TUNGSTEN

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

170-METALS (POWDERS, DUSTS, SHAVINGS, BORINGS, TURNINGS, OR CUTTINGS, ETC.)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(RTECS , 1997; Budavari, 1996)Hathaway, 1996;(Lewis, 1996)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Tungsten is used in light filaments, heating elements, electrical contacts, welding electrodes, rocket nozzles, phonograph needles, solar energy devices, ferrous and non- ferrous alloys (especially high-speed tool steel), shell steel, hard-facing rods, high- speed rotors as in gyroscopes, x-ray and electron tubes, chemical apparatus, mill products, and in the manufacture of abrasives, tools, textiles, ceramics, and pigments for dyes and paints. It is used to increase the hardness, toughness, elasticity, and tensile strength of steel (Bingham et al, 2001; Lee, 1998; Budavari, 1996; Hathaway et al, 1996; Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1993) ACGIH, 1991). The metal powder is also used in mixtures with barium chromate and potassium chlorate as a pyrotechnic fuse (Urban, 1995).

FORMS

Tungsten is available in the following grades (Lewis, 1993):

Technical
Powder
Single crystals
Ultra-pure granules of 50 to 600 microns

SOURCES

The earth's crust contains approximately 1.5 ppm of tungsten, with the chief tungsten ores being wolframite and scheelite (Budavari, 1996). Tungsten occurs naturally in Bolivia, Canada, China, Malaya, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, South America, Thailand, the former USSR, and the United States (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993). Tungsten deposits are also found throughout the world occurring with metamorphic and granite igneous rocks (HSDB , 2002).
TUNGSTEN CARBIDE - Tungsten carbide is manufactured by the mixing of tungsten and carbon, heating by induction in covered graphite pots, and followed by crushing and mixing with cobalt powder to form the cemented carbide (HSDB , 2002). The pulmonary fibrosis associated with chronic exposure of tungsten carbide is believed to be due to exposure of the cobalt. Please refer to the COBALT management for further information.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Tungsten is a greyish-white lustrous metal that is solid at room temperature and is a naturally occurring element found in rocks and minerals combined with other chemicals but never occurs as a pure metal. Tungsten is used many products and has included electrical products (ie, lighting, electronic devices), welding electrodes, phonograph needles, solar energy devices, ferrous and non- ferrous alloys, high-speed rotors as in gyroscopes, x-ray and electron tubes and mill products. It is used to increase the hardness, toughness, elasticity, and tensile strength of steel. In more recent years, the military has used tungsten to replace other heavy metals including lead and uranium. Heavy metal tungsten alloys have been used in helicopter rotors, guided missiles and kinetic energy penetrators for defeating heavy armor.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure may occur; however, toxicity has been rarely reported. There is very limited data following human exposure to tungsten metal.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

EXPOSURE: Overall, significant exposure is uncommon.
BACKGROUND LEVEL: As a naturally occurring element, tungsten is present in the air, water and food but at very low levels.
OCCUPATIONAL: Occupational exposure can occur in metallurgy workers exposed to tungsten carbide and usually results in inhalation or dermal exposure. Tungsten metal dust is an eye, skin, and respiratory irritant.

INHALATION: Chronic occupational exposure to hard metals involving cemented tungsten carbide (a mixture containing cobalt, used as a binding agent, and tungsten carbide) may result in lung fibrosis and is attributed to exposure to the cobalt. Please refer to the COBALT management for further information.
DERMAL: Workers exposed to tungsten carbide may develop dermatitis and similar to inhalation the events are likely related to cobalt.

ACUTE TOXICITY: Limited human information. Acute toxicity is rare.

INGESTION: Ingestion of 25 to 80 g as a radiocontrast agent had no ill effect. Ingestion of ethanol reportedly contaminated with tungsten has been associated with the development of nausea and vomiting, seizures, metabolic acidosis, renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, clouded consciousness leading to coma and encephalopathy.

ANIMAL DATA: In animals, other reported effects following exposure to tungsten include anorexia, colic, weight loss, incoordination, trembling, and dermatitis.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Oxides from metallic fires are a severe health hazard.
Inhalation or contact with substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Tungsten metal dust is practically biologically inert. Ingestion of 25 to 80 grams as a radiocontrast agent had no ill effect (Friberg et al, 1986).

The dust is expected to be an eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritant from mechanical action.

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Nearly all human studies are of tungsten carbide in connection with its use in the hard metal industry. HARD METAL DISEASE, a form of debilitating pulmonary fibrosis, occurs in persons chronically exposed to the mixed dust of cobalt-cemented metal carbides. However, pure tungsten did not cause pneumoconiosis, and hard metal disease is believed to be caused by cobalt (ACGIH, 1986) (Friberg et al, 1986).

When inhaled by guinea pigs for 2 months, tungsten was either slightly reactive or inactive (Clayton & Clayton, 1982). Intratracheal instillation in guinea pigs for 1 year had no effect (Friberg et al, 1986). When given at 2.5 to 10% in the diet, tungsten caused some reduction in weight gain in female rats, but had no apparent ill effects in the males (ACGIH, 1986).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: Wash the contaminated skin with soap and water.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Other measures are usually unnecessary.
ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, and blood (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

SUMMARY

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

SUMMARY

A specific lethal dose has not been established.

ACUTE

The probable minimum lethal oral exposure ranges from 0.5-5 g/kg (1 oz-1 pt (or 1 lb) for a 70 kg (150 lb) person) (HSDB , 1997).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to tungsten has not been delineated.
Acute tungsten toxicity is extremely rare. Chronic toxicity due to occupational exposure to tungsten is usually associated with the effects of cobalt which is often combined with tungsten carbide in metallurgy (van der Voet et al, 2007).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-33-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Tungsten, soluble compounds, as W
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Tungsten, metal and insoluble compounds, as W
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Tungsten carbide
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Tungsten
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Tungsten (soluble compounds, as W)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7440-33-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 2002 Lewis, 1996
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7440-33-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Tungsten, soluble compounds, as W

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 1 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL: 3 mg/m(3)
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): CNS impair; pulm fibrosis
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Tungsten, metal and insoluble compounds, as W

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 5 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL: 10 mg/m(3)
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): LRT irr
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Under Study

Tungsten carbide

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7440-33-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7440-33-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Tungsten
REL:

TWA: 5 mg/m(3)
STEL: 10 mg/m(3)
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): [*Note: The REL also applies to other insoluble tungsten compounds (as W).],

Listed as: Tungsten (soluble compounds, as W)
REL:

TWA: 1 mg/m(3)
STEL: 3 mg/m(3)
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7440-33-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7440-33-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7440-33-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7440-33-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7440-33-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7440-33-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7440-33-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7440-33-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7440-33-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Tungsten

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7440-33-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Smoking and other sources of ignition such as open flames should be kept away from this compound (Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store tungsten in a tightly closed container (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Tungsten should be kept in a cool, well-ventilated area (Sittig, 1991).
It is stable in dry air at room tempurature (Budavari, 1996).
Tungsten oxidizes in air at 400 degrees C, with the oxidation rate increasing as the temperature increases, and therefore should be protected at elevated temperatures (HSDB , 1997; Lewis, 1993).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Contact with the following compounds may result in a violent reaction (Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995; NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991):
- bromine
- bromine pentafluoride
- bromine trifluoride
- chlorine trifluoride
- fluorine
- hydrogen sulfide
- iodine pentafluoride
- lead dioxide
- lead(IV) oxide
- nitryl fluoride
- other chlorine compounds
- other fluorine componds
- oxygen difluoride
- potassium dichromate
- potassium perchlorate
- sodium peroxide
The powdered metal may ignite, usually when heated (Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995; NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Protective gloves, clothing, and goggles should be worn when working with tungsten powder or dust. Respiratory protection should also be used when exposures may be significant (Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Dust-proof goggles should be worn when working with tungsten powder or dust, unless a full facepiece respirator is worn (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7440-33-7.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)
- May react violently or explosively on contact with water.
- Some are transported in flammable liquids.
- May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames.
- Some of these materials will burn with intense heat.
- Dusts or fumes may form explosive mixtures in air.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
The powdered metal or dust is a FIRE and EXPLOSION hazard. Tungsten is especially flammable when heated and will explode, combust, ignite, or become incandescent when exposed to certain compounds.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7440-33-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT USE WATER, FOAM OR CO2.
Dousing metallic fires with water may generate hydrogen gas, an extremely dangerous explosion hazard, particularly if fire is in a confined environment (i.e., building, cargo hold, etc.).
Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride based extinguishers, G-1® or Met-L-X® powder.
Confining and smothering metal fires is preferable rather than applying water.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

If impossible to extinguish, protect surroundings and allow fire to burn itself out.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7440-33-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Dry chemicals appropriate for extinguishing metal fires should be used (Sittig, 1991).

When tungsten carbide is involved in a fire, extinguish using an agent appropriate for the type of surrounding fire; tungsten carbide itself does not burn (Sittig, 1991).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Explosion may occur when tungsten is mixed with oxygen difluoride (Urben, 1995).

Refer to the REACTIVITY HAZARD section for additional information.

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

The finely divided metal powder is highly flammable and combustible. It may ignite spontaneously on contact with air or oxidants, usually with heating (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995; Lewis, 1993) ACGIH, 1991; (Sittig, 1991).

Tungsten dust may ignite when exposed to flame (Lewis, 1996).

Tungsten has an unusually high density which makes it extremely difficult to maintain stable dust clouds that contain particles greater than 5 mcm in diameter (ACGIH, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

The finely divided metal powder is highly flammable and combustible. It may ignite spontaneously on contact with air or oxidants, usually upon heating (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995; Lewis, 1993) ACGIH, 1991; (Sittig, 1991).

Keep tungsten away from the following compounds; contact with these compounds may result in a violent reaction (Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995; NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991):

bromine
bromine pentafluoride
bromine trifluoride
chlorine trifluoride
fluorine
hydrogen sulfide
iodine pentafluoride
lead dioxide
lead (IV) oxide
nitryl fluoride
other fluorine compounds
other chlorine compounds
oxygen difluoride
potassium dichromate
potassium perchlorate
sodium peroxide

Explosion may occur when tungsten is mixed with with oxygen difluoride (Urben, 1995).

Combustion of a pyrotechnic mixture of tungsten and potassium dichromate produces a temperature of approximately 1700 degrees C in 0.1 to 0.2 seconds (Urben, 1995).

A violent reaction occurs, often with ignition, when tungsten comes in contact with bromine pentafluoride or chlorine trifluoride at ambient or slightly elevated temperatures (Urben, 1995).

Finely divided tungsten will ignite under high friction when mixed with sodium peroxide at 240 degrees C (Urben, 1995).

Powdered tungsten will ignite in fluorine gas without heating (Urben, 1995).

Wire tungsten will ignite in atmospheric fluorine at 283 degrees C (Urben, 1995).

Finely divided tungsten produces a red hot glow in a stream of hydrogen sulfide (Urben, 1995).

Incandescence is produced, usually upon heating, when tungsten reacts with the following compounds (Urben, 1995; NFPA, 1994):

fluorine
iodine pentafluoride
lead dioxide
nitryl fluoride

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 50 meters (160 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Stay upwind.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.

Only persons wearing protective equipment should be allowed in the contaminated area (Sittig, 1991).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7440-33-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7440-33-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Tungsten
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 5
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 10
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 150
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7440-33-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7440-33-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Powdered material should be collected in a safe manner (do not sweep if tungsten carbide is involved) and deposited in sealed containers (Sittig, 1991).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

As an alternative to disposal, tungsten can be recovered from sintered metal carbides, scrap, and spent catalysts (Sittig, 1991).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Tungsten is emitted from industrial sources and nuclear fallout causing very small concentrations (usually less than 1.5 ng/m(3)) to exist in the atmosphere (HSDB , 1997).

There is some evidence that volatile tungsten compounds are released to the environment from municipal waste deposits. The concentrations found in one study were 5-10 ng of W/m(3) (Feldman & Cullen, 1997).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

No information found at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

183.85

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Tungsten is a steel-gray to tin-white, hard, brittle metal with a body centered cubic structure and atomic number 74 (Budavari, 1996) Hathaway, 1996; (Lewis, 1993) ACGIH, 1991). Lewis (1996) states that it is "cuttable, forgeable, and spinnable" and that it is "fairly soft when pure."

The naturally occurring isotopes are 180 (0.135%), 182 (26.4%), 183 (14.4%), 184 (30.6%), and 186 (28.4%) (Budavari, 1996).

It occurs in the 0, 2+, 4+, 5+, and 6+ valence states with 6+ being the most stable and occurring the most frequently in the tungsten compounds (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1993) ACGIH, 1991).

Tungsten forms the carbide, carbonyl, chloride, fluoride, oxide, oxychloride, silicide, sulfide, tungstate, and tungstic acid compounds (Hathaway, 1996; ACGIH, 1991).

It has high electrical conductivity and the highest melting point of all the metals (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1993) ACGIH, 1991).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0 mmHg (approximately) (NIOSH , 1997)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

18.7-19.3 (at 20/4 degrees C) (depends on extent of working) (Budavari, 1996)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

19.3 (NIOSH , 1997)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

19.3 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)
19.35 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

3410 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
3400 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
6170 degrees F (NIOSH , 1997)

BOILING POINT

5900 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

5900 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)

5927 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)

5600 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

5660 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

10,701 degrees F (NIOSH , 1997)

FLASH POINT

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1997)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1997)

UPPER

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1997)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Tungsten is insoluble in water (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994) ACGIH, 1991).

OTHER

Tungsten is insoluble in hydrofluoric acid and potassium hydroxide; slowly soluble in fused potassium hydroxide in air or sodium carbonate in air; and is soluble in a fused mixture of sodium hydroxide and nitrate and in a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen fluoride (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1993) ACGIH, 1991).
It is attacked only superficially by concentrated nitric acid or aqua regia and is very stable to acids (Budavari, 1996).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

HEAT OF FUSION

44 cal/g (Budavari, 1996)

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Calcium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Sulfide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037ff26&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Chlorobenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803a52bb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Mercury Vapor (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a087&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

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