes (HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1996).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

An explosion resulted when calcium hypochlorite was placed into a presumed empty turpentine can and reacted with residual turpentine in the can (HSDB , 2000).

Turpentine forms explosive mixtures with air (flash point 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F) (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Liquid turpentine emits flammable vapors at temperatures exceeding 35 degrees C. At concentrations above 0.8%, these vapors potentially form explosive mixtures with air and will ignite at 240 degrees C (HSDB , 2000).

A violent reaction occurs between turpentine and chromic anhydride (HSDB , 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Turpentine vapors are heavier than air; vapors may travel to a source of ignition and flash back (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991).

When heated, turpentine emits acrid, irritating smoke and fumes (HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1996).

Liquid turpentine emits flammable vaporsat temperatures exceeding 35 degrees C. At concentrations above 0.8%, these vapors potentially form explosive mixtures with air and will ignite at 240 degrees C (HSDB , 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Turpentine forms explosive mixtures with air (flash point 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F) (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Turpentine may cause fire and explosions with strong oxidizers such as chlorine, perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

An explosion resulted when calcium hypochlorite was placed into a presumed empty turpentine can and reacted with the residual turpentine in the can (HSDB , 2000).

It is incompatible with strong acids, chromic anhydride, chromyl chloride, hexachloromelamine, naphthalene, stannic chloride, and trichloromelamine (HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1996; NOAA, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Heat and sometimes flame are produced when turpentine contacts stannic chloride (NOAA, 2000).
A vigorous reaction takes place between turpentine and chlorine (HSDB , 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Turpentine attacks ordinary rubber (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Liquid turpentine emits flammable vapors at temperatures exceeding 35 degrees C. At concentrations above 0.8%, these vapors potentially form explosive mixtures with air and will ignite at 240 degrees C (HSDB , 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS8006-64-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS8006-64-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Turpentine
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 20
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 20
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 20
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 800
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS8006-64-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS8006-64-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 800 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
If turpentine is not on fire and not involved in a fire, keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away from the spill area. Keep spilled turpentine out of water sources and sewers; build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock down and disperse vapors (AAR, 1998).
When cleaning up a turpentine spill, the spill area should be ventilated (HSDB , 2000).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

If small amounts of turpentine are involved, absorb the compound on paper towels and evaporate in a safe place, such as a fume hood; appropriate time should be allowed for the vapors to clear the ductwork of the fume hood. Proceed to burn the paper towel in a safe place (HSDB , 2000).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

IN SITU AMELIORATION: Various sorbents, gelling agents, sinking agents, dipersants, mechanical systems, and combustion promoters are available to treat resin and oil spills. Activated carbon, peat, polyurethane foam, and straw may also be used to soak up the spill (HSDB , 2000).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration is a suggested disposal method (Sittig, 1991).
- Large quantities of turpentine may be atomized in an appropriate combustion chamber (HSDB , 2000).
- Mix turpentine with a more flammable solvent to aid in the ease of incineration (HSDB , 2000).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Turpentine is reportedly one of the most commonly spilled substances into US waterways. As a plant-derived hydrocarbon, the resins in turpentine can destroy water birds, plankton, algae, and fishes through its coating action (NPS, 1997).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

No information found at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY STUDIES

Abdominal injections of turpentine caused Penaeid shrimp to develop fibrous scar tissue, early gill and hepatopancreas tissue destruction, and extensive heart and abdominal tissue destruction (NPS, 1997).
Intramuscular injection of turpentine oil into rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) caused a significant reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (Liu & Couldwell, 2004).

ECOTOXICITY VALUES

Aquatic Toxicity: TC - (WATER) FRESHWATER FISH: 100 ppm (time not specified) (CHRIS , 2000)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

136 (approximate)(ACGIH, 2000)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Turpentine (i.e. wood turpentine) is a volatile, clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor described as aromatic, unpleasant, and penetrating. Gum turpentine is a volatile, yellowish, opaque, sticky mass with a characteristic odor (AAR, 1998; (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Hathaway et al, 1996).

VAPOR PRESSURE

5 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

4 mmHg (NIOSH , 2000)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.854-0.868 g/mL (at 25/25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.854-0.868 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
0.860 -0.875 g/mL (at 15 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)
0.86 kg/L (at 20 degrees C)(approximate) (Ashford, 1994)
0.86 g/mL (at 15 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2000)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-50 to -60 degrees C; -45.6 to -51.1 degrees F (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

MELTING POINT

-50 to -60 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

BOILING POINT

150-180 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

153-175 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

155-167 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

150-160 degrees C; 302-320 degrees F; 423-433 K (at 1 atm) (CHRIS , 2000)

FLASH POINT

32.2-46.1 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991)

35-39 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

100-141 degrees F (AAR, 1998)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

253 degrees C; 488 degrees F (Lewis, 1997)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

0.8% (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

UPPER

- No information found at the time of this review.

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Turpentine is insoluble in water (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Turpentine is soluble in most solvents (Ashford, 1994).
It is soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform. (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Miscible with benzene, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, petroleum ether, and oils (HSDB , 2000).

OTHER

SOLUBILITY, OTHER Soluble in glacial acetic acid (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

100 ppm (wood turpentine) (ACGIH, 1991)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.4680-1.4780 (rotation is variable) (HSDB , 2000)
1.463-1.483 (HSDB , 2000)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

14 dynes/cm; 0.014 N/m (at 22.7 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2000)

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TURPENTINE OIL

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents